tax, being levied on all sheep and cattle thus mi- | pletely blended into one as were the two component grating. The calcareous nature of the soil renders elements of the Latin nation. 3. The PEUCETIANS, these Apulian plains altogether different in character or POEDICULI (ПEUкÉTIO, Strab. et al.: Пoidikλoi, from the rich alluvial tracts of the North of Italy; Id.), two names which, however different in apthe scarcity of water resulting from this cause, and pearance, are, in fact, only varied forms of the same, the parched and thirsty aspect of the country in -appear, on the contrary, to have retained a summer, are repeatedly alluded to by Horace (Pau- separate nationality down to a comparatively late per aquae Daunus, Carm. iii. 30. 11; Siticulosae period. Their Pelasgian origin is attested by the Apuliae, Epod. 3. 16), and have been feelingly de- | legend already cited; another form of the same scribed by modern travellers. But notwithstanding tradition represents Peucetius as the brother of its aridity, the soil is well adapted for the growth Oenotrus. (Pherecyd. ap. Dion. Hal. i. 13; Plin. iii. of wheat, and under a better system of irrigation 11. s. 16.) The hypothesis that the inhabitants of and agriculture may have fully merited the en- the south-eastern extremity of Italy should have comium of Strabo. The southern portions of the come directly from the opposite coast of the Adriatic, province, in common with the neighbouring region from which they were separated by so narrow a of Calabria, are especially favourable to the growth of sea, is in itself a very probable one, and derives the olive. strong confirmation from the recent investigations of Mommsen, which show that the native dialect spoken in this part of Italy, including a portion of Peucetia, as well as Messapia, was one wholly distinct from the Sabellian or Oscan language, and closely related to the Greek, but yet sufficiently different to exclude the supposition of its being a mere corruption of the language of the Greek colonists. (Die Unter-Italischen Dialekte, pp. 43 -98. Concerning the origin and relations of the Apulian tribes generally see Niebuhr, vol. i. pp. 146 154; Vorträge über Länder u. Völker, p. 489— 498.) The population of Apulia was of a very mixed kind, and great confusion exists in the accounts transmitted to us concerning it by ancient writers. But, on the whole, we may distinguish pretty clearly three distinct national elements. 1. The APULI, or Apulians properly so called, were, in all probability, a member of the great Oscan, or Ausonian, race; their name is considered by philologers to contain the same elements with Opicus, or Opscus. (Niebuhr, Vorträge über Länder u. Völker, p. 489). It seems certain that they were not, like their neighbours the Lucanians, of Sabellian race; on the contrary, they appear on hostile terms with the Samnites, who were pressing upon them from the interior of the country. Strabo speaks of them as dwelling in the northern part of the province, about the Sinus Urias, and Pliny (iii. 11. s. 16) appears to indicate the river Cerbalus (Cervaro) as having formed the limit between them and the Daunians, a statement which can only refer to some very early period, as in his time the two races were certainly completely intermixed.* 2. The DAUNIANS were probably a Pelasgian race, like their neighbours the Peucetians, and the other earliest inhabitants of Southern Italy. They appear to have settled in the great plains along the coast, leaving the Apulians in possession of the more inland and mountainous regions, as well as of the northern district already mentioned. This is the view taken by the Greek genealogists, who represent Iapyx, Daunius, and Peucetius as three sons of Lycaon, who settled in this part of Italy, and having expelled the Ausonians gave name to the three tribes of the Iapygians or Messapians, Daunians, and Peucetians. (Nicander ap. Antonin. Liberal. 31.) The same notion is contained in the statement that Daunus came originally from Illyria (Fest. s. v. Daunia), and is confirmed by other arguments. The legends so prevalent among the Greeks with regard to the settlement of Diomed in these regions, and ascribing to him the foundation of all the principal cities, may probably, as in other similar cases, have had their origin in the fact of this Pelasgian descent of the Daunians. The same circumstance might explain the facility with which the inhabitants of this part of Italy, at a later period, adopted the arts and manners of their Greek neighbours. But it is certain that, whatever distinction may have originally existed between the Daunians and Apulians, the two races were, from the time when they first appear in history, as com It is, perhaps, to these northern Apulians that Pliny just before gives the name of "Teani," but the passage is hopelessly confused. We have scarcely any information concerning the history of Apulia, previous to the time when it first appears in connection with that of Rome. But we learn incidentally from Strabo (vi. p. 281), that the Daunians and Peucetians were under kingly government, and had each their separate ruler. These appear in alliance with the Tarentines against the Messapians; and there seems much reason to believe that the connection with Tarentum was not a casual or temporary one, but that we may ascribe to this source the strong tincture of Greek civilization which both people had certainly imbibed. We have no account of any Greek colonies, properly so called, in Apulia (exclusive of Calabria), and the negative testimony of Scylax (§ 14. p. 170), who enumerates all those in Iapygia, but mentions none to the N. of them, is conclusive on this point. But the extent to which the cities of Peucetia, and some of those of Daunia also, — especially Arpi, Canusium, and Salapia, — had adopted the arts, and even the language of their Greek neighbours, is proved by the evidence of their coins, almost all of which have pure Greek inscriptions, as well as by the numerous bronzes and painted vases, which have been brought to light by recent excavations. The number of these last which has been discovered on the sites of Canusium, Rubi, and Egnatia, is such as to vie with the richest deposits of Campania; but their style is inferior, and points to a declining period of Greek art. (Mommsen, l. c. pp. 89, 90; Gerhard, Rapporto dei Vasi Volcenti, p. 118; Bunsen, in Ann. dell. Inst. 1834, p. 77.) The first mention of the Apulians in Roman history, is on the outbreak of the Second Samnite War, in B. c. 326, when they are said to have concluded an alliance with Rome (Liv. viii. 25), notwithstanding which, they appear shortly afterwards in arms against her. They seem not to have constituted at this time a regular confederacy or national league like the Samnites, but to have been a mere aggregate of separate and independent cities, among which Arpi, Canusium, Luceria, and Teanum, appear to have stood preeminent. Some of these took part with the Romans, others sided with the Samnites; and the war in Apulia was carried on in a desultory manner, as a sort of episode of the greater struggle, till B.C. 317, when all the principal cities submitted to Rome, and we are told that the subjection of Apulia was completed. (Liv. viii. 37, ix. 12, 1316, 20.) From this time, indeed, they appear to have continued tranquil, with the exception of a faint demonstration in favour of the Samnites in B.C. 297 (Liv. x. 15), - until the arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy; and even when that monarch, in his second campaign B. C. 279, carried his arms into Apulia, and reduced several of its cities, the rest continued stedfast to the Roman cause, to which some of them rendered efficient aid at the battle of Asculum. (Zonar. viii. 5; Dionys. xx. Fr. nov. ed. Didot.) During the Second Punic War, Apulia became, for a long time, one of the chief scenes of the contest between Hannibal and the Roman generals. In the second campaign it was ravaged by the Carthaginian leader, who, after his operations against Fabius, took up his quarters there for the winter; and the next spring witnessed the memorable defeat of the Romans in the plains of Cannae, B. C. 216. After this great disaster, a great part of the Apulians declared in favour of the Carthaginians, and opened their gates to Hannibal. The resources thus placed at his command, and the great fertility of the country, led him to establish his winter-quarters for several successive years in Apulia. It is impossible to notice here the military operations of which that country became the theatre; but the result was unfavourable to Hannibal, who, though uniformly successful in the field, did not reduce a single additional fortress in Apulia, while the important cities of Arpi and Salapia successively fell into the hands of the Romans. (Liv. xxiv. 47, xxvi. 38.) Yet it was not till B. C. 207, after the battle of Metaurus and the death of Hasdrubal, that Hannibal finally evacuated Apulia, and withdrew into Bruttium. There can be no doubt that the revolted cities were severely punished by the Romans; and the whole province appears to have suffered so heavily from the ravages and exactions of the contending armies, that it is from this time we may date the decline of its former prosperity. In the Social War, the Apulians were among the nations which took up arms against Rome, the important cities of Venusia and Canusium taking the lead in the defection; and, at first, great successes were obtained in this part of Italy, by the Samnite leader Vettius Judacilius, but the next year, B. C. 89, fortune turned against them, and the greater part of Apulia was reduced to submission by the praetor C. Cosconius. (Appian. B. C. i. 39, 42, 52.) On this occasion, we are told that Salapia was destroyed, and the territories of Larinum, Asculum, and Venusia, laid waste; probably this second devastation gave a shock to the prosperity of Apulia from which it never recovered. It is certain that it appears at the close of the Republic, and under the Roman Empire, in a state of decline and poverty. Strabo mentions Arpi, Canusium, and Luceria, as decayed cities; and adds, that the whole of this part of Italy had been desolated by the war of Hannibal, and those subsequent to it (vi. p. 285). Apulia was comprised, together with Calabria and the Hirpini, in the 2nd region of Augustus (Plin. iii. 11. s. 16), and this arrangement appears to have continued till the time of Constantine, except that the Hirpini were separated from the other two, and placed in the 1st region with Campania and Latium. From the time of Constantine, Apulia and Calabria were united under the same authority, who was styled Corrector, and constituted one province. (Lib. Colon. pp. 260-262; Notit. Dign. vol. ii. pp. 64, 125; P. Diac. ii. 21; Orelli, Inscr. 1126, 3764.) After the fall of the Western Empire, the possession of Apulia was long disputed between the Byzantine emperors, the Lombards, and the Saracens. But the former appear to have always retained some footing in this part of Italy, and in the 10th century were able to re-establish their dominion over the greater part of the province, which they governed by means of a magistrate termed a Catapan, from whence has been derived the modern name of the Capitanata, corruption of Catapanata. It was finally wrested from the Greek Empire by the Normans. -a The principal rivers of Apulia, are: 1. the TIFERNUS, now called the Biferno, which, as already mentioned, bounded it on the N., and separated it from the Frentani; 2. the FRENTO (now the Fortore), which bounded the territory of Larinum on the S., and is therefore reckoned the northern limit of Apulia by those writers who did not include Larinum in that region; 3. the CERBALUS of Pliny (iii. 11. s. 16), still called the Cervaro, which rises in the mountains of the Hirpini, and flows into the sea between Sipontum and the lake of Salapia. It is probably this river which is designated by Strabo (vi. p. 284), but without naming it, as serving to convey corn and other supplies from the interior to the coast, near Sipontum; 4. the AUFIDUS (Ofanto), by far the largest of the rivers of this part of Italy. [AUFIDUS.] All these streams have nearly parallel courses from SW. to NE.; and all, except the Tifernus, partake more of the character of mountain torrents than regular rivers, being subject to sudden and violent inundations, while in the summer their waters are scanty and trifling. From the Aufidus to the limits of Calabria, and indeed to the extremity of the Iapygian promontory, there does not occur a single stream worthy of the name of river. The southern slope of the Apulian hills towards the Tarentine Gulf, on the contrary, is furrowed by several small streams; but the only one of which the ancient name is preserved to us, is, 5. the BRADANUS (Bradano), which forms the boundary between Apulia and Lucania, and falls into the sea close to Metapontum. The remarkable mountain promontory of GARGANUS is described in a separate article. [GARGANUS.] The prominence of this vast headland, which projects into the sea above 30 miles from Sipontum to its extreme point near Viesti, naturally forms two bays; the one on the N., called by Strabo a deep gulf, but, in reality, little marked by nature, was called the SINUS URIAS, from the city of URIUM, or HYRIUM, situated on its coast. (Mela, ii. 4; Strab. vi. pp. 284, 285.) Of that on the S., now known as the Gulf of Manfredonia, no ancient appellation has been preserved. The whole coast of Apulia, with the exception of the Garganus, is low and flat; and on each side of that great promontory are lakes, or pools, of considerable extent, the stagnant waters of which are separated from the sea only by narrow strips of sand. That to the north of Garganus, adjoining the Sinus Urias (no ticed by Strabo without mentioning its name) is called by Pliny LACUS PANTANUS: it is now known as the Lago di Lesina, from a small town of that name. (Plin. iii. 11. s. 16.) The more extensive lake to the S. of Garganus, between Sipontum and the mouth of the Aufidus, was named, from the neighbouring city of Salapia, the SALAPINA PALUS (Lucan. v. 377), and is still called the Lago di Salpi. Opposite to the headland of Garganus, about 15 geog. miles from the mouth of the Frento, lie the two small islands named INSULAE DIOMEDEAE, now the Isole di Tremiti. The towns in Apulia, mentioned by ancient writers, are the following*, beginning from the northern frontier: 1. Between the Tifernus and the Frento stood LARINUM and CLITERNIA, besides the two small fortresses or "castella" of GERUNIUM and CALELA. 2. Between the Frento and the Aufidus were the important towns of TEANUM, surnamed Apulum, to distinguish it from the city of the same name in Campania, LUCERIA, AECAE, and ASCULUM, on the hills, which form the last off-shoots of the Apennines towards the plains; while in the plain itself were ARPI, SALAPIA, and HERDONIA; and SIPONTUM on the sea-shore, at the foot of Mt. Garganus. The less considerable towns in this part of Apulia were, VIBINUM (Bovino) among the last ranges of the Apennines, ACCUA, near Luceria, COLLATIA (Collatina) at the western foot of Mt. Garganus, CERAUNILIA (Cerignola), near the Aufidus: and ERGITIUM, on the road from Teanum to Sipontum (Tab. Peut.), supposed by Holstenins to be the modern S. Severo. Around the promontory of Garganus were the small towns of Merinum, Portus Agasus, and Portus Garnae [GARGANUS], as well as the HYRIUM, or URIUM, of Strabo and Ptolemy. Along the coast, between Sipontum and the mouth of the Aufidus, the Tabula places ANXANUM, now Torre di Rivoli, and Salinae, probably a mere establishment of salt-works, but more distant from the mouth of the Aufidus than the modern Saline. 3. East of the Aufidus was the important city of CANUSIUM, as well as the small, but not less celebrated town, of CANNAE; on the road from Canusium to Egnatia we find in succession, RUBI, BUTUNTUM, CAELIA, AZETIUM, and NORBA. The NETIUM of Strabo must be placed somewhere on the same line. Along the coast, besides the important towns of BARIUM and EGNATIA, the following small places are enumerated in the Itineraries: Bardulum, 6 M. P. E. of the mouth of the Aufidus, now Barletta, Turenum (Trani), Natiolum (Bisceglie), and Respa, according to Romanelli Molfetta, more probably Giovenazzo, about 13 M. P. from Bari. E. of that city we find Arnestum (probably a corruption of APANESTAE), and Dertum, which must be placed near Monopoli. NEAPOLIS, a name not found in any ancient author, but clearly established by its coins and other remains, may be placed with certainty at Polignano, 6 M. P. west of Monopoli. 4. In the interior of Apulia, towards the frontiers of Lucania, the chief place was VENUSIA, with the neighbouring smaller towns of ACHERONTIA, BANTIA, and FERENTUM. On the In the following list no attempt has been made to preserve the distinction between the Daunians and Peucetians; it is clear from Strabo, that no such distinction really subsisted in the time when the geographers wrote. Via Appia, leading from Venusia to Tarentum, were SILVIUM, Plera (supposed to be the modern Gravina), and Lupatia (Altamura). S. of this line of road, towards the river Bradanus, Mateola (Mateolani, Plin. iii. 11. s. 16) was evidently the modern Matera, and Genusium (Genusini, İd. l. c.; Lib. Colon. p. 262) still retains the name of Ginosa. (For the discussion of these obscure names, see Holsten. Not. in Cluv. pp. 281, 290; Pratilli, Via Appia, iv. 7; Romanelli, vol. ii. pp. 180-188.) Several other towns mentioned by Pliny (l. c.) which probably belong to this region, are otherwise wholly unknown; but the names given in his list are so confused, that it is impossible to say with certainty, which belong to Apulia, and which to Calabria, or the Hirpini. Among those to which at least a conjectural locality may be assigned, are: the Grumbest ini, supposed to be the inhabitants of Grumum, now Grumo, a village about 9 miles S. of Bitonto; the Palionenses, or people of Palio, probably Palo, a village half way between Grumo and Bitonto; the Tutini, for which we should, perhaps, read Turini, from Turum or Turium, indicated by the modern Turi, about 16 miles S. E. of Bari; the Strapellini, whose town, Strapellum, is supposed to be Rapolla, between Venusia and the Pons Aufidi. The Borcani, Corinenses, Dirini, Turmentini, and Ulurtini, of the same author, are altogether unknown. Apulia was traversed by the two great branches of the Appian Way, which separated at Beneventum, and led, the one direct to Brundusium, the other to Tarentum. The first of these, called the Via Trajana, from its reconstruction by that emperor, passed through Aecae, Herdonia, Canusium, and Butuntum, to the sea at Barium, and from thence along the coast to Brundusium*; while a nearly parallel line, parting from it at Butuntum, led by Caelia, Azetium, and Norba, direct to Egnatia. The other main line, to which the name of Via Appia seems to have properly belonged, entered Apulia at the Pons Aufidi (Ponte Sta. Venere), and led through Venusia, Silvium, and Plera, direct to Tarentum. (For the fuller examination of both these lines, see VIA APPIA.) Besides these, the Tabula records a line of road from Larinum to Sipontum, and from thence close along the sea-shore to Barium, where it joined the Via Trajana. This must have formed an important line of communication from Picenum and the northern parts of Italy to Brundusium. [E. H. B.] APULUM (ATOUλov, Ptol. iii. 8. § 8; Orell. Inscr. Nos. 3563, 3826; in all the other inscriptions the name is abbreviated AP. or APUL., Nos. 991, 1225, 2171, 2300, 2695, 3686), or APULA (Tab. Peut.), or COLONIA APULENSIS (Ulpian. de Censibus, Dig. 1. tit. 15. § 1), an important Roman colony, in Dacia, on the river Marissa (Marosch), on the site of the modern Carlsburg or Weissenburg, in Transylvania, where are the remains of an aqueduct and other ruins. If the reading of one inscription given by Gruter,-Alba Julia,-be correct, the place has preserved its ancient name, Alba― Weissenburg. [P.S. AQUA FERENTINA. [FERENTINAE LUCUS.] * It is this line of road, or at least the part of it along the coast, that is erroneously called by Italian topographers the Via Egnatia. [EGNATIA.] many medicinal springs and bathing-places. The most important are mentioned below in alphabetical order. AQUAE ALBULAE. [ALBULA.] AQUAE APOLLINA'RES, was the name given to some warm springs between Sabate and Tarquinii, in Etruria, where there appears to have been a considerable thermal establishment. They are evidently the same designated by Martial (vi. 42. 7) by the poetical phrase of "Phoebi vada." The Tab. Peut. places them on the upper road from Rome to Tarquinii at the distance of 12 miles from the latter city, a position which accords with the modern Bagni di Stigliano. Cluverius confounds them with the AQUAE CAERETANAE, now Bagni del Sasso, which were indeed but a few miles distant. (Holsten. not. ad Cluver. p. 35.) [E. H. B.] AQUAE AURÉ'LIAE or COLO'NIA AURE'LIA AQUENSIS (Baden-Baden), a watering place in a lovely valley of the Black Forest, is not mentioned by ancient writers, but is stated in a doubtful inscription of A. D. 676, to have been built by Hadrian, but it did not acquire celebrity till the time of Alexander Severus. [L. S.] [AQUAE HIS AQUAE BILBITANO'RUM. PANICAE.] AQUAE BORMO'NIS (Bourbon Archambault). The site of these hot springs is marked in the Theodosian Table by the square figure or building which indicates mineral waters, and by the name Bormo, which D'Anville erroneously would have altered to Borvo. It is also marked as on a road which communicates to the NW. with Avaricum (Bourges), and to the NE. with Augustodunum (Autun). The hot springs of Bourbon are a few miles from the left bank of the Allier, an affluent of the Loire. At Bourbonne-les-Bains, in the department of Haute Marne, there are also hot springs, and the Theodosian Table indicates, as D'Anville supposes, this fact by the usual mark, though it gives the place no name. D'Anville (Notice, &c.) gave it the name of Aquae Borvonis, founding the name on an inscription discovered there; but the correct reading of the inscription, according to more recent authorities, is BORBONI THERMARUM DEO MAMMONAE, &c. It is probable that Bormo may have been the deity of both places, as the modern names are the same. Thus the god of the hot springs gave his name to the place, and the place gave a name to a family which, for a long time, occupied the throne of France. [G. L.] AQUAE CAESARIS (prob. Ukus, Ru.), 7 M. P. south west of Tipasa, in Numidia, and evidently, from the way in which it is marked in the Tabula Peutingeriana, a much frequented place. [P. S.] AQUAE CAERETA'NAE. [CAERE.] AQUAE CA'LIDAE. The position of this place is marked in the Theodosian Table by its being on the road between Augustonemetum (Clermont) in the Auvergne and Rodumna (Rouanne). The distance from Augustonemetum to Aquae Calidae is not given; but there is no doubt that Aquae Calidae is Vichy on the Allier, a place now frequented for its mineral waters. D'Anville (Notice, &c.) remarks, that De Valois confounds the Aquae Calidae with the Calentes Aquae mentioned by Sidonius Apollinaris, which are Chaudes-aigues (hot-waters) in the department of Cantal. The whole of the mountain region of the Auvergne abounds in mineral waters. [G. L.] AQUAE CALIDAE (Ύδατα Θερμὰ Κολωνία Ptol. Hammam Meriga, large Ru. and hot springs), in Mauretania Caesariensis, almost due S. of Caesarea, at the distance of 25 M. P. It was important, not only for its hot springs, but for its commanding the pass of the Lesser Atlas, from Caesarea, and other cities on the coast, to the valley of the Chinalaph. This explains its having acquired the rank of a colony in the time of Ptolemy, while in the Antonine Itinerary it is called simply Aquae. Its ruins are fully described by Shaw (p. 64, 1st ed.). [P.S.] AQUAE CAʼLIDAE (Hammam Gurbos, with hot springs), in Zeugitana, on the gulf of Carthage, directly opposite to the city: probably identical with CARPIS. (Liv. xxx. 24; Tab. Peut., ad Aquas; Shaw, p. 157, or p. 87, 2nd ed.; Barth, Wanderungen, &c. p. 128.) There are also hot springs at Hamman l'Enf, near the bottom of the Gulf, which may be those mentioned by Strabo as near Tunes (xvii. p. 834). [P.S.] [AQUAE AQUAE CA'LIDAE, in Britain. SOLIS.] AQUAE CONVENA'RUM. These waters are placed by the Anton. Itin. on the road from Aquae Tarbellicae to Tolosa (Toulouse), and on this side of Lugdunum Convenarum. Some geographers identify the place with Bagnères-de-Bigorre in the department of Hautes Pyrénées, a place noted for its mineral springs; but D'Anville fixes the site at Capbern. Walckenaer, however, places it at Bagnères. Strabo (p. 190), after mentioning Lugdunum, speaks of the warm springs of the Onesii (Tv 'Ovnoiwv), for which unknown name Wesseling and others would read Kovovevwv. Xylander (Holzmann) proposed to read Movnoíwv, and Pliny (iv. 19) mentions the Monesi, whose name seems to be preserved in that of the town of Moneins on the Baise, in the department of Hautes Pyrénées. Grosskurd (Translation of Strabo, vol. i. p. 327) assumes that Aquae Convenarum is Bagnères in Comminges. Bagnères de Bigarre is proved by an inscription on the public fountain to be the Aquensis Vicus of the Romans, the inhabitants of which were named Aquenses; which seems to confirm the opinion that Aquae Convenarum was a different place. [G. L.] AQUAE CUTILIAE. [CUTILIAE.] AQUAE DACICAE, in the interior of Mauretania Tingitana, between Volubilis and Gilda. (Itin. Ant. p. 23.). [P.S.] AQUAE GRATIA'NAE, in the territory of the Allobroges, appear, from inscriptions, to be the mineral waters of Aix, north of Chambery, in the duchy of Savoy, and a little east of the lake of Bourget, at an elevation of about 823 English feet above the sea. The people were also called Aquenses. [G. L.] AQUAE HISPA'NICAE. (1.) BILBITANORUM (Alhama), a town with baths, in Hispania Tarraco nensis, about 24 M. P. west of BILBILIS. (It. Ant.) There were numerous other bathing places in Spain, but none of them require more than a bare mention: (2) AQ. CELENAE, CILENAE, or CELINAE (Caldas del Rey); (3) FLAVIAE (Chaves on the Tamega, with a Roman bridge of 18 arches; (4) LAEVAE (Tdara λaiá, Ptol.; (5) ORIGINIS (Bannos de Bande or Orense); (6) CERCERNAE, QUERQUERNAE, or QUACERNORUM (Rio Caldo? or Andres de Zarracones?); (7) VocoNAE (Caldes de Malavella). [P.S.] AQUAE LABAΝΑΕ (τὰ Λαβανὰ ὕδατα), are mentioned by Strabo (v. p. 238) as cold sulphureous waters analogous in their medical properties to those of the Albula, and situated near Nomentum: they are clearly the same now called Bagni di Grotta Marozza about 3 miles N. of Mentana, the ancient Nomentum. (Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. ii. p. 144.) [E. H. B.] AQUAE LESITA'NAE. [LESA.Ť AQUAE MATTIACAE or FONTES MATTIACI, a watering place with hot springs, in the country of the Mattiaci, that is, the district between the Maine and the Lahn. (Plin. xxxi. 17; Amm. Marcell. xxix. 4.) The place generally believed to be the same as the modern Wiesbaden, where remains of Roman bath-buildings have been discovered. (See Dahl in the Annalen des Vereins für Nassauische Alterthumskunde, vol. i. part 2, p. 27, seq.) [L. S.] AQUAE NEAPOLITA'NAE. [NEAPOLIS.] AQUAE NERI. So the name is written in the Theodosian Table; for which we ought probably to write Aquae Nerae, as D'Anville suggests. It appears to correspond to Neris, which Gregory of Tours calls Vicus Nereensis. Néris is in the department of Allier. [G. L.] AQUAE SEGETE, the name of a place in the Theodosian Table, which may possibly be corrupt. It is designated as the site of mineral waters, and in the neighbourhood of Forum Segusianorum, or Feur, in the department of Haute Loire. The exact site of the place does not appear to be certain. D'Anville fixes it at Aissumin, on the right bank of the Loire: others place it near Montbrison. [G. L.] AQUAE SELINU'NTIAE. [SELINUS.] AQUAE SEXTIAE (Aix), in the department of Bouches du Rhône, is 18 Roman miles north of Massilia (Marseille). In B. C. 122, the proconsul C. Sextius Calvinus, having defeated the Salyes or Saluvii, founded in their territory the Roman colony of Aquae Sextiae, so called from the name of the Roman general, and the springs, both hot and cold, which he found there. (Liv. Ep. lib. 61; Vell. i. 15.) These hot springs are mentioned by Strabo (pp. 178, 180: Tà Sépμa vdaтa тà Zékтia) and by other ancient writers. Strabo observes that it was said that some of the hot springs had become cold. The temperature of the hot springs is now only a moderate warmth. In the neighbourhood of Aix was fought, B. c. 102, the great battle, in which the Roman consul C. Marius defeated the Cimbri and Teutones with immense slaughter. (Plut. Mar. c. 18; Florus, iii. 3.) Plutarch states that the people of Massilia made fences for their vineyards with the bones of the bar AQUAE NISINEII, is designated in the Theodosian Table by the square figure or building which indicates mineral waters [AQUAE BORMONIS], and is placed on the road between Decetia (Décise) and Augustodunum (Autun). This identifies the place with Bourbon-l'Anci, where there are Roman con-barians, and that the soil, which was drenched with structions. [G. L.] AQUAE PA'SSERIS, one of the numerous places in Etruria frequented for its warm baths, which appear to have been in great vogue in the time of Martial (vi 42. 6). It is placed by the Tab. Peut. on the road from Volsinii to Rome, between the former city and Forum Cassii: and was probably situated at a spot now called Bacucco, about 5 miles N. of Viterbo, where there is a large assemblage of ruins, of Roman date, and some of them certainly baths, while the whole neighbourhood abounds in thermal springs. (Cluver. Ital. p. 561; Dennis's Etruria, vol. i. pp. 202. 211.) An inscription published by Orioli (Ann. d. Inst. vol. i. p. 174-179) writes the name AQUAE PAS[E. H. B.] SERIANAE. AQUAE PATAVI'NAE. [APONI FONS.] AQUAE POPULO'NIAE. [POPULONIUM.] AQUAE RE’GIAE (Hammam Truzza, or the Ru. on the river Mergaleel, S. of Truzza, Shaw), a place of considerable importance, near the centre of Byzacena, on the high road leading SW. from Hadrumetum. (Itin. Ant. pp. 47, 53, 54, 55, 56; Tab. Peut.; Notit. Eccl. Afr.) [P.S.] But AQUAE SEGESTA'NAE. [SEGESTA.] AQUAE SEGESTE, a place denoted in the Peutinger Table as the site of mineral waters. D'Anville (Notice, &c.) places it at Ferrières, which lies nearly in a direct line between Orléans and Sens, on which route it was, according to the Table. There are chalybeate springs at Ferrières. the distances in the Table do not agree with the actual distances, unless we change xxii., the distance between Fines, the first station from Orléans (Genabum), and Aquae Segesta, into xv. The distance of xxii. from Aquae Segesta to Sens (Agedincum) also requires to be reduced to xv., on the supposition of Ferrières being the true site. Ukert and others place Aquae Segesta at Fontainebleau, which seems to lie too far out of the direct road between Orléans the blood of thousands, produced an unusual crop the following year. D'Anville observes that the battle field is supposed to have been near the Lar, about four leagues above Aix; but Fauris de St. Vincent (quoted by Forbiger) fixes the site of the battle at Meiragues, two leagues from Marseille, which was called in the middle ages Campus de Marianicis. Fragments of swords and spears, and bones, are still found on this spot. There are Roman remains at Aix; and its identity with Aquae Sextiae appears from the ancient Itineraries and an inscription, which shows it to have been a Roman colony, with the title Julia. Strabo's words, indeed, show that it was a Roman colony from the first. Yet Pliny (iii. 4) places Aquae Sextiae Salluviorum" among the Oppida Latina of Gallia Narbonensis, or those which had the Jus Latium; in which he is certainly mistaken. Ptolemaeus also calls it a colonia. [G. L.] 66 AQUAE SICCAE, a name which the Anton. Itin. places between Calagorris and Vernosole, on the road from Aquae Tarbellicae to Tolosa. The site is uncertain. If Seiches near Toulouse be the place, the distances in the Itinerary require correction. (D'Anville, Notice.) Walckenaer calls the place Ayguas-Sec. [G. L.] AQUAE SINUESSA'NAE. [SINUESSA.] AQUAE SULIS (Bath), in Britain, mentioned under this name in the Itinerarium Antonini, in Ptolemy (ii. 3. § 28), as "Ydata Depμá. [R. G. L.] AQUAE STATIELLAE ('Ακούαι Στατιέλλαι, Strab.), a city of Liguria, situated on the N. side of the Apennines in the valley of the Bormida: now called Acqui. Its name sufficiently indicates that it owed its origin to the mineral springs which were found there, and Pliny notices it (xxxi. 2) as one of the most remarkable instances where this circumstance had given rise to a considerable town. It is probable that it did not become a place of any importance until after the Roman conquest of Liguria |