The temple of Apollinopolis, as a sample of Egyptian sacred architecture, is minutely described in the Penny Cyclopedia, art. Edfu, and in the 1st volume of British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, where also will be found a ground plan of it. See also Belzoni, and Wilkinson's Egypt and Thebes, pp. 435-438.

2. APOLLINOPOLIS PARVA ('Aπóλλwvos pá, Steph. B. s. v.; 'Añóλλwv μikpós, Hierocl. p. 731; Apollonos minoris [urbs], It. Anton. p. 158), was a town in Upper Egypt, in Lat. 27° N., upon the western bank of the Nile. It stood between Hypsela and Lycopolis, and belonged to the Hypseliote

noine.

3. APOLLINOPOLIS PARVA ('ATÓλλovos móλis purpά, Ptol. iv. 5. § 70; 'Awóλλwvos móλis, Strab. xvii. p. 815; Apollonos Vicus, It. Anton. p. 165), was a town of the Thebaid, in the Coptite Nome, in Lat. 26° N., situated between Thebes and Coptos. It stood on the eastern bank of the Nile, and carried on an active trade with Berenice and Myos Hormos, on the Red Sea. Apollinopolis Parva was 22 miles distant from Thebes, and is the modern Kuss. It corresponds, probably, to the Maximianopolis of the later emperors.

4. APOLLINOPOLIS (Steph. B. s.v.; Plin. vi. 35), was a town of the Megabari, in eastern Aethiopia.

5. AFOLLONOS HYDREIUM (Plin. vi. 26; It. Anton.), stood upon the high road from Coptos, in the Thebaid, to Berenice on the Red Sea, and was a watering station for the caravans in their transit between those cities. [W. B. D.]

most treacherously treated by the Cydoniatae, who were their friends and allies. (Polyb. xxvii. 16.) The site is on the coast near Armyro, or perhaps approaching towards Megalo Kastron, at the Ghiófero. (Pashley, Crete, vol. i. p. 261.) The site of the other city, which was once called Eleuthera ('Eλeú0epa, Steph. B.), is uncertain. The philosopher Diogenes Apolloniates was a native of ApolToniates in Crete. (Dict. of Biog. 8. v.) [E.B.J.] 3. (Pollina, or Pollóna), a city of Illyria, situated 10 stadia from the right bank of the Aous, and 60 stadia from the sea (Strab. vii. p. 316), or 50 stadia according to Scylax (p. 10). It was founded by the Corinthians and Corcyraeans in the seventh century before the Christian era, and is said to have been originally called Gylaceia (Tvλákeia), from Gylax, the name of its oecist. (Thuc. i. 26; Scymnus, 439, 440; Paus. v. 21. § 12, 22. § 3; Strab. I. c.; Steph. B. s. v.) Apollonia soon became a flourishing place, but its name rarely occurs in Grecian history. It is mentioned in the civil wars between Caesar and Pompey, as a fortified town with a citadel; and the possession of it was of great importance to Caesar in his campaign against Pompey in Greece. (Caes. B. C. iii. 12, seq.) Towards the end of the Roman republic it was celebrated as a seat of learning; and inany of the Roman nobles were accustomed to send their sons thither for the purpose of studying the literature and philosophy of Greece. It was here that Augustus spent six months before the death of his uncle summoned him to Rome. (Suet. Aug. 10; Vell. Pat. ii. 59.) Cicero calls it at this period" urbs magna et gravis.” Apollonia is mentioned by Hierocles (p. 653, ed. Wesseling) in the sixth century; but its name does not occur in the writers of the middle ages. The village of Aulon, a little to the S. of Apollonia, appears to have increased in importance in the middle ages, as Apollonia declined. According to Strato (p. 322), the Via Egnatia commenced at Apollonia, and according to others at Dyrrhachium; the two roads met at Clodiana. There are scarcely any vestiges of the ancient city at the present day Leake discovered some traces of walls and of two temples; and the monastery, built near its site, contains some fine pieces of sculpture, which were found in ploughing the fields in its neighbourhood. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 368, seq.; Tafel, De Via Egnatia, p. 14, seq.)

APOLLO'NIA ('Aπоλλwvía: Eth. Amoλλwviάτns, Apolloniates, Apollinas, -ätis, Apolloniensis), in Europe. 1. A city of Sicily, which, according to Steph. Byz.,was situated in the neighbourhood of Aluntium Calacte. Cicero also mentions it (Or. in Verr. iii. 43) and in conjunction with Haluntium, Capitium, and Enguium, in a manner that seems to imply that it was situated in the same part of Sicily with these cities; and we learn from Diodorus (xvi. 72) that it was at one time subject to Leptines, the tyrant of Enguium, from whose hands it was wrested by Timoleon, and restored to an independent condition. A little later we find it again mentioned among the cities reduced by Agathocles, after his return from Africa, B.C. 307 (Diod. xx. 56). But it evidently regained its liberty after the fall of the tyrant, and in the days of Cicero was still a municipal town of some importance. (Or. in Verr. iii. 43, v. 33.) From this time it disappears from history, and the name is not found either in Pliny or Ptolemy.

Its site has been much disputed; but the passages above cited point distinctly to a position in the north-eastern part of Sicily; and it is probable that the modern Pollina, a small town on a hill, about 3 miles from the sea-coast, and 8 or 9 E. from Cefalù, occupies its site. The resemblance of name is certainly entitled to much weight; and if Enguium be correctly placed at Gangi, the connexion between that city and Apollonia is easily explained. It must be admitted that the words of Stephanus require, in this case, to be construed with considerable latitude, but little dependence can be placed upon the accuracy of that writer.

The coins which have been published as of this city belong either to Apollonia, in Illyria, or to Tauromenium (Eckhel, vol. i. p. 198.) [E. H. B.] 2. The name of two cities in Crete, one near

COIN OF APOLLONIA, IN ILLYRIA.

4. (Sizeboli), a town of Thrace, on the Pontus Euxinus, a little S. of Mesambria, was a colony of the Milesians. It had two large harbours, and the greater part of the town was situated on a small island. It possessed a celebrated temple of Apollo and a colossal statue of this god 30 cubits in height, which M. Lucullus carried to Rome and placed in the Capitol. (Herod. iv. 90; Strab. vii. p. 319, xii. p. 541 Plin. xxxiv 7 8. 18 § 39; Scymnus, 730; Arrian, Peripl. p. 24, Anon. Peripl. p. 14.) It was subsequently called SOZOPOLIS (Zwórоxis, Anon. l'eripl. p. 14) whence its modern name Sizeboli.

5. (Pollina), a town of Mygdonia in Macedonia, S. of the lake Bolbe (Athen. viii. p. 334, e.), and N. of the Chalcidian mountains, on the road from Thessalonica to Amphipolis, as we learn from the Acts of the Apostles (xvii. 1) and the Itineraries. (Anton. Itin. pp. 320, 330; Itin. Hierosol. p. 605; Tab. Peuting.) Pliny (iv. 10. s. 17. § 38) mentions this Apollonia.

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gamum, or the way to Sardis. (Strab. p. 625; Xen. Anab. vii. 8. § 15.) It seems to have been near the borders of Mysia and Lydia. The site does not appear to be determined.

4. Steph. B. (s. v. 'Añoλλævía) mentions Apollonia in Pisidia, and one also in Phrygia; but it seems very probable, from comparing what he says of the two, that there is some confusion, and there was perhaps only one, and in Pisidia. In Strabo (p. 576) the name is Apollonias. The ruins were discovered by Arundell (Discoveries, &c. vol. i. p.

7. A town in the peninsula of Acte, or Mt. Athos in Macedonia, the inhabitants of which were called Macrobii. (Plin. iv. 10. s. 17. § 37.)

8. A town in Thrace, situated according to Livy's narrative (xxxviii. 41), between Maroneia and Abdera, but erroneously placed by the Epitomizer of Strabo (vii. p. 331) and by Pomponius Mela (ii. 2) west of the Nestus.

The four towns last mentioned (Nos. 5-8) are frequently confounded, but are correctly distinguished by Leake, who errs, however, in making the passage of Athenaeus (viii. p. 334, e.), refer to No. 6, instead of to No. 5. (Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 457, seq.)

9. A town on the frontiers of Aetolia, near Naupactus. (Liv. xxviii. 8.)

APOLLO'NIA, in Asia. 1. The chief town of a district in Assyria, named Apolloniatis. Apollonia is incorrectly placed by Stephanus (s. v. 'AmoλAavía) between Babylon and Susa. Strabo (p. 732, and 524) says that Apolloniatis is that part of Babylonia which borders on Susis, that its original name was Sittacene, and it was then called Apolloniatis. The names Apollonia and Apolloniatis were evidently given by the Macedonian Greeks. Apolloniatis is in fact one of the divisions of Assyria in the geography of the Greeks; but it is impossible to determine its limits. Polybius (v. 44) makes Mesopotamia and Apolloniatis the southern boundaries of Media, and Apolloniatis is therefore east of the Tigris. This appears, indeed, from another passage in Polybius (v. 51), which also shows that Apollonia was east of the Tigris. The country was fertile, but it also contained a hilly tract, that is, it extended some distance east of the banks of the Tigris. There is evidently great confusion in the divisions of Assyria by the Greek geographers. If we place Apolloniatis south of the district of Arbela, and make it extend as far as Bagdad, there may be no great error. There seems to be no authority for fixing the site of Apollonia.

2. An island on the coast of Bithynia (Arrian, Peripl. p. 13), 200 stadia from the promontory of Calpe (Kirpe) It was called Thynias, says Pliny (vi. 12), to distinguish it from another island Apollonia. He places it a Roman mile from the coast. Thymias, Thyne, Thynia, or Thynis (Steph. B. s. v. Ouviás), may have been the original name of this island, and Apollonia a name derived from a temple of Apollo, built after the Greeks. The other name is evidently derived from the Thyni of the opposite

coast.

3. A town of Mysia, on an eminence east of Per

stands on a lofty crag, from which there is an extensive view of the rich plains to the NW. This place is in 38° 4' N. lat., and in the direct line between Apamea and Antioch, so far as the nature of the country will admit. (Hamilton, Researches, &c. vol. ii. p. 361.) The Peutinger Table places it 24 miles from Apameia Cibotus. Several Greek inscriptions from Apollonia have been copied by Arundell and Hamilton. One inscription, which contains the words Bovλn kai d dnμos TWV 'ATTOλAwviaTwv, decides the question as to the site of this place. Two Greek inscriptions of the Roman period copied by Arundell give the full title, “the Boule and Demus of the Apolloniatae Lycii Thraces Coloni," from which Arundell concludes that "a Thracian colony established themselves in Lycia, and that some of the latter founded the city of Apollonia;" an interpretation that may be not quite correct.

Stephanus says that Apollonia in Pisidia was originally called Mordiaeon, and was celebrated for its quinces. (Athen. p. 81.) It is still noted for its quinces (Arundell), which have the great recommendation of being eatable without dressing. coins of Apollonia record Alexander the Great as the founder, and also the name of a stream that flowed by it, the Hippopharas. (Forbiger, vol. ii. p. 334.)

The

5. Of Mysia ('A. èπl 'Puvdaný, Strab. p. 575), a description which misled some travellers and geographers, who fixed the site at Ulubad on the Rhyndacus. But the site is Abullionte, which is on a lake of the same name, the Apolloniatis of Strabo, who says that the town is on the lake. Some high land advances into the lake, and forms a narrow promontory, "off the SW. point of which is an island with the town of Abullionte." (Hamilton, Researches, fc. vol. ii. p. 87.) The remains of Apollonia are inconsiderable. The Rhyndacus flows into the lake Apolloniatis, and issues from it a deep and muddy river. The lake extends from east to west, and is studded with many islands in the NE. part, on one of which is the town of Apollonia. (Hamilton.) The circuit of the lake is estimated by some travellers at about 50 miles, and its length about 10; but the dimensions vary considerably, for in winter the waters are much higher. It abounds in fish.

6. In Lycia, is conjectured by Spratt (Lycia, vol. i. p. 203) to have been at Sarahhajik, where there are remains of a Greek town. The modern site is in the interior NW. of Phaselis. The author discovered an inscription with the letters "Ap" on it. Stephanus (s. v.) mentions an island of the name belonging to Lycia; but there is no authority for a town of the name. There are, however, coins with the epigraph 'Aπо^^@viaтwv Ävк, and 'Aπoλλωνιατων Λυκ. Θρακ., which might indicate some place in Lycia. But these belong to Apollonia of Pisidia. †G. L.]

7. (Arf), a town of Falestine, situated be

8. A town of Syria. The name attests its Macedonian origin. (Appian. Syr. 57.) Strabo (p. 752) mentions it as tributary to Apamea, but its position is uncertain. [E. B. J.] APOLLO'NIA (Marsa Sousah), in Africa, one of the five cities of the Libyan Pentapolis in Cyrenaica. It was originally the port of Cyrene, and is mentioned by Scylax (p. 45) simply as such, without any proper name; but, like the other ports on this coast, it grew and flourished, especially under the Ptolemies, till it eclipsed Cyrene itself. It was the birthplace of Eratosthenes. (Strab. xvii. p. 837; Mela, i. 8; Plin. v. 5; Ptol. iv. 4; Diod. xviii. 19; Steph. B. s. v.) It is almost certainly the Sozusa (Covoa) of later Greek writers (Hierocl. p. 732; Epiphan. Haeres. 73. 26); and this, which was very probably its original name, has given rise to its mo. dern appellation. The name Apollonia was in honour of the patron deity of Cyrene. The site of the city is marked by splendid, though greatly shattered ruins, among which are those of the citadel, temples, a theatre, and an aqueduct. (Barth, Wanderungen, fc., pp. 452, foll.) [P.S.]

APOLLONIA'TIS. [APOLLONIA.] APOLLO'NIS ('AπoλXwvís: Eth. 'Amoλλwvídns, Apollonidensis), a town the position of which is connected with that of Apollonia in Mysia. South of this Apollonia is a ridge of hills, after crossing which the road to Sardis had on the left Thyatira, and on the right Apollonis, which is 300 stadia from Pergamum, and the same distance from Sardis. (Strab. 625.) A village Bullene, apparently the same place that Tournefort calls Balamont, seems to retain part of the ancient name. The place was named after Apollonis, a woman of Cyzicus, and the wife of Attalus, the first king of Pergamum. Cicero mentions the place (pro Flacc. c. 21, 32, ad Q. Fr. i. 2). It was one of the towns which suffered in the great earthquake in these parts in the time of Tiberius. (Tac. Ann. ii. 47.) It is mentioned by Pliny (v. 30) as a small place. It was subsequently the see of a bishop. There are both autonomous and imperial coins of Apollonis with the epigraph 'Απολλωνίδεων. [G. L.]

APOLLONOS HIERON (TOXX@vos iepov: Eth. Apollonos hieritac), is mentioned by Pliny (v. 29). It seems to be the same place as Apollonia in Mysia. Mannert conjectures that the name ApolJonia or Apollonos Hieron was afterwards changed into Hierocaesarea, which is mentioned by Tacitus Ann. ii. 47) as one of the towns of Asia that suffered from the earthquake in the time of Tiberius; but if this be so, it is not easy to understand why Pliny does not mention it by that name. [G. L.] A'PONUS, or A'PONI FONS, a celebrated source of mineral and thermal waters, situated near the

The proper name of these springs was supposed to be derived from the Greek (à and óvos), and is retained with little change in their modern name of Bagni d'Abano. They appear to have been extensively resorted to for their healing properties, not only by the citizens of the neighbouring Patavium, but by patients from Rome and all parts of Italy; and are alluded to by Martial as among the most popular bathing places of his day. (Mart. vi. 42. 4; Lucan, vii. 193; Sil. Ital. xii. 218.) At a later period we find them described at considerable length by Claudian (Idyll. 6), and by Theodoric in a letter addressed to Cassiodorus (Var. ii. 39), from which we learn that extensive Thermae and other edifices had grown up around the spot. Besides their medical influences, it appears that they were resorted to for purposes of divination, by throwing tali into the basin of the source, the numbers of which, from the extreme clearness of the water, could be readily discerned. In the immediate neighbourhood was an oracle of Geryon. (Suet. Tib. 14.)

From an epigram of Martial (i. 61. 3), it would appear that the historian T. Livius was born in the neighbourhood of this spot, rather than at Patavium itself; but it is perhaps more probable that the poet uses the expression " Apona tellus" merely to designate the territory of Patavium (the ager Patavinus) in general. (See Cluver. Ital. p. 154.) [E. H. B.]

A'PPIA (ATTía: Eth. Appianus), a town of Phrygia, which, according to Pliny (v. 29), belonged to the conventus of Synnada. Cicero (ad Fam. iii. 7) speaks of an application being made to him by the Appiani, when he was governor of Cilicia, about the taxes with which they were burdened, and about some matter of building in their town. At this time then it was included in the Province of Cilicia. The site does not seem to be known. [G.L.]

APRILIS LACUS, an extensive marshy lake in Etruria, situated near the sea-shore between Populonium and the mouth of the Umbro, now called the Lago di Castiglione. It communicated with the sea by a narrow outlet, where there was a station for shipping, as well as one on the Via Aurelia. (Itin. Ant. pp. 292, 500.) The " amnis Prille," mentioned by Pliny (iii. 5. s. 8), between Populonium and the Umbro, is evidently a corrup tion of Prilis, and it is probable that the Prelius Lacus noticed by Cicero (pro Mil. 27), is only another form of the same name. [PRELIUS LAcus.] [E. H. B

APRUSTUM, a town in the interior of Bruttium, mentioned by Pliny (iii. 11. § 98), who tells us that it was the only inland city of the Bruttians (mediterranei Bruttiorum Aprustani tantum). It is evidently the same place called in our texts of Ptolemy (iii. 1. § 75), A6uσтpov, for which we should probably read "Apvoтov: he associates it with Petelia, and it has been conjectured that its site is marked by the village of Argusto, near Chiaravalle, on a hill about 5 miles from the Gulf of Squillace. (Romanelli, vol. i. p. 189.) [E. H. B.]

A'PSARUS (Avapos, "Avoppos), or ABSARUM (Plin. vi. 4), a river and a fort, as Pliny calls it, in faucibus," 140 M. P. east of Trapezus (Trebizond). Arrian (Peripl. p. 7) places this military station 1000 stadia from Trapezus, and 450 or 490 stadia south of the Phasis, and about the point

where the coast turns north. The distance of 127 miles in the Peutinger Table agrees with Arrian. Accordingly several geographers place Absarum near a town called Gonieh. Its name was connected with the myth of Medea and her brother Absyrtus, and its original name was Absyrtus. (Stephan. s. v. 'Ayuprides.) Procopius (Bell. Goth. iv. 2) speaks of the remains of its public buildings as proving that it was once a place of some importance.

Arrian does not mention a river Apsarus. He places the navigable river Acampsis 15 stadia from Absarum, and Pliny makes the Apsarus and Acampsis two different rivers. The Acampsis of Arrian is generally assumed to be the large river Joruk, which rises NW. of Erzerum, and enters the Euxine near Batun. Pliny (vi. 9) says that the Absarus rises in the Paryadres, and with that mountain range forms the boundary in those parts between the Greater and Less Armenia. This description can only apply to the Joruk, which is one of the larger rivers of Armenia, and the present boundary between the Pashalicks of Trebizond and Kars. (Brant, London Geog. Journ. vol. vi. p. 193.) Ptolemy's account of his Apsorrus agrees with that of Pliny, and he says that it is formed by the union of two large streams, the Glaucus and Lycus; and the Joruk consists of two large branches, one called the Joruk and the other the Ajerah, which unite at no great distance above Batun. It seems, then, that the name Acampsis and Apsarus has been applied to the same river by different writers. Mithridates, in his flight after being defeated by Cn. Pompeius, came to the Euphrates, and then to the river Apsarus. (Mithrid. c. 101.) It is conjectured that the river which Xenophon (Anab. iv. 8, 1) mentions without a name, as the boundary of the Macrones and the Scythini, may be the Joruk; and this is probable. [G. L.]

APSILAE, ABSILAE, APSILII (Avina, 'AiALOL), a people of Colchis, on the coast of the Euxine, subject successively to the kings of Pontus, the Romans, and the Lazi. They are mentioned by Procopius as having long been Christians. In their territory were the cities of Sebastopolis, Petra, and Tibeleos. (Arrian, Peripl. Pont. Eux.; Steph. B.; Plin. vi. 4; Justinian. Novell. 28; Procop. B. G. iv. 2; Agathias, iii. 15, iv. 15.) [P.S.]

APSINTHII or APSYNTHII (Αψίνθιοι, Αψύν. etor), a people of Thrace, bordering on the Thracian Chersonesus. (Herod. vi. 34, ix. 119.) The city of Aenus was also called Apsynthus (Steph. B. s. vv. Alvos, "Ayuveos); and Dionysius Periegetes (577) speaks of a river of the same name.

APSUS (Avos), a considerable river of Illyria, rising in Mount Pindus and flowing into the sea between the rivers Genusus on the N. and the Aous on the S. It flows in a north-western direction till it is joined by the Eordaïcus (Devól), after which it takes a bend, and flows towards the coast in a southwestern direction through the great maritime plain of Illyria. Before its union with the Devól, the river is now called Uzúmi, and after its union Beratinós. The country near the mouth of the Apsus is frequently mentioned in the memorable campaign of Caesar and Pompey in Greece. Caesar was for some time encamped on the left bank of the river, and Pompey on the right bank. (Strab. p. 316; Liv. xxxi. 27; Caes. B. C. iii. 13, 19, 30; Dion Cass. xli. 47; Appian, B. C. ii. 56, where the river is erroneously called "Axopa; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. pp. 336, 342, vol. iv. pp. 113, 123.)

APSY'RTIDES. [ABSYRTIDES.] APTA JULIA (Apt), a city of the Vulgientes, on the road from Arelate (Arles), on the Rhone, along the valley of the Durance, to Augusta Taurinorum (Turino). The name Julia implies that it was a colonia, which is proved by inscriptions, though Pliny (iii. 4; and the note in Harduin's edition) calls it a Latin town, that is, a town which had the Jus Latium. The modern town of Apt, on the Calavon or Caulon, a branch of the Durance, contains some ancient remains. [G. L.]

APTERA (Απτερα, Steph. Β. 8. υ.; Απτερία Ptol. iii. 17. §. 10; Apteron, Plin. iv. 20; Eth. 'ATTEpatos: Palaeókastron), a city of Crete situated to the E. of Polyrrhenia, and 80 stadia from Cydonia (Strab. x. p. 479). Here was placed the scene of the legend of the contest between the Sirens and the Muses, when after the victory of the latter, the Sirens lost the feathers of their wings from their shoulders, and having thus become white cast themselves into the sea,-whence the name of the city Aptera, and of the neighbouring islands Leucae. (Steph. B. s. v.) It was at one time in alliance with Cnossus, but was afterwards compelled by the Polyrrhenians to side with them against that city. (Pol. iv. 55.) The port of Aptera according to Strabo was Cisamos (p. 479; comp. Hierocles, p. 650; and Peutinger Tab.). Mr. Pashley (Travels, vol. i. p. 48) supposes that the ruins of Palaeókastron belong to Aptera, and that its port is to be found at or near Kalyves. Diodorus (v. 64) places Berecynthos in the district of the Apteraeans. (The old reading was emended by Meursius, Creta, p. 84.) This mountain has been identified with the modern Maláxa, which from its granitic and schistose basis complies with the requisite geological conditions for the existence of metallic veins; if we are to believe that bronze and iron were here first discovered, and bestowed on man by the Idaean Dactyls. [E. B. J]

APUA'NI, a Ligurian tribe, mentioned repeatedly by Livy. From the circumstances related by him, it appears that they were the most easterly of the Ligurian tribes, and occupied the upper valley of the Macra about Pontremoli, the tract known in the middle ages as the Garfagnana. They are first mentioned in B.C. 187, when we are told that they were defeated and reduced to submission by the consul C. Flaminius; but the next year they appear again in arms, and defeated the consul Q. Marcius, with the loss of 4000 men and three standards. This disaster was avenged the next year, but after several successive campaigns the consuls for the year 180, P. Cornelius and M. Baebius, had recourse to the expedient of removing the whole nation from their abodes, and transporting them, to the number of 40,000, including women and children, into the heart of Samnium. Here they were settled in the vacant plains, which had formerly belonged to Taurasia (hence called Campi Taurasini), and appear to have become a flourishing community. The next