centia was shortly after founded; and probably extended from the Trebia to the Tarus. [E.H.B.] ANAO PORTUS. [NICAEA.] A'NAPHE ('Avápn: Eth. 'Avapaios: Anaphe, Namfi or Namfio), one of the Sporades, a small island in the south of the Grecian Archipelago, E. of Thera. It is said to have been originally called Membliarus from the son of Cadmus of this name, who came to the island in search of Europa. It was celebrated for the temple of Apollo Aegletes, the foundation of which was ascribed to the Argonauts, because Apollo had showed them the island as a place of refuge when they were overtaken by a storm. (Orpheus, Argon. 1363, seq.; Apollod. i. 9. § 26; Apoll. Rhod. iv. 1706, seq.; Conon, 49; Strab. p. 484; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. ii. 87, iv. 12; Ov. Met. vii. 461.) There are still considerable remains of this temple on the eastern side of the island, and also of the ancient city, which was situated nearly in the centre of Anaphe on the summit of a hill. Several important inscriptions have been discovered in this place, of which an account is given by Ross, in the work cited below. The island is mountainous, of little fertility, and still worse cultivated. It contains a vast number of partridges, with which it abounded in antiquity also. Athenaeus relates (p. 400) that a native of Astypalaea let loose a brace of these birds upon Anaphe, where they multiplied so rapidly that the inhabitants were almost obliged to abandon the island in consequence. (Tournefort, Voyage, &c., vol. i. p. 212, seq.; Ross, Ueber Anaphe und Anaphäische Inschriften, in the Transactions of the Munich Academy for 1838, p. 401, seq.; Ross, Reisen auf den Griechischen Inseln, vol. i. p. 401, seq.; Böckh, Corp. Inscr. No. 2477, seq.) ANAPHLYSTUS ('AvápλvσTOS: Eth. 'AvaPλVOTIOS: Anȧvyso), a demus of Attica, belonging to the tribe Antiochis, on the W. coast of Attica, opposite the island of Eleussa, and a little N. of the promontory of Sunium. It was a place of some importance. Xenophon recommended the erection of a fortress here for the protection of the mines of Sunium. (Herod. iv. 99; Scylax, p. 21; Xen. de Vectig. 4. § 43; Strab. p. 398; Leake, Demi, p. 59.) AÑA'PUS (Avaños). 1, (Anapo), one of the most celebrated and considerable rivers of Sicily, which rises about a mile from the modern town of Buscemi, not far from the site of Acrae; and flows into the great harbour of Syracuse. About three quarters of a mile from its mouth, and just at the foot of the hill on which stood the Olympieium, it receives the waters of the Cyane. Its banks for a considerable distance from its mouth are bordered by marshes, which rendered them at all times unhealthy; and the fevers and pestilence thus generated were among the chief causes of disaster to the Athenians, and still more to the Carthaginians, during the several sieges of Syracuse. But above these marshes the valley through which it flows is one of great beauty, and the waters of the Anapus itself are extremely limpid and clear, and of great depth. Like many rivers in a limestone country it rises all at once with a considerable volume of water, which is, however, nearly doubled by the accession of the Cyane. The tutclary divinity of the stream was worshipped by the Syracusans under the form of a young man (Ael. V. H. ii. 33), who was regarded as the husband of the nymph Cyane. (Ovid. Met. v. 416.) The river is now commonly known as the Alfeo, evidently from a misconception of the story of Alpheus and Arethusa; but is also called and marked on all maps as the Anapo. (Thuc. vi. 96, vii. 78; Theocr. i. 68; Plut. Dion. 27, Timol. 21; Liv. xxiv. 36; Ovid. Ex Pont. ii. 26; Vib. Seq. p. 4; Oberlin, ad loc.; Fazell. iv. 1, p. 196.) It is probable that the PALUS LYSIMELEIA ( Xíμrn Avoiμéλeia kaλovμévn) mentioned by Thu. cydides (vii. 53), was a part of the marshes formed by the Anapus near its mouth. A marshy or stagnant pool of some extent still exists between the site of the Neapolis of Syracuse and the mouth of the river, to which the name may with some probability be assigned. 2. A river falling into the Achelous, 80 stadia S of Stratus. [ACHELOUS.] [E.H.B.] ANA'REI MONTES (7à 'Avάpea õpn), a range of mountains in "Scythia intra Imaum," is one of the western branches of the Altai, not far from the sources of the Ob or Irtish. Ptolemy places in their neighbourhood a people called Anarei. (Ptol. vi. 14. §§ 8, 12, 13.) ANARI'ACAE (Avaρiákaι, Strab.; Anariaci, Plin.; in Ptol. vi. 2. § 5, erroneously 'Aμapiakai), a people on the southern side of the Caspian Sea, neighbours of the Mardi or Amardi. Their city was called Anariaca ('Avаpiáкn), and possessed an oracle, which communicated the divine will to persons who slept in the temple. (Strab. xi. pp. 508, 514; Plin. vi. 16. s. 18; Solin. 51; Steph. B. s. v.) ANARTES (Caes. B. G. vi. 25), ANARTI | was in former days, and supplies the neighbourhood and remoter parts. Arrian (Anab. i. 29) describes, under the name of Ascania, a salt lake which Alexander passed on his march from Pisidia to Celaenae; and the description corresponds to that of Lake Chardak so far as its saline properties. Leake (Asia Minor, p. 146) takes the Ascania of Arrian to be the lake Burdur or Buldur, which is some distance SE. of Chardak. There is nothing in Arrian to determine this question. Leake (p. 150) finds a discrepancy between Arrian and Strabo as to the distance between Sagalassus and Celaenae (Apameia). Strabo (p. 569) makes it one day's journey, "whereas Arrian relates that Alexander was five days in marching from Sagalassus to Celaenae, passing by the lake Ascania.” forth agait, near Daymiel, in the small lakes called Los Ojos de Guadiana (the eyes of the Guadiana). After receiving the considerable river Giguela from the N., it runs westward through La Mancha and Estremadura, as far as Badajoz, where it turns to the S., and falls at last into the Atlantic by Ayamonte, the other mouth mentioned by Strabo, and which appears to have been at Lepe, being long since closed. The valley of the Guadiana forms the S. part of the great central table-land of Spain, and is bounded on the N. by the Mountains of Toledo, and the rest of that chain, and on the S. by the Sierra Morena. Its whole course is above 450 miles, of which not much above 30 are navigable, and that only by small flatbottomed barges. Its scarcity of water is easily accounted for by the little rain that falls on the table-But this is a mistake. Arrian does not say that Land. Its numerous tributaries (flowing chiefly from the Sierra Morena) are inconsiderable streams; the only one of them mentioned by ancient authors is the Adrus (Albaragena), which falls into it opposite Badajoz. Some derive the name Anas from the Semitic verb (Hanas, Punic; Hanasa, Arab.) signifying to appear and disappear, referring to its subterraneous course; which may or may not be right. (Ford, Handbook of Spain, p. 83.) [P.S.] ANATHO (Avabú: Anah), as the name appears in Isidorus of Charax. It is Anathan in Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiv. 1), and Bethauna (Bélavva, perhaps Beth Ana) in Ptolemy (v. 18. §6). D'Anville (L'Euphrate, p. 62) observes that the place which Zosimus (iii. 14) calls Phathusae, in his account of Julian's Persian campaign (A. D. 363), and fixes about the position of Anah, is nowhere else mentioned. It seeins, however, to be the same place as Anah, or near it. Anah is on the Euphrates, north of Hit, in a part where there are eight successive islands (about 341° N.L.). Anah itself occupies a "fringe of soil on the right bank of the river, between a low ridge of rock and the swift-flowing waters." (London Geog. Journ. vol. vii. p. 427.) This place was an important position for commerce in ancient times, and probably on the line of a caravan route. When Julian was encamped before Anatho, one of the hurricanes that sometimes occur in these parts threw down his tents. The emperor took and burnt Anatho. Tavernier (Travels in Turkey and Persia, iii. 6) describes the country around Anah as well cultivated; and the place as being on both sides of the river, which has an island in the middle. It is a pleasant and fertile spot, in the midst of a desert. Rauwolf, whose travels were published in 1582, 1583, speaks of the olive, citron, orange, and other fruits growing there. The island of Anah is covered with ruins, which also extend for two miles further along the left bank of the river. The place is about 313 miles below Bir, and 440 above Hillah, the site of Babylon, following the course of the river. (London Geog. Journ. vol. iii. p. 232.) Tavernier makes it four days' journey from Bagdad to Anah. [G. L.] ANATIS. [ASAMA.] ANAUA (Avava), a salt lake in the southern part of Phrygia, which Xerxes passed on his march from Celaenae to Colossae. (Herod. vii. 30.) There was a town also called Anaua on or near the lake. This is the lake of Chardak, or Hadji Tous Ghhieul, as it is sometimes called. This lake is nearly dry in summer, at which season there is an incrustation of salt on the mud. The salt is collected now, as it he was five days in marching from Sagalassus to Celaenae. However, he does make Alexander pass by a lake from which the inhabitants collect salt, and Buldur has been supposed to be the lake, because it lies on the direct road from Sagalassus to Celaenae. But this difficulty is removed by observing that Arrian does not say that Alexander marched from Sagalassus to Celaenae, but from the country of the Pisidians; and so he may have passed by Anaua. Hamilton observes (Researches,&c. vol. i. p. 496), that Buldur is only slightly brackish, whereas Chardak exactly corresponds to Arrian's description (p. 504). P. Lucas (Voyage, &c. i. book iv. 2) describes Lake Bondur, as he calls it, as having water too bitter for fish to live in, and as abounding in wild-fowl. In justification of the opinions here expressed, it may be remarked, that the "five days" of Alexander from Sagalassus to Celaenae have been repeated and adopted by several writers, and thus the question has not been truly stated. [G. L.] ANAURUS (Avavpos), a small river in Magnesia, in Thessaly, flowing past Iolcos into the Pagasaean gulf, in which Jason is said to have lost one of his sandals. (Apoll. Rhod. i. 8; Simonid. ap. Athen. iv. p. 172, e; Apollod. i. 9. § 16; Strab. ix. p. 436; Lucan, vi. 370; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 381.) ANAZARBUS or -A ('Ανάζαρβος, 'Ανάξαρβα : Eth. 'AvaÇapbeús, Anazarbenus), a city of Cilicia, so called, according to Stephanus, either from an adjacent mountain of the same name, or from the founder, Anazarbus. It was situated on the Pyramus, and 11 miles from Mopsuestia, according to the Peutinger Table. Suidas (s. v. Kuivda) says that the original name of the place was Cyinda or Quinda; that it was next called Diocaesarea; and (s. v. 'AváCap6os) that having been destroyed by an earthquake, the emperor Nerva sent thither one Aazarbus, a man of senatorial rank, who rebuilt the city, and gave to it his own name. All this cannot be true, as Valesius (Amm. Marc. xiv. 8) remarks, for it was called Anazarbus in Pliny's time (v. 27). Dioscorides is called a native of Anazarbus; but the period of Dioscorides is not certain. Its later name was Caesarea ad Anazarbum, and there are many medals of the place in which it is both named Anazarbus and Caesarea at or under Anazarbus. On the division of Cilicia it became the chief place of Cilicia Secunda, with the title of Metropolis. It suffered dreadfully from an earthquake both in the time of Justinian, and, still more, in the reign of his successor Justin. The site of Anazarbus, which is said to be named Anawasy or Amnasy, is described (London Geog. | Journ. vol. vii. p. 421), but without any exact description of its position, as containing ruins "backed by an isolated mountain, bearing a castle of various architecture." It seems not unlikely that this mountain may be Cyinda, which, in the time of Alexander and his successors, was a deposit for treasure. (Strab. p. 672; Diod. xviii. 62, xix. 56; Plut. Eumen. c. 13.) Strabo, indeed, places Cyinda above Anchiale; but as he does not mention Anazarbus, this is no great difficulty; and besides this, his geography of Cilicia is not very exact. If Pococke's account of the Pyramus at Anawasy being called Quinda is true, this is some confirmation of the hill of Anazarbus being Quinda. It seems probable enough that Quinda is an old name, which might be applied to the hill fort, even after Anazarbus became a city of some importance. An old traveller (Willebrand v. Oldenburg), quoted by Forbiger, found, at a place called Naversa (manifestly a corruption of Anazarbus) or Anawasy, considerable remains of an old town, at the distance of 8 German miles from Sis. [G. L.] ANCALITES, a people in Britain, inhabiting the hundred of Henly, a locality which, probably, preserves their name. Caesar alone mentions them. Gale and Horsely reasonably suppose that they were a section of the Attrebates of Ptolemy. They were the most western Britons with which Caesar came in contact. (Caes. B. G. v. 21.) [R. G. L.] ANCHI'ALE (Αγχιάλη, Αγχιάλεια, Αγχιάλος: Eth. 'Ayxiaλeus), a town of Cilicia, which SteJhanus (s. v. 'Ayxiáλn) places on the coast, and on a river Anchialeus. One story which he reports, makes its origin purely mythical. The other story that he records, assigns its origin to Sardanapalus, who is said to have built Anchiale and Tarsus in one day. Strabo also places Anchiale near the coast. [ANAZARBUS.] Aristobulus, quoted by Strabo (p. 672), says that the tomb of Sardanapalus was at Anchiale, and on it a relief in stone (TUπov Aivov) in the attitude of a man snapping the fingers of his right hand. He adds, "some say that there is an inscription in Assyrian characters, which recorded that Sardanapalus built Anchiale and Tarsus in one day, and exhorted the reader to eat, drink, and so forth, as everything else is not worth That, the meaning of which the attitude of the figure showed." In the text of Strabo, there follow six hexameter Greek verses, which are evidently an interpolation in the text. After these six verses, the text of Strabo proceeds: "Choerilus, also, mentions these matters; and the following verses also are generally circulated." The two hexameters which then follow, are a paraphrase of the exhortation, of which Strabo has already given the substance in prose. Athenaeus (xii. p. 529) quotes Aristobulus as authority for the monument at Anchiale; and Amyntas as authority for the existence of a mound at Ninus (Nineveh), which was the tomb of Sardanapalus, and contained, on a stone slab, in Chaldaic characters, an inscription to the same effect as that which Strabo mentions; and Athenaeus says that Choerilus paraphrased it in verse. In another passage, Athenaeus (p. 336) quotes the six hexameters, which are interpolated in Strabo's text, but he adds a seventh. He there cites Chrysippus as authority for the inscription being on the tomb of Sardanapalus; but he does not, in that passage, say who is the Greek parapl rast, or where the inscription was. Athenaeus, however (p. 529), just like a mere collector who uses no judgment, gives a third story about a monument of Sardanapalus, without saying where it was; the inscription recorded that he built Tarsus and Anchiale in one day, "but now is dead;" which suggests very different reflections from the other version. Arrian (Anab. ii. 5), probably following Ptolemy, says, that Alexander marched in one day from Anchiale to Tarsus. He describes the figure on the monument as having the hands joined, as clapping the hands; he adds, that the former magnitude of the city was shown by the circuit and the foundations of the walls. This description does not apply to the time of Arrian, but to the age of Alexander, for Arrian is merely copying the historians of Alexander. It seems hardly doubtful that the Assyrians once extended their power as far, at least, as Anchiale, and that there was a monument with Assyrian characters there in the time of Alexander; and there might be one also to the same effect at Nineveh. (See Cic. Tusc. Disp. v. 35; Polyb. viii. 12; and as to the passage of Strabo, Groskurd's Translation and Notes, vol. iii. p. 81.) Leake (Asia Minor, p. 214) observes, that a little west of Tarsus, and between the villages Kazalu and Karaduar, is a river that answers to the Anchialeus; and he observes that "a large mound, not far from the Anchialeus, with some other similar tumuli near the shore to the westward, are the remains, perhaps, of the Assyrian founders of Anchiale, which probably derived its temporary importance from being the chief maritime station of the Assyrian monarchs in these seas." [G. L.] ANCHI'ALE ('Ayxıárn: Akiali), a small town on the western coast of the Euxine, to the north of Apollonia, to which its inhabitants were subject. (Strab. vii. p. 319.) The Latin writers, who mention the place, call it Anchialus or Anchialum. (Ov. Trist. i. 9. 36; Pomp. Mel. ii. 2; Plin. H. N. iv. 18; comp. Ptol. iii. 11. § 4.) [L. S.] ANCHIASMUS. [ONCHESMUS.] ANCHOE ('Ayxón), a place on the borders of Boeotia and of Locris, near Upper Larymna, at which the waters of the Cephissus broke forth from their subterraneous channel. There was also a lake of the same name at this place. (Strab. ix. pp. 406, 407; Plin. iv. 7. s. 12; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 289.) [LARYMNA.] ANCON ('Aуkúr), a headland and bay, as the name implies, on the coast of Pontus, east of Amisus. It is mentioned by Valerius Flaccus (iv. 600) in his Argonautica, after the Iris, as if it were east of the mouth of that river. Apollonius Rhodius simply speaks of it as a headland (ii. 369). The ancient authorities do not agree in the distances along this coast (Steph. s. v. Xadiola; Hamilton, Researches, vol. i. p. 288). The conclusion of Hamilton seems to be the most probable, that Derbend Bournou, east of Amisus, represents Ancon, as it is the first headland east of Amisus," and the only place before reaching the mouth of the Iris where a harbour can exist." He adds, that "at the extremity of Derbend Bournou, a small stream falls into the sea between two precipitous headlands, probably the Chadisius of the ancients." [G. L.] ANCO'NA, or ANCON ('Ayñúv: Eth."Аykários, and 'Aykwviтns, Steph. B., Anconitanus: the form Ancon in Latin is chiefly poetical; but, according to Orelli, Cicero uses Anconem for the acc. case), an important city of Picenum on the Adriatic sea, settled in these parts about B. c. 277. [GALATIA.] The Glatae were subjected by the Romans under Cn. Manlius, B. c. 189, who advanced as far as Ancyra, and fought a battle with the-Tectosages near the town. (Liv. xxxviii. 24.) When Galatia was formally made a Roman province, B. C. 25, Ancyra was dignified with the name Sebaste, which is equivalent to Augusta, with the addition of Tectosagum, to distinguish it from Pessinus and Tavium, which were honoured with the same title of Sebaste. Ancyra had also the title of Metropolis, as the coins from Nero's time show. Most of the coins of Ancyra have a figure of an anchor on them. The position of Ancyra made it a place of great trade, for it lay on the road from Byzantium to Tavium and Armenia, and also on the road from Byzantium to Syria. It is probable, also, that the silky hair of the Angora goat may, in ancient as in modern times, have formed one of the staples of the place. The hills about Angora are favourable to the feeding of the goat. The chief monument of antiquity at Ancyra is the marble temple of Augustus, which was built in the lifetime of the emperor. The walls appear to be entire, with the exception of a small portion of one side of the cella. On the inside of the antae of the temple is the Latin inscription commonly called the Monumentum or Marmor Ancyranum. Augustus (Suet. Aug. 101) left behind him a record of his actions, which, it was his will, should be cut on bronze tablets, which were to be placed in front of his Mausoleum. A copy of this memorable record was cut on the walls of this temple at Ancyra, both in Greek and Latin. We must suppose that the Ancyrani obtained permission from the Roman senate or Tiberius to have a transcript of this record to place in the temple of Augustus, to whom they had given divine honours in his lifetime, as the passage from Josephus (Antiq. Jud. xvi. 10), when properly corrected, shows. (See Is. Casaub. in Ancyran. Marmor. Animadv.) The Latin inscription appears to have been first copied by Busbequius about the middle of the sixteenth century, and it has been copied by several others since. The latest copy has been made by Mr. Hamilton, and his copy contains some corrections on former transcripts. A Greek inscription on the outer wall of the cella had been noticed by Pococke and Texier, but, with the exception of a small part, it was concealed by houses built against the temple. By removing the mud wall which was built against the temple, Hamilton was enabled to copy part of the Greek inscription. So much of it as is still legible is contained in the Appendix to his second volume of Researches in Asia Minor, &c. This transcript of the Greek version is valuable, because it supplies some defects in our copies of the Latin original. A Greek inscription in front of one of the antae of the temple seems to show that it was dedicated to the god Augustus and the goddess Rome. Hamilton copied numerous Greek inscriptions from various parts of the town. (Appendix, vol. ii.) One of the walls of the citadel contains an immense number of "portions of bas-reliefs, inscriptions, funereal cippi with garlands, and the caput bovis, caryatides, columns and fragments of architraves, with parts of dedicatory inscriptions, resembling indeed very much the walls of a rich museum." (Hamilton.) Angora is still a considerable town, with a large population. [G. L.] ANCYRON POLIS ('Αγκυρῶν πόλις, Ptol. iv. 5. § 57; Steph. B. s. v.: Eth. 'AykuρоTOλÍTηS), was a town of Middle Egypt, 10 miles southward of the Heptanomite Aphroditopolis. It derived its appellation from the manufacture of stone anchors cut from the neighbouring quarries. [W. B. D.] ANDA'NIA (Avdavía: Eth. 'Avdavieús, 'Avdávios), an ancient town of Messenia, and the capital of the kings of the race of the Leleges. It was celebrated as the birthplace of Aristomenes, but towards the end of the second Messenian war it was deserted by its inhabitants, who took refuge in the strong fortress of Ira. From this time it was only a village. Livy (xxxvi. 31) describes it as a parvum oppidum, and Pausanias (iv. 33. § 6) saw only its ruins. It was situated on the road leading from Messene to Megalopolis. Its ruins, according to Leake, are now called Ellinikókastro, and are situated upon a height near the village of Fyla or Filia. The Homeric Oechalia is identified by Strabo with Andania, but by Pausanias with Carnasium, which was only 8 stadia from Andania. (Paus. iv. 1. § 2, iv. 3. § 7, iv. 14. § 7, 26. § 6, 33. § 6; Strab. pp. 339, 350; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 388.) ANDECAVI, a Gallic tribe, who were stirred up to a rising by Julius Sacrovir in the time of Tiberius, A. D. 21. (Tac. Ann. iii. 40.) As Tacitus in this passage couples them with the Turonii or Turones, we may conclude that they are the tribe which Caesar calls Andes (B. G. ii. 35), and which occupied a part of the lower valley of the Loire (Ligeris), on the north bank, west of the Turones Their position is still more accurately defined by that of their chief town Juliomagus, or Civitas Andecavorum, the modern Angers, in the department of Maine et Loire, on the Mayenne, an affluent of the Loire. [G. L.] ANDEIRA ('Ανδειρα: Eth. 'Ανδειρανός), as it is written in Pliny (v. 32), a town of the Troad, the site of which is uncertain. There was a temple of the Mother of the Gods here, whence she had the name Andeirene. (Steph. B. s. v. "Avdelpa.) As to the stone found here (Strab. p. 610), which, when "burnt, becomes iron," and as to the rest of this passage, the reader may consult the note in Groskurd's translation of Strabo (vol. ii. p. 590). [G. L.] ANDEMATUNNUM, the chief town of the Lingones, is not mentioned by Caesar. The name occurs in the Antonine Itinerary, and in the Peutinger Table; and in Ptolemaeus (ii. 9. § 19) under the form 'Avdouáтovvov. According to the Antonine Itin. a road led from this place to Tullum (Toul). In the passage of Eutropius (ix. 23) "circa Lingonas" means a city, which was also named "civitas Lingonum;" and if this is Andematunnum, the site is that of the modern town of Langres, on a hill in the department of Haute Marne, and near the source of the Marne (Matrona). Langres contains the remains of two triumphal arches, one erected in honour of the emperor Probus, and the other in honour of Constantius Chlorus. The inscription said to be found at Langres, which would show it to have been a Roman colony is declared by Valesius |