Anticyram, when a person acted foolishly. (Hcr. Sat. ii. 3. 83, 166; comp. Ov. e Pont. iv. 3. 53; Pers. iv. 16; Juv. xiii. 97.) The hellebore grew in great quantities around the town: Pausanias mentions two kinds, of which the root of the black was used as a cathartic, and that of the white as an emetic. (Strab. l. c.; Paus. x. 36. § 7.) There are very few ancient remains at Aspra Spitia, but Leake discovered here an inscription containing the name of Anticyra. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 541, seq.)

347) speaks of the Aborras (Khabur) flowing around or about Anthemusia, and it seems that he must mean the region Anthemusia. Tacitus (Ann. vi. 41) gives the town what is probably its genuine Greek name, Anthemusias, for it was one of the Macedonian foundations in this country. According to Isidore of Charax, it lies between Edessa (Orfa) and the Euphrates, 4 schoeni from Edessa. There is another passage in Strabo in which he speaks of Anthemusia as a place (Tóπos) in Mesopotamia, and he seems to place it near the Eu- 2. A town in Thessaly in the district Malis at the phrates. In the notes to Harduin's Pliny (v. 24), a mouth of the Spercheus. (Herod. vii. 198; Strab. Roman brass coin of Anthemusia or Anthemus, as it | pp. 418, 434.) According to Stephanus (s. v. 'Avwas also called, is mentioned, of the time of Cara- Tíkupai) the best hellebore was grown at this place, calla, with the epigraph Aveeuovo iwv. [G. L.] and one of its citizens exhibited the medicine to ANTHE'NE (Avoývn, Thuc.; 'Av@áva, Steph. B. Heracles, when labouring under madness in this 8. v.; 'Aēývr., Paus.: Eth.' voavsús, Steph. B.), a neighbourhood. town in Cynuria, originally inhabited by the Aeginetans, and mentioned by Thucydides along with Thyrea as the two chief places in Cynuria. Modern travellers are not agreed respecting its site. (Thuc. v. 41; Paus. iii. 38. § 6; Harpocr. s. v.; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 494; Boblaye, p. 69; Ross, Peloponnes, p. 163.)

ANTHYLLÁ (Av0vλλα, Herod ii. 97; 'AvTUλλа, Athen. i. p. 33; Steph. B. s. v.: Eth. 'AvOuλxaîos), was a considerable town upon the Canobic branch of the Nile, a few miles SE. of Alexandreia. Its revenus were assigned by the Persian kings of Egypt to their queens, to provide them, Herodotus says, with sandals; Athenaeus says, with girdles. From this usage, Anthylla is believed by some geographers to be the same city as Gynaecopolis, which, however, was further to the south than Anthylla. (Mannert Geogr. der Gr. und Rom. vol. x. p. 596.) [ANDROPOLIS]. Athenaeus commends the wine of Anthylla as the best produced by Egyptian vineyards. [W. B. D.] ANTICINO'LIS. [CINOLIS, or CIMOLIS.] ANTICIRRHA. [ANTICYRA.] ANTICRAGUS. [CRAGUS.]

ANTICYRA ('Arτíkippα, Dicaearch., Strab., perhaps the most ancient form; next 'Avτíкuppa, Eustath. ad II. ii. 520; Ptol. iii. 15. § 4; and lastly 'Avríkupa, which the Latin writers use: Eth. 'AvTiκυρεύς, Αντικυραίος).

3. A town in Locris, which most modern commentators identify with the Phocian Anticyra, [No. 1.] Livy, however, expressly says (xxvi. 26) that the Locrian Anticyra was situated on the left hand in entering the Corinthian gulf, and at a short distance both by sea and land from Naupactus; whereas the Phocian Anticyra was nearer the extremity than the entrance of the Corinthian_gulf, and was 60 miles distant from Naupactus. Moreover Strabo speaks of three Anticyrae, one in Phocis, a second on the Maliac gulf (p. 418), and a third in the country of the western Locri, or Locri Ozolae (p. 434). Horace, likewise, in a well-known passage (Ars Poët. 300) speaks of three Anticyrae, and represents them all as producing hellebore. (Leake, Ibid. p. 543.)

ANTIGONEIA (Αντιγόνεια, Αντιγονία, Antigonea, Liv.: Eth. 'Avtiyoveús, Antigonensis). 1. A town of Epirus in the district Chaonia, on the Aous and near a narrow pass leading from Illyria into Chaonia. (Τὰ παρ' Αντιγόνειαν στενά, Pol. ii. 5, 6; ad Antigoneam fauces, Liv. xxxii. 5.) town was in the hands of the Romans in their war with Perseus. (Liv. xliii. 23.) It is mentioned both by Pliny (iv. 1) and Ptolemy (iii. 14. § 7).

The

2. A town of Macedonia in the district Crusis in

Chalcidice, placed by Livy between Aeneia and Pallene. (Liv. xliv. 10.) It is called by Ptolemy (iii. 13. §38) Psaphara (Yapapá) probably in order to distinguish it from Antigoneia in Paeonia. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 460.)

3. A town of Macedonia in Paeonia, placed in the Tabular Itinerary between Stena and Stobi. (Scymnus, 631; Plin. iv. 10 s. 17; Ptolem. iii. 13. § 36.)

4. The later name of Mantineia. [MANTINEIA.] 5. A city in Syria on the Orontes, founded by Antigonus in B. c. 307, and intended to be the capital of his empire. After the battle of Ipsus, B. C. 301, in which Antigonus perished, the inhabitants of Antigoneia were removed by his successful rival Seleucus to the city of Antioch, which the latter founded a little lower down the river. (Strab. xvi. p. 750; Diod. xx. 47; Liban. Antioch, p. 349; Malala, p. 256.) Diodorus erroneously says that the inhabitants were removed to Seleucia. Antigoneia continued, however, to exist, and is mentioned in the war with the Parthians after the defeat of Crassus. (Dion Cass. xl. 29.)

1. (Aspra Spitia), a town in Phocis, situated on peninsula (which Pliny and A. Gellius erroneously call an island), on a bay (Sinus Anticyranus) of the Corinthian gulf. It owed its importance to the excellence of its harbour on this sheltered gulf, and to its convenient situation for communications with the Enterior. (Dicaearch. 77; Strab. p. 418; Plin. xxv. 5. s. 21; Gell. xvii. 13; Liv. xxxii. 18; Paus. x. 36. § 5, seq.) It is said to have been originally called Cyparissus, a name which Homer mentions (Il. ii. 519; Paus. l. c.) Like the other towns of Phocis it was destroyed by Philip of Macedon at the close of the Sacred War (Paus. x. 3. § 1, x. 36. § 6); but it soon recovered from its ruins. It was taken by the consul T. Flamininus in the war with Philip B. C. 198, on account of its convenient situation for military purposes (Liv. l. c.) It continued to be a place of importance in the time both of Strabo and of Pausanias, the latter of whom has described some of its public buildings. Anticyra was chiefly cele. brated for the production and preparation of the best hellebore in Greece, the chief remedy in antiquity for madness. Many persons came to reside at Anticyra for the sake of a more perfect cure. (Strab. I. c.) ANTILI'BANUS ('AvTiNíbavos: Jebel eshHence the proverb 'Artikíppas σe deî, and Naviget | Shurki), the eastern of the two great parallel ridges

6. An earlier name of Alexandreia Trous. [ALEXANDREIA TROAS, p. 102, b.]

7. An earlier name of Nicaea in Bithynia. [NI CAEA.]

One at least of them, which ran from north to south, had on either side of it a corridor supported by columns for the convenience of foot-passengers. The walls of the theatre near the southern gate, and those of the hippodrome without the walls to the east, are still extant. At the north-western extremity of the city was a portico, of which four columns remain, inscribed to "Good Fortune," and bearing the date of the 14th and last year of the reign of Alexander Severus, A. D. 235. As far as can be ascertained from the space covered with mounds of masonry, Antinoopolis was about a mile and a half in length, and nearly half a mile broad. Near the Hippodrome are a well and tanks appertaining to an ancient road, which leads from the eastern gate to a valley behind the town, ascends the mountains, and, passing through the desert by the Wadee Tarfa, joins the roads to the quarries of the Mons Porphyrites. (Wilkinson, Topography of Thebes, p. 382.)

of mountains which enclose the valley of Coele-Syria | exhibited the Graeco-Roman architecture of Trajan's Proper. (Strab. xvi. p. 754; Ptol. v. 15. § 8; age in immediate contrast with the Egyptian style. Plin. v. 20.) The Hebrew name of Lebanon (Aí- Its ruins, which the Copts call Enséneh, at the vilSavos, LXX.), which has been adopted in Europe, and lage of Sheik-Abadeh, attest, by the area which signifies "white," from the white-grey colours of they fill, the ancient grandeur of the city. The dithe limestone, comprehends the two ranges of Li-rection of the principal streets may still be traced. banus and Antilibanus. The general direction of Antilibanus is from NE. by SW. Nearly opposite to Damascus it bifurcates into diverging ridges; the easternmost of the two, the Hermon of the Old Testament (Jebel esh-Sheikh), continues its SW. course, and is the proper prolongation of Antilibanus, and attains, in its highest elevation, to the point of about 10,000 feet from the sea. The other ridge takes a more westerly course, is long and low, and at length unites with the other bluffs and spurs of Libanus. The E. branch was called by the Sidonians Sirion, and by the Amorites Shenir (Deut. iii. 9), both names signifying a coat of mail. (Rosenmüller, Alterth, vol. ii. p. 235.) In Deut. (iv. 9) it is called Mt Sion," an elevation." In the later books (1 Chron. v. 23; Sol. Song, iv. 8) Shenir is distinguished from Hermon, properly so called. The latter name in the Arabic form, Súnir, was applied in the middle ages to Antilibanus, north of Hermon. (Abulf. Tab. Syr. p. 164.) The geology of the district has not been thoroughly investigated; the formations seem to belong to the upper Jura formation, oolite, and Jura dolomite; the poplar is characteristic of its vegetation. The outlying promontories, in common with those of Libanus, supplied the Phoenicians with abundance of timber for ship-building. (Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. iii. p. 358; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. ii. p. 434; Raumer, Palästina, pp. 29–35; Burkhardt, Travels in Syria; Robinson's Researches, vol. iii. pp. 344, 345.)

[E. B. J.]

the

ΑΝΤΙΝΟOPOLIS, ANTINOE (Αντινόου πόAus, Ptol. iv. 5. § 61; Pans. viii. 9; Dion Cass. Ixix. 11; Amm. Marc. xix. 12, xxii. 16; Aur. Vict. Caesar, 14; Spartian. Hadrian. 14; Chron. Pasch. p. 254, Paris edit.; It. Anton. p. 167; Hierocl. p. 730; 'Artióeia, Steph. B. s. v. “Adpiavoúñoλis: Eth. 'APTIVOeus), was built by the emperor Hadrian in A. D. 122, in memory of his favourite Antinous. (Dictionary of Biography, s. v.) It stood upon eastern bank of the Nile, lat. 264 N., nearly opposite Hermopolis. It occupied the site of the village of Besa (Bara), named after the goddess and oracle of Besa, which was consulted occasionally even as Late as the age of Constantine. Antinoopolis was a little to the south of Besa, and at the foot of the hill upon which that village was seated. A grotto, once inhabited by Christian anchorites, probably marks the seat of the shrine and oracle, and Grecian tombs with inscriptions point to the necropolis of Antinoopolis. The new city at first belonged to the Heptanomis, but was afterwards annexed to the Thebaid. The district around became the Antinoite nome. The city itself was governed by its own senate and Prytaneus or President. The senate was chosen from the members of the wards (puλaí), of which we learn the name of one- Αθηναΐς from inscriptions (Orelli, No. 4705); and its decrees, as well as those of the Prytaneus, were not, as usual, subject to the revision of the nomarch, but to that of the prefect (miστpárnyos) of the Thebaid. Divine honours were paid in the Antinocion to Antinous as a local deity, and games and chariot-races were annually exhibited in commemoration of his death and of Hadrian's sorrow, (Dictionary of An

The Antinoite nome was frequently exposed to the ravage of invading armies; but they have inflicted less havoc upon its capital and the neigbouring Hermopolis than the Turkish and Egyptian governments, which have converted the materials of these cities into a lime-quarry. A little to the south of Antinoopolis is a grotto, the tomb of Thoth-otp, of the age of Sesortasen, containing a representation of a colossus fastened on a sledge, which a number of men drag by ropes, according to the usual mode adopted by the Egyptian masons. This tomb was discovered by Irby and Mangles. There are only three silver coins of Antinous extant (Akerman, Roman Coins, i. p. 253); but the number of temples, busts, statues, &c. dedicated to his memory by Hadrian form an epoch in the declining art of antiquity. (Origen, in Celsum, iii.; Euseb. Hist. Eccles. iv. 8.) [W. B. D.]

ANTI'NUM, a city of the Marsians, still called Cività d'Antino, situated on a lofty hill in the upper valley of the Liris (now called the Valle di Roveto), about 15 miles from Sora and 6 from the Lake Fucinus, from which it is, however, separated by an intervening mountain ridge. It is mentioned only by Pliny (iii. 12. § 17), who enumerates the ATINATES among the cities of the Marsians; but the true form of the name is preserved to us by numerous inscriptions that have been discovered in the modern village, and from which we learn that it must have been a municipal town of considerable importance. Besides these, there remain several portions of the ancient walls, of polygonal construction, with a gateway of the same style, which still serves for an entrance to the modern village, and is called Porta Campanile. The Roman inscriptions confirm the testimony of Pliny as to the city being a Marsic one (one of them has "populi Antinatium Marsorum "); but an Oscan inscription which has been found there is in the Volscian dialect, and renders it probable that the city was at an earlier period occupied by that people. (Mommsen, Unter-Italischen Dialekte, p. 321.) It has been supposed by some writers to be the "castellum ad lacum Fucinum" mentioned by Livy (iv. 57) as conquered from that people in

of birds from the summit of Mount Casius. An eagle carried a fragment of the flesh of the sacrifice to a point on the sea-shore, a little to the north of the mouth of the Orontes; and there Seleuceia was built. Soon after, an eagle decided in the same manner that the metropolis of Seleucus was not to be Antigonia, by carrying the flesh to the hill Silpius. Between this hill and the river the city of Antioch was founded in the spring of the year 300 B. C., the 12th of the era of the Seleucidae. This legend is often represented on coins of Antioch by an eagle, which sometimes carries the thigh of a victim. On many coins (as that engraved below) we see a ram, which is often combined with a star, thus indicating the vernal sign of the zodiac, under which the city was founded, and reminding us at the same time of the astrological propensities of the people of Antioch. (See Eckhel, Descriptio Numorum Antiochiae Syriae, Vienna, 1786; Vaillant, Seleucidurum Imperium, sive Historia Regum Syriae, ad fidem numismatum accommodata. Paris, 1681.)

There is no doubt that the city built by Seleucus was on a regular and magnificent plan: but we possess no details. Some temples and other buildings were due to his son Antiochus Soter. Seleucus Callinicus built the New City (Thy véav, Liban. pp. 309, 356; Thν кaívny, Evag. Hist. Eccl. ii. 12) on the island, according to Strabo (l. c.), though Libanius assigns it to Antiochus the Great, who brought settlers from Greece during his war with the Romans (about 190 B. C.). To this writer, and to Evagrius, who describes what it suffered in the earthquake under Leo the Great, we owe a particular account of this part of the city. It was on an island (see below) which was joined to the old city by five bridges. Hence Polybius (v. 69) and Pliny (v. 21. s. 18) rightly speak of the Orontes as flowing through Antioch. The arrangement of the streets was simple and symmetrical. At their intersection was a fourfold arch (Tetrapylum). The magnificent Palace was on the north side, close upon the river, and commanded a prospect of the The city of Seleucus was built in the plain (v suburbs and the open country. Passing by Seleucus Tŷ mediádi Toû avλ@vos, Mal. p. 200) between the Philopator, of whose public works nothing is known, river and the hill, and at some distance from the we come to the eighth of the Seleucidae, Antiochus latter, to avoid the danger to be apprehended from Epiphanes. He was notoriously fond of building; the torrents. Xenaeus was the architect who raised and, by adding a fourth city to Antioch, he comthe walls, which skirted the river on the north, and pleted the Tetrapolis. (Strab. I. c.) The city of did not reach so far as the base of the hill on the Epiphanes was between the old wall and Mount south. This was only the earliest part of the city. Silpius; and the new wall enclosed the citadel with Three other parts were subsequently added, each many of the cliffs. (Procop. de Aedif. l. c.) This surrounded by its own wall: so that Antioch be- monarch erected a senate-house (Bovλevτýplov) came, as Strabo says (1. c.), a Tetrapolis. The and a temple for the worship of Jupiter Capitolinus first inhabitants (as indeed a great part of the which is described by Livy as magnificent with gold materials) were brought from Antigonia. Besides (Liv. xli. 20); but his great work was a vast street these, the natives of the surrounding district were with double colonnades, which ran from east to west received in the new city; and Seleucus raised the for four miles through the whole length of the city, Jews to the same political privileges with the Greeks. and was perfectly level, though the ground originally (Joseph. Antiq. xii. 31, c. Ap. ii. 4.) Thus a second was rugged and uneven. Other streets crossed it eity was formed contiguous to the first. It is probable at right angles, to the river on one side, and the that the Jews had a separate quarter, as at Alex-groves and gardens of the hill on the other. At the andreia. The citizens were divided into 18 tribes, intersection of the principal street was the Omphalus, distributed locally. There was an assembly of the with a statue of Apollo; and where this street people (nuos, Liban. p. 321), which used to meet in touched the river was the Nymphaeum (Nvμpaîov the theatre, even in the time of Vespasian and Titus. Evag. Hist. Eccl. l. c.; Tpivuupov, Mal. p. 244). (Tac. Hist. ii. 80; Joseph. B. J. vii. 5. § 2, 3. The position of the Omphalus is shown to have been §3.) At a later period we read of a senate of two opposite the ravine Parmenius, by some allusions in hundred. (Jul. Misopog. p. 367.) The character the reign of Tiberius. No great change appears to of the inhabitants of Antioch may be easily de- have been made in the city during the interval bescribed. The climate made them effeminate and tween Epiphanes and Tigranes. When Tigranes luxurious. A high Greek civilisation was mixed was compelled to evacuate Syria, Antioch was rewith various Oriental elements, and especially with stored by Lucullus to Antiochus Philopator (Asiati the superstitions of Chaldaean astrology, to which cus), who was a mere puppet of the Romans. He Chrysostom complains that even the Christians of built, near Mount Silpius, a Museum, like that in his day were addicted. The love of frivolous amuse- Alexandreia; and to this period belongs the literary ments became a passion in the contests of the Hippo- eminence of Antioch, which is alluded to by Cicerc drome. On these occasions, and on many others, in his speech for Archias. (Cic. pro Arch. 3, 4.) the violent feelings of the people broke out into open factions, and caused even bloodshed. Another fault should be mentioned as a marked characteristic of Antioch. Her citizens were singularly addicted to ridicule and scurrilous wit, and the invention of nicknames. Julian, who was himself a sufferer from this cause, said that Antioch contained more buffoons than citizens. Apollonius of Tyana was treated in the same way; and the Antiochians provoked their own destruction by ridiculing the Persians in the invasion of Chosroes. (Procop. B. P. ii. 8.) To the same cause must be referred the origin of the name "Christian," which first came into existence in this city. (Acts, xi. 26; Life, &c. of St.

At the beginning of the Roman period, it is probable that Antioch covered the full extent of ground which it occupied till the time of Justinian. In magnitude it was not much inferior to Paris (C. O. Müller, Antiq. Antioch.; see below), and the number and splendour of the public buildings were very great; for the Seleucid kings and queens (Mal. p. 312) had vied with each other in embellishing their metropolis. But it received still further embellishment from a long series of Roman emperors. In B. C. 64, when Syria was reduced to a province, Pompey gave to Antioch the privilege of autonomy. The same privilege was renewed by Julius Caesar in a public edict (B. c. 47), and it was retained till