gained a victory, but its position is quite uncertain. | (Plin. xi. 18; Ukert, vol. iii. pt. i. p. 434.)

ARBEJA, occurs in the Notitia Dignitatum. Name for name it coincides with Ireby in Cumberland; but those who lay much stress on the negative evidence of the absence of Roman remains at Ireby prefer Moresby in the same county. Now, the by in each of these words is Danish; and Arbeja is one of the forms, which have been quoted in favour of the doctrine of Danish Settlements in Great Britain, anterior to the Saxon invasion, held by more than one competent investigator. [R. G. L]

ARBE'LA. 1. (тà "Ар¤nλа: Eth. 'Apénλîтai, Strab. xi. p. 737; Diod. xvii. 53; Arrian, Anab. iii. 8, 15; Curt. iv. 9; Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6), a town of eastern Adiabene, one of the provinces of Assyria, between the Lycus (the greater Záb) and the Caprus (the lesser Záb). Its present name is Arbil (Niebuhr, Voy. vol. ii. p. 277). Strabo states that it was in Aturia, and belonged to Babylonia; which is true, if we suppose that the Lycus was the boundary between Babylonia and Assyria Proper. Arbela has been celebrated as the scene of the last conflict between Dareius and Alexander the Great. The battle, however, really took place near the village of Gaugamela (" the camel's house," Strab. xvii. p. 737), on the banks of the Bumodus, a tributary of the Lycus, about 20 miles to the NW. of Arbela. (Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. vi. p. 217.) Dareius left his baggage and treasures at Arbela, when he advanced to meet Alexander.

[V.]

2. (Kilat Ibn Ma'an), a village in Galilee, in the neighbourhood of which were certain fortified caverns. This Arbela of Galilee was probably the Beth-Arbel of the prophet Hosea (x. 14). The caverns are first mentioned in connection with the march of Bacchides into Judaea; they were then occupied by many fugitives, and the Syrian general encamped at Arbela long enough to make himself master of them. (Joseph. Ant. x i. 11. § 1.) This is probably the same event as that recorded (1 Macc. ix. 2), where Bacchides is said to have subdued Messaloth in Arbela. The word Messaloth (Meocaλút), probably meaning steps, stories, terraces. When Herod the Great took Sepphoris these caverns were occupied by a band of robbers, who committed great depredations in that quarter, and were with difficulty exterminated by Herod. After defeating the robbers, Herod laid siege to the caverns; but as they were situated in the midst of steep cliffs, overhanging a deep valley with only a narrow path leading to the entrance, the attack was very difficult. Parties of soldiers were at length let down in large boxes, suspended by chains from above, and attacked those who defended the entrance with fire and sword, or dragged them out with long hooks, and dashed them down the precipices. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 15. §§ 4, 5, B. J. i. 16. §§ 2-4). The same caverns were afterwards fortified by Josephus himself during his command in Galilee against the Romans; in one place he speaks of them as the caverns of Arbela (Vita, § 37), and in another as the caverns near the lake of Gennesareth (B. J. ii. 20. § 6). According to the Talmud Arbela lay between Sepphoris and Tiberias. (Lightfoot, Chorog. Cent. c. 85.) For these reasons Robinson identifies the Arbela of Galilee and its fortified caverns with the present Kúl'at Ibn Ma'an, and the adjacent site of Mins, now known as Irbid, a name which is apparently a corruption of Irbil, the Arabic form of Arbela. These

(ii. p. 67), who describes them under the name of Baitsida. They have been visited and described by Irby and Mangles, who write the name Erbed. (Trav. p. 299.) Burckhardt's account (Trav. p. 331) agrees remarkably with that given by Josephus. He describes them as natural caverns in the calcareous rock, with artificial passages cut in them, and fortified; the whole affording refuge to about six hundred men.

There was another Arbela, a large village in Gadara, E. of the Jordan (Euseb. et Hieron. Onomast. 8. v.), now called Irbid or Erbad (Burkhardt, Trav. pp. 268, 269; Winer, Real Wort. s. v.; Robinson, Palestine, vol. iii. pp. 251, 279). [E.B.J.]

ARBELITIS ('Apenλîтis xúpa, Ptol. vi. 1. § 2), the district around Arbela, which Pliny (vi. 13. s. 16) calls a part of Adiabene. In Strabo (xvi. p. 738) the district around Arbela is called ARTACENE ('Aртaкnvh), a name otherwise quite unknown. Scaliger (ad Tibull. iv. 1. 142) connects the name with the ERECH of Scripture (Gen. x. 10), and therefore proposes to read ARACTENE ('Apaктny); but Erech was not in this position; and we ought probably to read ARBELENE in Strabo. (See Groskurd's Strabo, vol. iii. p. 208.) [V.]

A'RBITI MONTES. [ARABIS.] ARBOCALA, ARBUCĀLA. [ĀLBUCELLA.] ARCA (Аркп, "Аркаι, Steph. B. s. v.; Ptol. v. 15: Arca, Plin. v. 16: Eth. 'Apkаîos, Arcenus: Ar. kite, Gen. x. 17; 1 Chron. i. 15: LXX. 'Apovкaîos), a town of Phoenicia, situated between Tripolis and Antaradus, at the NW. foot of Libanus. (Joseph. Antiq. i. 6. § 2; Hieronym. in Gen. x. 15) It lay a parasang from the sea (Abulf. Tab. Syr. p. 11), and is often mentioned by the Arabic writers. (Michaelis, Spicil. ii. 23; Schultens, Vita Saladini.) It became famous for the worship paid by its inhabitants to Aphrodite or Astarte. (Macrob. Saturn. i. 21.) After the Macedonian conquest a temple was erected to Alexander the Great. The emperor Alexander Severus was born in this temple, to which his parents had repaired during a festival, A. D. 205. (Aurel. Vict. de Caes. xxiv. 1.) In consequence of this event its name was changed to Caesarea (Lamprid. Alex. Sev.). It was fortified by the Arabs after their conquest of Syria. In A. D. 1099 it sustained a long siege from the first Crusaders (Wilken, die Kreuzz. vol. ii. p. 259), but was not taken. Nor was it captured till the reign of Baldwin I., second king of Jerusalem, by William Count of Sartanges. (Albert. Aquens. xi. 1; Wilken, ii. p. 673.) The Memlooks, when they drove the Christians out of Syria, destroyed it. Burkhardt (Syria, p. 162) fixes the site at a hill called Tel-Arka, 4 miles S. of the Nahr-El-Kebir (Eleutherus). (Comp. Shaw, Observat. p. 270; for present condition see Bibliotheca Sacra (American), vol. v. p. 15.) [E.B.J.]

ARCA'DIA ('Аркаðíа; 'Аркáðеs, Steph. B. probably Eth.), a city of Crete, which in Hierocles is placed between Lyctus and Cnossus; but in Kiepert's map appears on the cast of the gulf of Didymoi Kólpoi. It disputed the claims of Mt. Ida to be the birthplace of Zeus. The Arcadians were first allies of Cnossus, but afterward joined Lyctus. (Pol iv. 53.) According to Theophrastus, when the town fell into the hands of enemies the springs ceased to flow; when recovered by the inhabitants they resumed their course (Senec. Quaest. Nat. iii. 2; Plin xxxi. 4). [E. B. J.]

ARCADIA ('Αρκαδία: Eth. ̓Αρκάς, pl. ̓Αρκάδες,

nesus, was bounded on the E. by Argolis, on the N. by Achaia, on the W. by Elis, and on the S. by Messenia and Laconia. Next to Laconia it was the largest country in Peloponnesus; its greatest length was about 50 miles, its breadth varied from 35 to 41 miles, and its area was about 1700 square miles. It was surrounded on all sides by a ring of mountains, forming a kind of natural wall, which separated it from the other Peloponnesian states; and it was also traversed, in its interior, by various ranges of mountains in all directions. Arcadia has been aptly called the Switzerland of Greece.

and ERASINUS, also rise in Arcadia. Of the nume rous small lakes on the eastern frontier the most important was Stymphalus, near the town of that name. [STYMPHALUS.]

The Arcadians regarded themselves as the most ancient inhabitants of Greece, and called themselves πрoσéλŋvoi, as laying claim to an antiquity higher than that of the moon, though some modern writers interpret this epithet differently. (Apoll. Rhod. iv. 264; Lucian, de Astrol. c. 26; Schol. ad Aristoph. Nub. 397; Heyne, De Arcadibus luna antiquioribus, in Opuscula, vol. ii. pp. 333-355.) They derived their name from an eponymous ancestor Arcas, the son of Zeus, though his genealogy is given differently by different writers. (Dict. of Biogr. art. Arcas.) The Greek writers call them indigenous (avtox06ves), or Pelasgians, and Pelasgus is said to have been their first sovereign. Herodotus says that the Arcadians and Cynurians were the only two peoples in Peloponnesus who had never changed their abodes; and we know that Arcadia was inhabited by the same race from the earliest times of which we have any historical records. (Herod. viii. 73, and i. 146, 'Apкádes Пeλaσyoí; Xen. Hell. vii. 1.

On the other hand, the eastern region is intersected by mountains of lower elevation, between which there are several small and fertile plains, producing corn, oil, and wine. These plains are so completely inclosed by mountains, that the streams which flow into them from the mountains only find outlets for their waters by natural chasms in the rocks, which are not uncommon in limestone mountains. Many of these streams, after disappearing beneath the ground, rise again after a greater or less interval. These chasms in the mountains were called gépe@pa by the Arcadians (Strab. p. 389), and are termed katavóthra by the modern Greeks. (Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 55.) In these plains, enclosed by mountains, were situated almost all the chief cities of Arcadia,-Tegea, Mantineia, Orchomenus, Stymphalus, and Phenëus, whose territories extended along the whole eastern frontier of Arcadia, from the borders of Laconia to those of Sicyon and Pellene, in Achaia.

Of all the productions of Arcadia the best known were its asses, which were in request in every part of Greece. (Varr. R. R. ii. 1. § 14; Plin. viii. 43. s. 68; Plant. Asin. ii. 2. 67 ; Strab. p. 388; Pers. iii. 9, "Arcadiae pecuaria rudere credas.")

The principal mountains in Arcadia were: on the N. Cyllene, in the NE. corner of the country, the highest point in the Peloponnesus (7788 feet), which runs in a westerly direction, forming the boundary between Achaia and Elis, and was known under the names of Crathis, Aroanius, and Erymanthus. On the W. Lampeia and Pholoë, both of them a southern continuation of Erymanthus, and the other mountains separating Arcadia from Elis, but the names of which are not preserved. On the E. Lyrceius, Artemisium, Parthenium, and the range of mountains separating Arcadia from Argolis, and connected with the northern extremity of Taygetus. In the S. Macnalus and Lycaeus. Of these mountains an account is given under their respective names.

The chief river of Arcadia, which is also the principal river of the Peloponnesus, is the Alpheius. It rises near the southern frontier, flows in a northwesterly direction, and receives many tributaries. [ALPHEIUS.] Besides these, the STYX, EUROTAS,

Strab. p. 338.) Shut up within their mountains the Arcadians experienced fewer changes than most of the inhabitants of Greece. They are represented as a people simple in their habits, and moderate in their desires; and, according to the testimony of their countryman Polybius, they retained down to his time a high reputation among the Greeks for hospitality, kindness, and piety. He ascribes these excellencies to their social institutions, and especially to their cultivation of music, which was supposed to counteract the harshness of character which their rugged country had a tendency to produce; and he attributes the savage character of the inhabitants of Cynaetha to their neglect of music. (Pol. iv. 20, 21.) We know from other authorities that music formed an important part of their education; and they were celebrated throughout antiquity both for their love of music and for the success with which they cultivated it. (Comp. e. g. Virg. Ecl. x. 32.) The lyre is said to have been invented in their country by Hermes. The syrinx, also, which was the musical instrument of shepherds, was the invention of Pan, the tutelary god of Arcadia. The simplicity of the Arcadian character was exaggerated by the Roman poets into an ideal excellence; and its shepherds were represented as living in a state of innocence and virtue. But they did not possess an equal reputation for intelligence, as is shown by the proverbial expressions, Arcadici sensus, Arcadicae aures, &c.: a blockhead is called by Juvenal (vii. 160) Arcadicus juvenis. The Arcadians were a strong and hardy race of mountaineers; and, like the Swiss in modern Europe, they constantly served as mercenaries. (Athen. i. p. 27; Thuc. vii. 57.)

The religion of the Arcadians was such as might have been expected from a nation of shepherds and huntsmen. Hermes was originally an Arcadian divinity, said to have been born on Mt. Cyllene, and brought up on Mt. Acacesius; but the deity whorn they most worshipped was his son Pan, the great guardian of flocks and shepherds. Another ancient Arcadian divinity was Artemis, who presided over the chase, and who appears to have been originally a different goddess from Artemis, the sister of Apollo, though the two were afterwards confounded. (Dict. of Biog. art. Artemis.) The worship of

from about 40 petty Arcadian townships. [ME- | GALOPOLIS.] Of the constitution of the new confederation we have very little information. We only know that the great council of the nation, which used to meet at Megalopolis, was called of Múpio, or the "Ten Thousand." (Xen. Hell. vi. 5. § 3, seq., vii. 1. § 38; Paus. viii. 27; Diod. xv. 59.) This council was evidently a representative assembly, and was not composed exclusively of Megalopolitans; but when and how often it was assembled, and whether there was any smaller council or not, are questions which cannot be answered. (For details, see Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. v. p. 88.) A standing army was also formed, called Epariti ('Enápiro), consisting of 5000 men, to defend the common interests of the confederation. (Xen. Hell. vii. 4. § 34, vii. 5. § 3; Diod. xv. 62, 67; Hesych. 8. V. ¿TOPÓNTOL.) Supported by the Thebans, the Arcadians were able to resist all the attempts of the Spartans to prevent the new confederacy from becoming a reality; but they sustained one signal defeat from the Spartans under Archidamus, in B. C. 367, in what is called the "Tearless battle," although the statement that 10,000 of the Arcadians and their Argive allies were slain, without the loss of a single man on the Spartan side, is evidently an exaggeration. (Plut. Ages. 33; Diod. xv. 72; Xen. Hell, vii. 1. § 28, seq.) In B. C. 365, a war broke out between the Arcadians and Eleans, in which the former were not only successful, but took possession of Olympia, and gave to the Pisatans the presidency of the Olympic games (364). The members of the Arcadian government appropriated a portion of the sacred treasures at Olympia to pay their troops; but this proceeding was warmly censured by the Mantineians, who were, for some reason, opposed to the supreme government. The latter was supported by Tegea, as well as by the Thebans, and the Mantineians, consequence, were ied to ally themselves with their ancient enemies the Spartans. (Xen. Hell. vii. 4; Diod. xv. 77, seq.) Thus, the two most powerful cities of Arcadia were again arrayed against each other, and the strength of the new confederation was destroyed almost as soon as it was formed. The disturbed state of Arcadia brought Epaminondas at the head of a Theban army into Peloponnesus, in B. c. 362; and his death at the battle of Mantineia was followed by a general peace among all the belligerents, with the exception of Sparta. In the subsequent disturbances in Greece, we hear little of the Arcadians; and though Megalopolis continued to be an important city, the political confederation lost all real power. After the death of Alexander the Great, we find many of the Arcadian cities in the hands of tyrants; and so little union was there between the cities, that some of them joined the Achaean, and others the Aetolian, league. Thus Megalopolis was united to the Achaean League, whereas Orchomenus, Tegea, and Mantineia, were inembers of the Aetolian. (Pol. ii. 44, 46.) Subsequently, the whole of Arcadia was annexed to the Achaean League, to which it continued to belong till the dissolution of the league by the Romans, when Arcadia, with the rest of the Peloponnesus, became part of the Roman province of Achaia. [ACHAIA.] Like many of the other countries of Greece, Arcadia rapidly declined under the Roman dominion. Strabo describes it as almost deserted at the time when he wrote; and of all its ancient cities Tegea was the only one still inhabited in his day. (Strab. p. 388.) |

For our knowledge of the greater part of the count try we are indebted chiefly to Pausanias, who has devoted one of his books to a description of its cities and their remains.

The following is a list of the towns of Arcadia 1. In Tegeatis (Teyeâtis), the SE. distric1, TEGEA, with the dependent places Manthyrea, Phylace, Garea, Corytheis.

2. In Mantinice (MaνTIVIKń), the district N. of Tegeatis, MANTINEIA, with the dependent places, Maera, Petrosaca, Phoezon, Nestane, Melangeia, Elymia.

3. In Stymphalia (Ervμpaλía), the district N. of Mantinice, STYMPHALUS, OLIGYRTUM, ALEA. 4. In Maenalia (Maiaxía), so called from Mt. Maenalus [MAENALUS], the district S. and W. of Mantinice, and W. of Tegeatis: on the road from Megalopolis to Tegea, LADOCEIA ; Haemoniae (Aiμoviai), probably on the western side of Mt. Tzimbarú (Paus. viii. 3. § 3, 44. § 1; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 247); ORESTHASIUM, a little to the right of the road; Aphrodisium ('Appodíσtov, Paus. viii. 44. § 2); ATHENAEUM; ASEA; PALLANTIUM. On the road from Megalopolis to Maenalus, along the valley of the Helisson, Peraetheis (Пepaideîs, Paus. viii. 3. § 4, 27. § 3, 36. § 7), LYCOA, DIPAEA, SUMATIA, MAENALUS. N. of Maenalus, ANEMOSA and HELISSON. Between Pallantium and Asea EUTAEA. The inhabitants of most of these towns were removed to MEGALOPOLIS, on the foundation of the latter city, which was situated in the SW. corner of Maenalia. The same remark applies to the inhabitants of most of the towns in the districts Maleatis, Cromitis, Parrhasia, Cynuria, Eutresia.

5. In Maleatis (Maλeâris), a district S. of Maenalia, on the borders of Laconia. The inhabitants of this district, and of Cromitis, are called Aegytao by Pausanias (viii. 27. § 4), because the Lacedaemonian town of Aegys originally belonged to Arcadia. MALEA; LEUCTRA, or LEUCTRUM; PHALAESEAE; Scirtonium (Kipréviov, Paus. viii. 27. § 4), of uncertain site.

6. In Cromitis (Kpwuîris), a district west of Maleatis, on the Messenian frontier: CROMI, or CROMNUS; GATHEAE; Phaedrias (Þaudpías, Paus. viii. 35. § 1), on the road from Megalopolis to Carnasium, perhaps on the height above Neokhóri. (Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 236.)

7. In Parrhasia (Пappaσikh, Thuc. v. 33), a district on the Messenian frontier, N. of Cromitis and Messenia, occupying the left bank of the plain of the Alpheius: MACAREAE; DASEAE; ACACESIUM; LYCOSURA; THOCNIA; BASILIS; CYPSELA; BATHOS; TRAPEZUS; Acontium and Proseis (AKÓνтIOV, Проσeis), both of uncertain site. (Paus, viii. 27. § 4.) The Parrhasii (Пappáσ10) are mentioned as one of the most ancient of the Arcadian tribes. (Strab. p. 388; Steph. B. s. v. 'AÇavía.) During the Peloponnesian war the Mantineians had extended their supremacy over the Parrhasii, but the latter were restored to independence by the Lacedaemonians, B.C. 421. (Thuc. v. 33.) [MANTINEIA.] Homer mentions a town Parrhasia, said to have been founded by Parrhasus, son of Lycaon, or by Pelasgus, son of Arestor, which Leake conjectures to be the same as Lycosura. (Hom. II. ii. 608; Plin. iv. 10; Steph. B. s. v. Пapparía.) [LYCOSURA.] The Roman poets frequently use the adjectives Parrhasius and Parrhasis as equivalent to Arcadian. (Virg. Aen. viii. 344, xi. 31;