enclosed on the W. by Egypt and Aethiopia, on the E. by Arabia Felix. Strabo, who includes, under the name of Aethiopians, all the people of the extreme south, from the rising to the setting sun, says that the Aethiopians are divided by nature into two parts by the Arabian Gulf, ὡς ἂν μεσημ Вpívov KÚKλov tμhμati àžioλóy (i. p. 35; see Groskurd and the commentators). He places the Arabian and Persian Gulf opposite the Euxine and the Caspian respectively, which is quite right (ii. p. 121). Its S. entrance was a narrow strait, Fauces Maris Rubri (τà σTevà èv tỷ 'Epvlpậ đaAdoon, Ptol.; Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb), enclosed by the promontory of Deire or Dere (Ras Sejan) on the W., and that of Palindromos (C. Bab-elMandeb), on the E. (Ptol. i. 15. § 11, iv. 7. § 9, vi. 7. § 7, viii. 16. § 12.) Its length was differently estimated; by Eratosthenes (ap. Plin.) at 13,000 stadia; by Strabo, at 15,000 (i. p. 35: in ii. p. 100, only 10,000, but the reading should probably be altered); by Agrippa, at 14,000 or 13,776 (1722 M.P. ap. Plin.), and by Agathemerus at 10,000 stadia, or 1,333 M.P.; besides other calculations, following the line of either coast. Its breadth is still more variously stated, probably from its being taken at different parts; by Timosthenes (ap. Plin.) at 2 days' journey (about 1,200 stadia); by Strabo, at not much more than 1,000 stadia at its widest part; while the general estimate reached 3,800 stadia, or 475 M.P. The width of the strait is 60 stadia, according to Strabo and Agathemerus, or from 6 to 12 M. P. according to different accounts preserved by Pliny: it is really 20 miles. The dangers of this strait, which have given to it the name of Bab-el-Mandeb (i. e. Gate of Tears) are not made much of by the ancient writers. From the narrowness of the sea, Strabo often compares it to a river.

At the northern end, the sea was parted into two bays by the peninsula of Arabia Petraea, consisting of the Black Mountains of Ptolemy (тà μéλava õpη, Ptol. v. 17. § 3, vi. 7. § 12; the Sinaitic group), terminating on the S. in the promontory of Poseidonium (Ras Mohammed) in 28° N. lat. Of these bays, the western and longer, running NW. to 30° N. lat. was called the Sinus Heroöpolites, or Heroöpoliticus (Ηρωοπολίτης κόλπος οι μύχος, Ηρωος κόλπος, Theophrast. H. Pl. iv. 8, kóλños AlyUTTIаKós, Joseph. Ant. Jud. viii. 2; Bahr Es-Suez, Gulf of Suez), from the city of HeroOpolis ('Hpwwv nóxis), near its head, on the canal which Necho made to connect it with the Nile. It divided Middle Egypt from Arabia Petraea, and is separated from the Mediterranean by the Isthmus of Suez. Its head seems to have retired in consequence of the sand washed up by the strong tides and prevailing S. winds. The tide in this narrow gulf is so strong as to raise its surface above that of the Mediterranean. The eastern bay was called Aelanites and Aelaniticus, or Elanites and Elaniticus Sinus (Aiλavírns, 'Eλaνίτης, Ἐλανιτικὸς κόλπος οι μύχος : Gulf of Akaba), from the city of AELANA. It was regarded as the innermost recess of the Arabian Gulf (uvxos, Herod. Strab., &c.; Sinus intimus, Plin.). Pliny says that it took its name from the Laeanitae, who dwelt upon it, and whose capital was Laeana, or, according to others, Aelana; he then adds the various forms Aeliniticus, Aleniticus (from Artemidorus) and Laeniticum (from Juba). It extends NNE. to 29° 36′ N. lat., with an average breadth of 12 miles, between rocky and precipitous shores.

The character of the Red Sea, as given by the ancients, is stormy, rugged, deep, and abounding in marine animals. Its coral reefs and violent shifting winds have always made its navigation difficult: but from the earliest times of recorded history it was used by the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Jews, and Arabs, as a great highway of commerce between India and the shores and islands of the Indian Ocean in general, and the countries round the Mediterranean. It had several important harbours on both coasts; the chief of which were MYOS HORMOS, BERENICE, PTOLEMAIS THERON, and ADULE on the W., and AELANA, LEUCE COME, MUZA, ACILA, and others on the east. Ptolemy gives the names of some of the numerous islands of the Red Sea; those of the Erythraean Sea mentioned by Herodotus as a place to which Persian exiles were sent, were in the Persian Gulf. (Herod. ll. cc.; Diod. iii. 14, 15; Eratosth. ll. cc.; Strab. i. pp. 35, 38, 47, 57, ii. pp. 100, 121, 132, xvi. p. 779; Mela, iii. 8; Plin. ii. 67, 68, v. 11, 12, vi. 24, 26, 32, 33; Ptol. iv. 5. § 13, 7. §§ 4, 27, v. 17. §§ 1, 2, vi. 7. §§ 1, 36, 43, vii. 5. §§ 1, 2, 10, viii. 16. § 2, 20. $2, 22. § 2; Agathem. i. 2, ii. 2, 5, 11, 14; Rennel, Geog. to Herod. vol. i. p. 260, vol. ii. pp. 88-91; Gosselin, Ueber die Geogr. Kenntniss der Alten vom Arab. Meerbusen, in Bredow's Untersuchungen, vol. ii.; Reichard, Myos Hormos u. die ägyptischäthiopische Küste des class. Zeitalters, the Neu. Geogr. Ephem. vol. xxviii.; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. ii. pp. 226, foll., 245, foll.) [P.S.]

The

ARABIS (Apaßis, Ptol. vi. 19. § 2), a river of Gedrosia, which flowed from the Montes Baeti (Washati), through the country of the Arabii, to the Indian Ocean. It is now called the Purali. names of this river and of the people who lived on its banks are variously written by ancient authors. Thus, Arabius (Apábios, Arrian, Anab. vi. 21), Artabis ("Aprais, Marcian), Artabius (Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6). The people are called Arabitae ('Apa6irai), Arbii (Plin. vi. 24), Arabies (Apá6ies, Arrian, Ind. 21, 22), Arbies ('Ap6ies, Strab. xv. p. 720), Aribes (Apices, Dion. Perieg. 1096), Arbiti (Ap6iTo, Marcian). From this people the Arbiti Montes ("Ap6iтa õpη, Ptol. vi. 21. § 3, vii. 1. § 28; called Barbitani by Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6) appear to have derived their name. Ptolemy has mistaken the course of this river when he makes it flow N. of Drangiana and Gedrosia, and has apparently confounded it with the Etymander (Helmend); and Pliny has placed it too far to the W. on the edge of Carmania (Kirman), whereas it really divides Saranga (rà Zápayya) from the Oritae ('Opeirai). Marcian and Ptolemy (vi. 21. § 5, viii. 25. § 14.), speak of a town in Gedrosia called Arbis. Pliny says (vi. 23) that it was founded by Nearchus. [V.] ARÁBITAE. [ARABIS.]

ARABRICA ('Apa6piya: Arabricenses: Alanquer), a stipendiary town of the Lusitani, in Hispania Lusitanica, on the right bank of the Tagus, N. of Olisipo; the Jerobriga of the Itinerary. (Plin. iv. 22. s. 35; Ptol. ii. 5. §7; It. Ant. pp. 419, 421; Florez, xiv. 174.) [P.S.]

ARACCA (Aракка, Рtol. vi. 3. § 4; Aracha, Amin. Marc. xxiii. 6), a town in Susiana, on the Tigris. Bochart (ad Gen. x. 10) has attempted to identify it with Erech, and Michaelis with Edessa. If, however, it was in Susiana, neither of these identifications will answer. [V.] ARACELI (Eth. Aracelitanus: Huarte Araquil), a stipendiary town of the Vascones, in the conventus

comparatively diminutive, and 5 or 6 miles higher up, is lost among the hills. This is the present condition of the river, as described by Lieutenant Wolfe, who visited it in 1830. (Journal of the Geographical Society, vol. iii. p. 81.)

ARA'CIA ('Aрaxía, Ptol. vi. 4. § 8; Plin. vi. 25), an island off the coast of Persis, which appears from Ptolemy to have borne also the name of Alexandri Insula.

[V.] ARACILLUM (Aradillos, near Fontibre and Reynosa), a town of the Cantabri, in Hispania Tarraconensis, not to be confounded with ARACELI. (Oros. vi. 21; Florez, iv. 22.)

[P.S.] ARACYNTHUS ('Apáкvvbos: Zygós), a range of mountains in Aetolia running in a south-easterly direction from the Achelous to the Evenus, and separating the lower plain of Aetolia near the sea from the upper plain above the lakes Hyria and Trichonis. (Strab. pp. 450, 460; Dionys. Perieg. 431; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 121.) Pliny (iv. 2. §3) and Solinus (7. § 22) erroneously call Aracynthus a mountain of Acarnania. If we can trust the authority of later writers and of the Roman poets, there was a mountain of the name of Aracynthus both in Boeotia and in Attica, or perhaps on the frontiers of the two countries. Thus Stephanus B. (s. v.) and Servius (ad Virg. Ecl. ii. 24) speak of a Boeotian Aracynthus; and Sextus Empiricus (adv. Gramm. c. 12, p. 270), Lutatius (ad Stat. Theb. ii. 239), and Vibius Sequester (de Mont. p. 27) mention an Attic Aracynthus. The mountain is connected with the Boeotian hero Ainphion both by Propertius (iii. 13. 42) and by Virgil (Ecl. ii. 24); and the line of Virgil -"Amphion Dircaeus in Actaeo Aracyntho"- would seem to place the mountain on the frontiers of Boeotia and Attica. (Comp. Brandstäter, Die Gesch. des Aetol. Landes, p. 108.)

ARAD (Apáð), a city of the Canaanites in the S. of Palestine, in the neighbourhood of the wilderness of Kadesh. When the Israelites were in the mountains of Seir, at the time of Aaron's death, the king of Arad attacked them, and took some of them prisoners. (Numb. xxi. 1, xxxiii. 40; Judges, i 16.) The city was consequently devoted to destruction by the Israelites; but the accomplishment of their vow (Numb. xxi. 3) is only recorded by anticipation, for it was executed under Joshua (Josh. xii. 14). Eusebius and Jerome place Arad 20 M. P. from Hebron and 4 from Malatha. Dr. Robinson identifies it, on the ground of the general agreement in position and the identity of name, with an eminence on the road from Petra to Hebron, called Tell 'Arad. (Researches, vol. iii. p. 12.) [P.S.]

A'RADEN ('Apadhy: Eth. 'Apaōnvios, Steph. B. s. v.), a city of Crete, formerly called Anopolis. In Kiepert's map it appears on the SW. coast of the island, near the Phoenix Portus. Remains of ancient walls are found at the modern Anopolis. (Pashley, Crete, vol. ii. p. 235.) [E. B. J.]

A'RADUS. 1. (ʼn "Apados: Eth. 'Apádios, Aradius: 0. T. Arvad, Arvadite, Gen. x. 18, 1 Chron. i. 16; 'Apádio LXX.: Ruad), an island off the N. coast of Phoenicia, at a distance of 20 stadia from the mainland. (Strab. p. 753.) Pliny (v. 17), in estimating this distance at only 200 paces, falls short of the true measurement (perhaps we should read 2,200 paces; see Tzschucke, ad Pomp. Mel. ii. 7. § 6). Strabo (1. c.) describes it as a rock rising from the midst of the waves, 7 stadia in cir

of oblong shape, with a slight rise towards the centre and steep on every side. Though a rock rather than an island, it was extremely populous, and, contrary to Oriental custom, the houses had many stories. According to Strabo, it owed its foundation to Sidonian exiles. (Comp. Joseph. Ant. i. 6. § 2.) The city of Aradus was next in importance after Tyre and Sidon. Like other Phoenician cities, it was at first independent, and had its own kings; and it would seem that the strip of land extending from Paltus to Simyra was dependent upon it. In the time of the prophet Ezekiel (xxvii. 8, 11) it supplied Tyre with soldiers and sailors. Along with the rest of Phoenicia, it became subject to Persia. Afterwards, during the campaign of Alexander, Gerostratus, king of Aradus, was serving in the Persian fleet under Autophradates, when his son Straton submitted to the conqueror. Gerostratus assisted the Macedonians at the siege of Tyre. (Arrian, Anab. i. 13, 20.) It fell into the hands of the family of the Lagidae, when Ptolemy Soter, B. C. 320, seized on Phoenicia and Coele Syria Its wealth and importance was greatly increased by the rights of asylum they obtained from Seleucus Callinicus, B. c 242, whom they had supported against Antiochus Hierax; so much so that it was enabled to enter into an alliance with Antiochus the Great. (Pol. v. 68.) Whence it may be inferred that it had previously become independent, probably in the war between Ptolemy Philadelphus and Antiochus Theos. The fact of its autonomy is certain from coins. (See Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 393.) All these advantages were lost under Antiochus Epiphanes, who, on his return from Aegypt, took possession of the town and district. (Hieronym. in Dan. xi.) In the war between Antiochus Grypus and Antiochus Cyzicenus it declared itself in favour of the latter; and when he was slain by Seleucus, Antiochus Eusebes, his son, found shelter there, and by its aid, in concert with other cities, maintained himself with varying success, till Syria submitted to Tigranes king of Armenia, and finally came under the dominion of Rome. In common with the rest of the province, it was mixed up in the Civil Wars. (Appian, B. C. iv. 69, v. 1.) Coins of Aradus, ranging from Domitian to Elagabalus, are enumerated in Eckhel (1. c.). Under Constans, Mú awiyah, the lieutenant of the khalif Omar, destroyed the city, and expelled the inhabitants. (Cedren. Hist. p. 355; Theophan. p. 227.) As the town was never rebuilt, it is only the island which is mentioned by the historians of the Crusades. Tarsus was said to be a colony from Aradus. (Dion Chrys. Orat. Tarsen. ii. p. 20, ed. Reiske.) A maritime population of about 3,000 souls occupies the seat of this once busy and industrious hive. Portions of the old double Phoenician walls are still found on the NE. and SE. of the island, and the rock is perforated by the cisterns of which Strabo speaks. The same author (see Groskurd's note, p. 754) minutely describes the contrivance by which the inhabitants drew their water from a submarine source. Though the tradition has been lost, the boatmen of Ruad still draw fresh water from the spring Ain Ibrahim in the sea, a few rods from the shore of the opposite coast. Mr. Walpole (The Ansayrii, vol. iii. p. 391) found two of these springs. A few Greek inscrip. tions, taken from columns of black basalt, which, as there is no trap rock in the island, must have been brought over from the mainland, are given (in the

the Rev. W. Thomson. (Mignot, Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscript. vol. xxxiv. p. 229; Winer, Real Wört. Buch. s. v. Arvad; Rosenmüller, Hand. Bib. Alt. vol. ii. pt. i. p. 7, with the Extracts from Maundrell, Shaw, Pococke, and Volney; Chesney, Exped. Euphrat. vol. i. p. 451.)

COIN OF ARADUS.

2. (Arek, Arak, Karek), an island in the Persian gulf. (Steph. B.; Ptol. vi. 7. § 47.) Strabo (p. 766; comp. Groskurd, ad loc.) places it at 10 days' voyage from Teredon, and one from the promontory of Maki. The inhabitants of this island and the neighbouring one Tyrus asserted that they were the founders of the well-known Phoenician cities of the same name. (Comp. Herod. i. 1: D'Anville, Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscript. vol. xxx. p. 147; Gosselin, vol. iii. pp. 103, seq. 122, 124; Niebuhr, Descript. de l'Arabie, p. 277; Chesney, Euphrat. vol. i. p. 647.) [E. B. J.]

as far as they pleased on the same terms. The Carthaginian envoys, two brothers named Philaeni, devoted themselves for their country; and their fellow-citizens consecrated their heroism by honours to their memory at home, and by monuments. named after them, on the spot of their living interment. Like other such landmarks, erected both to perpetuate a boundary and the memory of some great event which fixed it, these monuments were called altars. (See the remarks of Strabo on such monuments in general, iii. p. 171) The monuments were no longer to be seen in the time of Strabo (1. c.), but the name was preserved. Pliny (v. 4) mentions the arae, and adds, ex harena sunt eae; perhaps connecting the name with some existing hills, or tumuli, while Strabo had looked for artificial monuments. The position is clearly fixed by the passages above quoted. It was nearly at the bottom of the Great Syrtis, a little W. of Automala, which was at the very bottom of the Gulf (Strab. p. 836); notwithstanding that Sallust (Jug. 19) appears to name it as W. of Leptis Magna, and that Strabo (p. 171) places it about the middle of the country between the Syrtes (Karà μéony Tv Thy μEтagu Tŵv Zúpтewv yv). Both writers, in their other and chief passages on the subject, place the altars where we have stated. The apparent discrepancy in Sallust is easily removed by a proper mode of connecting the parts of the sentence (see Cortius and Kritz ad loc. and Mannert. x. 2. p. 117); and the phrase used by Strabo, "the land between the Syrtes," is continually employed for the whole coast between the outer extremities of the two gulfs, Kатà μéanν Tоυ being also evidently used vaguely. The place does not occur in the Antonine Itinerary, but its position is occupied by a station called Banadedari, probably the native Libyan or Punic name. The locality, as fixed by the ancient writers, corresponds to a position a little W. of Moukhtar, the present boundary of Syrt and Barca, near which Captain Beechey (p. 210) mentions a remarkable table-hill called Jebel-Allah, which has very likely as good claims (however feeble they may be) to be considered one of the so-called Altars, as any other hill or mound seen or imagined by the ancients. A discussion of the historical value of the legend of the Philaeni is superfluous: besides obvious weak points, it has all the character of a story invented to account for some striking object, such as tumuli; and the singular aivov in Polybius deserves notice. (Beechey, Proceedings of the Expedition to explore the N. Coast of Africa, clap. vi.; Barth, Wanderungen, fc. pp. 344, foll.) [P. S.]

ARAE ALEXANDRI, CYRI, &c. [ALEXANDRI ARAE.]

ARAE HE'SPERI (S. Lucar la Mayor), a town of Hispania Baetica, W. of Hispalis (Seville), mentioned on an inscription as having been destroyed, and rebuilt by Caesar, with the new name of Solia, or Sollurco. (Florez, Esp. S. vol. ix. p. 115; Ukert, i. 1. p. 373.) [P.S.]

ARAE PHILAENO'RUM (ol Tv Aalvwv Buol, Strab. &c., but oi Aaívov Bauol, Polyb. iii. 39, x. 40), a position very near the bottom of the Great Syrtis, on the N. coast of Africa, which marked the boundary between the territories of Carthage and Cyrene, and afterwards between Tripolitana and Cyrenaica. (Polyb. ll. cc.; Sall. Jug. 19, 79; Strab. iii. p. 171, xvii. p. 836; Plin. v. 4; Mela, i. 7. §6; Scylax, p. 47; Ptol.; Stadiasm.; Tab. Peut.) The name is derived from a romantic story, for which Sallust is the earliest authority. (Jug. 79, comp. Val. Max. v. 6. ext. 4.) At the time when the Carthaginians ruled over the greater part of North Africa, and the Greek colonists of Cyrene were also very powerful, long wars arose respecting their boundaries, which were left undefined by the nature of the country on the shores of the Syrtes, a sandy waste, with neither river nor mountain to serve for a land-mark. (A description, however, not quite accurate; see SYRTES.) At length it was agreed to fix the boundary at the point of meeting of envoys sent out at the same time from each city. Whether by diligence, trickery, or chance, the Carthaginian envoys performed so much the greater part of the distance (in fact about 7-9ths, a disproportion sufficient of itself to dispose of the historical value of the story), that the Greeks were prepared for any course rather than to return and risk the penalty of their neglect. They would only consent to the boundary being fixed at the place of meeting, on the condition that the Carthaginians would submit to be buried alive on the spot; if not, they demanded to advance

ARAE SESTIA'ΝΑΕ (Σηστίου Βωμοί ἄκρον), three altars erected in honour of Augustus on a promontory near the NW. extremity of Spain. Pliny (iv. 20. s. 34) and Ptolemy (ii. 6. §3) place the headland a little N. of Nerium Pr. (C. Finisterre), which would correspond to C. Villano; Mela (iii. 1. § 9) carries it further eastward; the former is the more probable position. [P. S.]

ARAETHY'REA ('Apai@vpéa), the ancient capital of Phliasia, is said by Pausanias to have been originally named Arantia (Apartía), after Aras, its founder, and to have been called Araethyrea after a daughter of Aras of this name. The name of its founder was retained in the time of Pausanias in the hill Arantinus, on which it stood. Homer mentions Araethyrea. (Hom. Il. ii. 571; Strab. viii. p. 382. Paus. ii. 12. §§ 4, 5.) We learn from Strabo (l. c.)