nium they diminish in height, though still forming a vast mass of mountains of very irregular form and

structure.

approaches very near to the Tyrrhenian Sea, in the neighbourhood of the Gulf of Policastro (Buxentum), and retains this proximity as it descends through Bruttium; but E. of Consentia (Cosenza) lies the great forest-covered mass of the Sila, in some degree detached from the main chain, and situated between it and the coast near Crotona. A little further south occurs a remarkable break in the hitherto continuous chain of the Apennines, which appears to end abruptly near the modern village of Tiriolo, so that the two gulfs of Sta Eufemia and Squillace (the Sinus Terinaeus and Scylletinus) are separated only by a low neck of land, less than 20 miles in breadth, and of such small elevation that not only did the elder Dionysius conceive the idea of carrying a wall across this isthmus (Strab. vi. p. 261), but in modern times Charles III., king of Naples, proposed to cut a canal through it. The mountains which rise again to the S. of this remarkable interruption, form a lofty and rugged mass (now called Aspromonte), which assumes a SW. direction and continues to the extreme southern point of Italy, where the promontory of Leucopetra is expressly designated, both by Strabo and Ptolemy, as the extremity of the Apennines. (Strab. v. p. 211; Ptol. iii. 1. § 44.) The loftiest summit in the southern division of the Apennines is the Monte Pollino, near the south frontier of Lucania, which rises to above 7000 feet: the highest point of the Sila attains to nearly 6000 feet, and the summit of Aspromonte to above 4500 feet. (For further details concerning the geography of the Apennines, especially in Central Italy, the reader may consult Abeken, Mittel Italien, pp. 10-17, 80-85; Kramer, Der Fuciner See, pp. 5—11.)

From the Monte Nerone, near the sources of the Metaurus, to the valley of the Sagrus, or Sangro, the main range of the Apennines continues much nearer to the Adriatic than the Tyrrhenian Sea; so that a very narrow strip of low country intervenes between the foot of the mountains and the sea on their eastern side, while on the west the whole broad tract of Etruria and Latium separates the Apennines from the Tyrrhenian. This is indeed broken by numerous minor ranges of hills, and even by mountains of considerable elevation (such as the Monte Amiata, near Radicofani), some of which may be considered as dependencies or outliers of the Apen- | nines; while others are of volcanic origin, and wholly independent of them. To this last class beling the Mons Ciminus and the Alban Hills; the range of the Volscian Mountains, on the contrary, now called Monti Lepini, which separates the vallies of the Trerus and the Liris from the Pontine Marshes, certainly belongs to the systein of the Apennines, which here again descend to the shore of the western sea between Tarracina and Gaieta. From thence the western ranges of the chain sweep round in a semicircle around the fertile plain of Campania, and send out in a SW. direction the bold and lofty ridge which separates the Bay of Naples from that of Salerno, and ends in the promontory of Minerva, opposite to the island of Capreae. | On the E. the mountains gradually recede from the shores of the Adriatic, so as to leave a broad plain between their lowest slopes and the sea, which extends without interruption from the mouth of the Frento (Fortore) to that of the Aufidus (Ofanto): the lofty and rugged mass of Mount Garganus, which has been generally described from the days of Ptolemy to our own as a branch of the Apennines, being, in fact, a wholly detached and isolated ridge. [GARGANUS.] In the southern parts of Samnium (the region of the Hirpini) the Apennines present a very confused and irregular mass; the central point or knot of which is formed by the group of mountains about the head of the Aufidus, which has the longest course from W. to E. of any of the rivers of Italy S. of the Padus. From this point the central ridge assumes a southerly direction, while numerous offshoots or branches occupy almost the whole of Lucania, extending on the W. to the Tyrrhenian Sea, and on the S. to the Gulf of Tarentum. On the E. of the Hirpini, and immediately on the fron-aggeration in Virgil's expression, tiers of Apulia and Lucania, rises the conspicuous mass of Mount Vultur, which, though closely adjoining the chain of the Apennines, is geologically and physically distinct from them, being an isolated mountain of volcanic origin. [VULTUR.] But immediately S. of Mt. Vultur there branches off from the central mass of the Apennines a chain of great hills, rather than mountains, which extends to the eastward into Apulia, presenting a broad tract of barren hilly country, but gradually declining in height as it approaches the Adriatic, until it ends on that coast in a range of low hills between Egnatia and Brundusium. The peninsula of Calabria is traversed only by a ridge of low calcareous hills of tertiary origin and of very trifling elevation, though magnified by many maps and geographical writers into a continuation of the Apennines. (Cluver. Ital. p. 30; Swinburne, Travels in the Two Sicilies,

Almost the whole mass of the Apennines consists of limestone: primary rocks appear only in the southernmost portion of the chain, particularly in the range of the Aspromonte, which, in its geological structure and physical characters, presents much more analogy with the range in the NE. of Sicily, than with the rest of the Apennines. The loftier ranges of the latter are for the most part bare rocks; none of them at. tain such a height as to be covered with perpetual snow, though it is said to lie all the year round in the rifts and hollows of Monte Majella and the Gran Sasso. But all the highest summits, including the Monte Velino and Monte Terminillo, both of which are visible from Rome, are covered with snow early in November, and it does not disappear before the end of May. There is, therefore, no ex

"nivali

Vertice se attollens pater Apenninus ad auras.'

Aen. xii. 703; see also Sil. Ital. iv. 743. The flanks and lower ridges of the loftier mountains are still, in many places, covered with dense woods; but it is probable that in ancient times the forests were far more extensive (see Plin. xxxi. 3. 26): many parts of the Apennines which are now wholly bare of trees being known to have been co vered with forests in the middle ages. Pine trees appear only on the loftier summits: at a lower level are found woods of oak and beech, while chesnuts and holm-oaks (ilices) clothe the lower slopes and vallies. The mountain regions of Samnium and the districts to the N. of it afford excellent pasturage in summer both for sheep and cattle, on which account they were frequented not only by their own herdsmen, but by those of Apulia, who annually

plains to the upland vallies of the neighbouring Apennines. (Varr. de R. R. ii. 1. § 16.) The same districts furnished, like most mountain pasturages, excellent cheeses. (Plin. xi. 42. s. 97.) We find very few notices of any peculiar natural productions of the Apennines. Varro tells us that wild goats (by which he probably means the Bouquetin, or Ibex, an animal no longer found in Italy) were still numerous about the Montes Fiscellus and Tetrica (de R. R. ii. 1. § 5.), two of the loftiest summits of the range.

"

natural lines of communication from one district to another. Such are especially the pass from Reate, by Interocrea, to the valley of the Aternus, and thence to Teate and the coast of the Adriatic; and, again, the line of the Via Valeria, from the upper valley of the Anio to the Lake Fucinus, and thence across the passage of the Forca Caruso (the Mons Imeus of the Itineraries) to Corfinium. The details of these and the other passes of the Apennines will be best given under the heads of the respective regions or provinces to which they belong.

Very few distinctive appellations of particular The range of the Apennines is, as remarked by mountains or summits among the Apennines have ancient authors, the source of almost all the rivers been transmitted to us, though it is probable that of Italy, with the exception only of the Padus and in ancient, as well as inodern, times, almost every its northern tributaries, and the streams which deconspicuous mountain had its peculiar local name. scend from the Alps into the upper part of the The MONS FISCELLUS of Varro and Pliny, which, Adriatic. The numerous rivers which water the according to the latter, contained the sources of the northern declivity of the Apennine chain, from the Nar, is identified by that circumstance with the foot of the Maritime Alps to the neighbourhood of Monti della Sibilla, on the frontiers of Picenum. Ariminum, all unite their waters with those of the The MONS TETRICA (Tetricae horrentes rupes, | Padus; but from the time it takes the great turn Virg. Aen. vii. 713) inust have been in the same to the southward, it sends off its streams on both neighbourhood, perhaps a part of the same group, sides direct to the two seas, forming throughout the but cannot be distinctly identified, any more than rest of its course the watershed of Italy. Few of the MONS SEVERUS of Virgil, which he also assigns these rivers have any great length of course, and to the Sabines. The MONS CUNARUS, known only not being fed, like the Alpine streams, from perfrom Servius (ad Aen. x. 185), who calls it "apetual snows, they mostly partake much of the namountain in Picenum," has been supposed by Cluverture of torrents, being swollen and violent in winter to be the one now called Il Gran Sasso d'Italia; but this is a mere conjecture. The " GURGURES, alti montes of Varro (de R. R. ii. 1. § 16) appear to have been in the neighbourhood of Reate. All these apparently belong to the lofty central chain of the Apennines: a few other mountains of inferior magnitude are noticed from their proximity to Rome, or other accidental causes. Such are the detached and conspicuous height of Mount Soracte (SORACTE), the MONS LUCRETILIS (now Monte Gennaro), one of the highest points of the range of Apennines immediately fronting Rome and the plains of Latium; the MONS TIFATA, adjoining the plains of Campania, and MONS CALLICULA, on the frontiers of that country and Samnium, both of thein celebrated in the campaigns of Hannibal; and the MONS TABURNUS, in the territory of the Caudine Samnites, near Beneventum, still called Monte Taburno. In the more southern regions of the Apen-tained possession of Aperantia; but it was taken nines we find mention by name of the MONS ALBURNUS, on the banks of the Silarus, and the SILA in Bruttiuin, which still retains its ancient appellation. The Mons Vultur and Garganus, as already mentioned, do not properly belong to the Apennines, any more than Vesuvius, or the Alban hills.

and spring, and nearly dry or reduced to but scanty streams, in the summer. There are, however, some exceptions: the Arnus and the Tiber retain, at all seasons, a considerable body of water, while the Liris and Vulturnus both derive their origin from subterranean sources, such as are common in all linestone countries, and gush forth at once in copious streams of clear and limpid water. [E. H. B.]

APERANTIA ('Απεραντία: Eth. Απεραντός), the name of a district in the NE. of Aetolia, probably forming part of the territory of the Agraei. Stephanus, on the authority of Polybius, mentions a town of the same name ('ATEрávтela), which appears to have been situated near the confluence of the Petitarus with the Achelous, at the modern village of Preventza, which may be a corruption of the ancient name, and where Leake discovered some Hellenic ruins. Philip V., king of Macedonia, ob

from him, together with Amphilochia, by the Aetolians in B. C. 189. Aperantia is mentioned again in B. c. 169, in the expedition of Perseus against Stratus. (Pol. xxii. 8; Liv. xxxviii. 3, xliii. 22; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 141.)

APERLA (Απερλαι: Eth. 'Απειλείτης), 2 From the account above given of the Apennines place in Lycia, fixed by the Stadiasmus 60 stadia it is evident that the passes over the chain do not west of Somena, and 64 stadia west of Andriace. assume the degree of importance which they do in Leake (Asia Minor, p. 188) supposes Somena to be the Alps. In the northern part of the range from the Simena of Pliny (v. 27). Aperlae, which is Liguria to the Adriatic, the roads which crossed written in the text of Ptolemy "Aperrae," and in them were carried, as they still are, rather over the Pliny "Apyrae," is proved to be a genuine name by bare ridges, tuan along the vallies and courses of the an inscription found by Cockerell, at the head of streams. The only dangers of these passes arise Hassar bay, with the Ethnic name 'AπEрλeitwv from the violent storms which rage there in the winter, on it. But there are also coins of Gordian with the and which even, on one occasion, drove back Hanni-Ethnic name 'Areрpaiтwv. The confusion between bal when he attempted to cross them. Livy's the land ther in the name of an insignificant place striking description of this tempest is, according to is nothing remarkable. the testimony of modern witnesses, little, if at all, exaggerated. (Liv. xxi. 58; Niebuhr, Vorträge über Alte Länder, p. 336.) The passes through the more lofty central Apennines are more strongly marked by nature, and some of them must have been frequented from a very early period as the

[G. L.]

APEROPIA ('Aπepoñía), a snial! island, which Pausanias describes as lying off the promontory Buporthmus in Hermionis, and near the island of Hydrea. Leake identifies Buporthmus with C. Muzaki and Aperopia with Dhokó. (Paus. iì. 34. § 9. Plin. iv. 12. s. 19; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 284.)

It

was an episcopal see, down to the Arab conquest.
Its coins are extant, of the reigns of Trajan and
Hadrian, with the epigraph APРOAEITÓÑOAI.
(Rasche, s. v.) —3. In Upper Egypt, or the Thebais.
4. (Tachta) on the W. side of the Nile, but at
some distance from the river, below Ptolemais and
Panopolis; capital of the Nomos Aphroditopolites
(Plin. v. 9, 10. s. 11, Veneris iterum, to distin-
guish it from No. 5; Strab. xvii. p.813; Agatharch.
de Rub. Mar. p. 22; Prokesch, Erinnerungen,
vol. i. p. 152.) 5. (Deir, Ru.), on the W. side of
the Nile, much higher up than the former, and,
like it, a little distance from the river; in the
Nomos Hermont hites, between Thebes and Apol-
lonopolis Magna; and a little NW. of Latopolis.
(Plin. v. 10. s. 11.)
[P.S.]

APHTHITES NOMOS (ὁ ̓Αφθίτης νομός), ο
nomos of Lower Egypt, in the Delta, mentioned by
Herodotus, between those of Bubastis and Tanis;
but neither he nor any other writer mentions such
a city as Aphthis. The name seems to point to
a chief seat of the worship of Phthah, the Egyptian
Hephaestus. (Herod. ii. 166.)
[P.S.]

2. A city of Cilicia. Stephanus (s. v. 'Appo- | on the E. side of the Nile; capital of the Nomos dioids) quotes Alexander Polyhistor, who quotes Aphroditopoltes. (Strab. xvii. p. 809; Ptol.) Zopyrus as an authority for this place, being so called from Aphrodite, a fact which we might assume. The Stadiasmus states that Aphrodisias is nearest to Cyprus, and 500 stadia north of Aulion, the NE. extremity of Cyprus. It is mentioned by Diodorus (xix. 61); and by Livy (xxxiii. 20) with Coracesium, Soli, and other places on this coast. It seems from Pliny (v. 27, who calls it "Oppidum Veneris") and other authorities (it is not mentioned by Strabo) to have been situated between Celenderes and Sarpedon. It was on or near a promontory also called Aphrodisias. The site is not certain. Leake supposes that the cape near the Papadula rocks was the promontory Aphrodisias, and that some vestiges of the town may be found near the harbour behind the cape. (See also Beaufort's Karamania, p. 211.) 3. A promontory on the SW. coast of Caria (Mela, i. 16; Plin. v. 28), between the gulfs of Schoenus and Thymnias. The modern name is not mentioned by Hamilton, who passed round it (Researches, vol. ii. p. 72). It has sometimes been confounded with the Cynos Sema of Strabo, which is Cape Volpo. [G. L.] APHRODI'SIAS ('Appodioiás), an island adjacent to the N. coast of Africa, marking the extent westward of the people called Giligammae (Herod. iv. 169). Ptolemy mentions it as one of the islands off the coast of Cyrenaïca, calling it also Laea (Aaid 'A¢podíτns vñσos, iv. 4 § 14; Steph. B. s. v.) Scylax (p. 45, Hudson, p. 109, Gronov.) places it between the Chersonesus Magna (the E. headland of Cyrenaïca) and Naustathmus (near its N. point), and mentions it as a station for ships. The anonymous Periplus gives its position more definitely, between Zephyrium and Chersis; and calls it a port, with a temple of Aphrodite. It may, perhaps, correspond with the island of Al Hiera. (Mannert, vol. x. pt. 2. p. [P. S.] APHRODI'SIAS, in Spain. 1. [GADES.] 2. [PORTUS VENERIS.]

80.)

APHRODI'SIAS ('A¢podioías), a town in the S. of Laconia, on the Boeatic gulf, said to have been founded by Aeneas. (Paus. iii. 12. § 11, viii. 12. § 8.)

APHRODI'SIUM. 1. ('Appodíatov, Strab. p. 682; Ptol. v. 14; 'Aopodioiás, Steph. B. s. v.: Eth. 'Appodiσieús), a city of Cyprus, situated at the narrowest part of the island, only 70 stadia from Salamis. D'Anville, in Mém. de Litt. vol. xxxii. p. 541.) [E. B. J.]

2. A small place in Arcadia, not far from Megalopolis, on the road to Megalopolis and Tegea. (Paus. viii. 44. § 2.)

3. [ARDEA.]

APHRODI'SIUS MONS (rd 'Appolotov õpos), a mountain in Spain, mentioned by Appian as a stronghold of Viriathus; but in a manner insufficient to define its position (Iber. 64, 66). [P. S.] APHRODITES PORTUS. [MYOS HORMUS.] APHRODITO'POLIS, APHRODITO, VENERIS OPPIDUM ('Aopodirns Tóλis, 'Appodiтóπολις, Αφροδίτω: Εth. 'Αφροδιτοπολίτης), the name of several cities in Egypt. I. In Lower Egypt. 1. [ATARBECHIS.] 2. A town of the Nomos Leontopolites. (Strab. xvii. p. 802.)- II. In the Heptanomis, or Middle Egypt. 3. AFRODITO (Itin. Ant. p. 168: Appodiтw, Hieroc. p. 730, Alfych, mounds, but no Ru.), a considerable city

A'PHYTIS (Αφυτος, also Αφύτη, Αφυτος: Εth. 'Αφυταῖος, more early 'Αφυτιεύς, 'Αφυτεύς, 'Αφυτήoios: A'thyto, Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 156), a town on the eastern side of the peninsula Pallene, in Macedonia, a little below Potidaca. (Herod. vii. 123: Thuc. i. 64; Strab. vii. p. 330.) Xenophon (Hell. v. 3. § 19) says that it possessed a temple of Dionysius, to which the Spartan king Agesipolis desired to be removed before his death; but it was more celebrated for its temple of Ammon, whose head appears on its coins. (Plut. Lys. 20; Paus. iii. 18. § 3; Steph. B. s. v.)

A'PIA. [PELOPONNESUS.]
API'DANUS. [ENIPEUS.]

APILA (Platamona), a river in Pieria in Macedonia, rising in Mt. Olympus, and flowing into the sea near Heracleia. (Plin. iv. 10. s. 17; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 405, 406.)

ΑΡΙΟLΑΕ (Απίολαι: Εth. Απιολανός), an ancient city of Latium, which took the lead among the Latin cities in the war against Tarquinius Priscus, and was in consequence besieged and taken by that monarch. We are told that it was razed to the ground, and its inhabitants sold into slavery; and it is certain that we find no subsequent mention of it in history. Yet it appears to have been previously a place of some importance, as Livy tells us the spoils derived from thence enabled Tarquin to celebrate the Ludi Magni for the first time; while, according to Valerius of Antium, they furnished the funds with which he commenced the construction of the Capitol. (Liv. i. 35; Dion. Hal iii. 49; Valerius, ap. Plin. iii. 5. 1. 9.)

The site of a city destroyed at so early a period, and not mentioned by any geographer, can scarcely be determined with any certainty; but Gell and Nibby are disposed to place it at a spot about 11 miles from Rome, and a mile to the S. of the Appian Way, where there are some remains which indicate the site of an ancient city, as well as others of later Roman date. The position was (as usual) a partially isolated hill, rising immediately above a small stream, now called the Fosso delle Fratocchie, which was crossed by an ancient bridge(destroyed in 1832), known as the Ponte delle Streghe. Its position would thus be intermediate between Be