survey; the names are inserted on Leake's authority, to whom we are indebted for most of the preceding remarks. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 238, seq.; Wolfe, Journal of Geographical Society, vol. iii. p. 84, seq.)

ARGOS HIPPIUM. [ARPI.]

ARGYRA. [PATRAE.]

ARGY'RIA (pyupía), mentioned in the Periplus of Arrian (p. 17) as 20 stadia east of Tripolis (Tireboli), in Pontus. Hamilton (Researches, &c., vol. i. p. 259) found the old silver mines, from which the place took its name, 24 miles from Tireboli.

There was another place Argyria, in the Troas, near Aenea (Ene or Einieh), according to Groskurd's Note (Translation of Strabo, vol. ii. p. 580) so called also from the silver mines near there. [G. L.] ARGYRI'NI ('Apyupîvo), an Epirote people

is probably preserved in Arghyrókastro, a place near the river Dhryno, and a few miles south of the junction of this river with the Aous. Cramer, following Meletius and Mannert, erroneously suppose Arghyrókastro to represent the site of Antigoneia (Lycophr. 1017; Steph. B. s. v. 'Apyupîvoi; Cramer's Greece, vol. i. p. 98; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 78; comp. ANTIGONEIA; Aous.) ARGYRIPA. [ARPI.]

ARGOS ORE'STICUM (Apyos 'OpeσTIKóv), the chief town of the Orestae, said to have been founded by Orestes, when he fled from Argos after the murder of his mother. (Strab. vii. p. 326.) Strabo (1. c.) places these Orestae in Epirus; and they must probably be distinguished from the Mace-dwelling on the Ceraunian mountains, whose name donian Orestae, who dwelt near the sources of the Haliacmon, on the frontiers of Illyria. Stephanus B. (s. v. "Apyos) mentions an Argos in Macedonia, as well as Argos Oresticum; and Hierocles (p. 641) also speaks of a Macedonian Argos. Moreover, Ptolemy (iii. 13. §§ 5, 22) distinguishes clearly between an Epirot and a Macedonian Orestias, assigning to each a town Amantia. Hence the Macedonian Argos appears to have been a different place from Argos Oresticum. The former was probably situated in the plain of Anaselitza, near the sources of the Haliacmon, which plain is called " Argestaeus Campus" by Livy (xxvii. 33; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 121, who, however, confounds the Macedonian Argos with Argos Oresticum). The site of Argos Oresticum is uncertain; but a modern writer places it near Ambracia, since Stephanus calls the Orestae (s. v.) a Molossian people. (Tafel, in Pauly's Realencycl. vol. i. p. 738.)

ARGOS PELA'SGICUM ('Apуos Пeλaσуikóν), was probably employed by Homer (I. ii. 681) to signify the whole of Thessaly. Some critics have supposed that by Pelasgic Argos the poet alluded to a city, and that this city was the same as the Thessalian Larissa; but it has been correctly observed, "that the line of the Catalogue in which Pelasgic Argos is named marks a separation of the poet's topography of Southern Greece and the Islands from that of Northern Greece; and that by Pelasgic Argos he meant Pelasgic Greece, or the country included within the mountains Cnemis, Oeta, Pindus, and Olympus, and stretching eastward to the sea; in short, Thessaly in its most extended sense." (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 532.)

ARGOʻUS PORTUS. [ILVA.]

1.

ARGURA ("Apyoupa: "Eth. 'Apycupaîos). Called Argissa ("Apy.oσa) in Homer (Il. ii. 738), a town in Pelasgiotis in Thessaly, on the Peneus, and near Larissa. The distance between this place and Larissa is so small as to explain the remark of the Scholiast on Apollonius, that the Argissa of Homer was the same as Larissa. Leake supposes the site of Argura to be indicated by the tumuli at a little distance from Larissa, extending three quarters of a mile from east to west. (Strab. ix. p. 440; Schol. in Apoll. Rhod. i. 40; Steph. B. s. v.; Eustath. ad I. 1. c.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 367, vol. iv. p. 534.)

2. Also called ARGUSA ("Apyovσa), a town in Euboea of uncertain site. (Dem. in Mid. p. 567; Steph. B. s. v.; Gramın. Bekk. pp. 443. 18.)

ARGY'PHEA ('Apyʊpén), a place mentioned in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo (432) along with Arene, and therefore probably a town in Triphylia.

ARGYRE ('Apyup untрóróλis), the capital of the large island of Jabadiu, which Ptolemy places S. of the Aurea Chersonesus (Malay Peninsula), supposed by some to be Sumatra, by others Java. (Ptol. vii. 2. § 29, viii. 27. § 10.) [P. S.]

A'RIA (Apia, Steph. B.: 'Apeía, Ptol. vi. 17. § 1; Arr. Anab. iii 24,25; 'Apeiwv yî, Isid. Charax: Eth. Apiot and "Apeti, Arii), a province on the NE. of Persia, bounded on the N. by the mountains Sariphi (the Hazaras), which separate it from Hyrcania and Margiana, on the E. by the chain of Bagous (the Ghor Mountains), on the S. by the deserts of Carmania (Kirman), and on the W. by the mountains Masdoranus and Parthia. Its limits seem to have varied very much, and to have been either imperfectly investigated by the ancients, or to have been confounded with the more extensive district of Ariana. [ARIANA.]

Herodotus (vii. 65) classes the Arians in the army of Xerxes with the Bactrians, and gives them the same equipment; while, in the description of the Satrapies of Dareius (Herod. iii. 93), the Parthians, Chorasmians, Sogdians, and Arians ("Apeioi), are grouped together in the sixteenth Satrapy. Where he states (Herod. vii. 2) that the Medes were originally called Arii, his meaning is an ethnographical one. [ARIANA.]

According to Strabo Aria was 2000 stadia long and 300 broad, which would limit it to the country between Meshed and Herát,-a position which is reconcileable with what Strabo says of Aria, that it was similar in character to Margiana, possessed mountains and well-watered valleys, in which the vine flourished. The boundaries of Aria, as stated by Ptoleiny, agree very well with those of Strabo ; as he says (vi. 17. § 1) that Aria has Margiana and Bactria on the N., Parthia and the great desert of Carmania (that is the great desert of Yezd and Kirman) on the W., Drangiana on the S., and the Paropamisan mountains on the E. At present this district contains the eastern portion of Khorásán and the western of Afghánistán. It was watered by the river Arius [ARIUS], and contained the following cities: Artacoana, Alexandria Ariana, and Aria. Ptolemy gives a long list of provinces and cities, which it is not possible to identify, and many of which could not have been contained within the narrow limits of Aria, though they may have been comprehended within the wider range of Ariana. [v.]

ARIA, is mentioned by Florez, Ukert, and other writers as a town of Hispania Baetica, on the authority of coins bearing the inscriptions ARIA. CNAKIA. CUNBARIA.; but Eckhel regards the name of the place to which these coins belong as uncertain (vol. i. p. 14). Ukert supposes the site of Aria to be at

-the Gedrosii, Arachosii, Arii, and Paropamisadae, as far as the river Cophes (the river of Kabul). Pliny therefore agrees on the whole with Strabo. Dionysius Periegetes (1097) agrees with Strabo in extending the N. boundary of the Ariani to the Paropamisus, and (714) speaks of them as inhabiting the shores of the Erythraean Sea. It is probable, from Strabo (xv. p. 724), that that geographer was induced to include the E. Persians, Bactrians, and Sogdians, with the people of Ariana below the mountains, because they were for the most part of one speech. There can be no doubt the modern Iran represents the ancient Ariana,—a word itself of native origin; a view which is borne out by the traditions of the country preserved in the Mohammedan writers of the ninth and tenth centuries,-according to whom, consistently with the notices in ancient authors, the greater part of Ariana was Iran or Persia. (Firdusi, in the Shah Namah; Mirkhond, Rozat-as-safa.)

p. 299), the same city which Strabo (p. 570), fl-
lowing Artemidorus, mentions as one of the cities of
Pisidia. There are coins of Ariassus of the time of
Sept. Severus.
[G. L.]

A'RICHI ("Αριχοι, ̓́Αῤῥιχοι), a people of Sar matia Asiatica, near M. Corax, probably identical with the ARRECHI. (Ptol. v. 9. § 18.) [P. S.]

ARI’CIA ('Apıía, Strab., Ptol., Steph. B; 'ApiKela, Dion. Hal.: Eth. 'Apuŋvós, Dion. Hal.; 'ApiKivos, Steph. B., Aricinus: La Riccia), an ancient and celebrated city of Latium, situated on the Appian Way, at the foot of the Mons Albanus, and at the distance of 16 miles from Rome. Its foundation was ascribed by Cassius Hemina to a Siculian chief named Archilochus. (Solin. 2. § 10.) We have no more authentic account of its origin; but it appears in the early history of Rome as one of the most powerful and important cities of the Latin League. The first mention of it is found in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus, when its chief, Turnus Herdonius, took the lead in opposing the pretensions of Tarquin to the supremacy over Latium, in a manner that clearly indicates that Aricia was powerful enough to aspire to this supremacy for itself. (Liv. i. 50, 52; Niebuhr, vol. i. p. 549, not.) For the same reason it was the principal object against which Porsena directed his arms after having humbled Rome; but the Aricians, being supported by auxiliaries from the other cities of Latium, as

The names Aria and Ariana, and many other ancient titles of which Aria is a component element, are connected with the Hindu term Arya, "excellent," “honourable." In Manu, Arya wartta is the "holy land or abode," a country extending from the eastern to the western sea, and bounded on the N. and S. by the Himála and Vindhya Mountains. The native name of the Hindus was Aryans. The ancient Persian name of the same district was, according to Anquetil Duperron, Aryanem Vaėjo (Sansc. Arya-well as from Cumae, proved victorious. Aruns, the varsha). Burnouf calls it Airyana or Airyadagya (Sansc. Arya-desa, and Arya-bhumi, "the land of the Arians "); and the researches of De Sacy, St. Martin, Longperier, and others, have discovered the word Iran on the coins of the Sassanian princes. We may therefore conclude that Airya or Airyana are old Persian words, and the names of that region to which the Hindus extended the designation of Arya, which the Sassanian coins denominate Iran, and which the Greeks of Alexander's time understood. On the Persian cuneiform inscription the original word is Ariya. (Rawlinson, As. Journ. xi. Ft. 1.)

son of Porsena, who commanded the Etruscan army was slain in battle, and his forces utterly defeated. (Liv. ii. 14; Dion. Hal. v. 36.) The shelter and countenance shown by the Romans to the vanquished Tuscans is said to have led the Aricians to take a prominent part in the war of the Latins against Rome, which terminated in their defeat at the Lake Regillus, B. C. 498. (Dion. Hal. v. 51, 61, 62.) But they unquestionably joined in the treaty con cluded with Sp. Cassius in B. C. 493 (Niebuhr, vol. ii. pp. 17, 24), and from this time their name rarely appears as acting separately from the other Latins. In B. C. 495 a great battle was fought near Aricia between the Romans and Auruncans, in which the latter were totally defeated. (Liv. ii. 26; Dion. Hal. vi. 32.) In B. c. 446 we find the Aricians waging war with their neighbours of Ardea for the possession of the territory which had belonged to Corioli; but the dispute was ultimately referred to the Romans, who appropriated the lands in question to themselves. (Liv. iii. 71, 72; Dion. Hal. xi. 52.) No subsequent mention of Aricia occurs previous to the great Latin War in B. C 340; but on that occasion they joined their arms with the confederates, and were defeated, together with the forces of Antium, Lanuvium, and Velitrae, at the river Astura. In the general settlement of Latium which followed the Aricians were fortunate enough to obtain the full rights of Roman citizens. (Liv. viii. 13, 14; Festus, on the contrary, v. Municipium, p. 127, M., represents them as obtaining only the "civitas sine suffragio.") From this time Aricia became a mere municipal town, but appears to have continued in a flourishing condition. In B. C. 87 it was taken and plundered by Marius, but was shortly after restored and refortified by Sulla (Liv. Epit. lxxx.; Lib. Colon. p. 230), and Cicero speaks of it as in his time a wealthy and flourishing municipium. (Phil. iii. 6; Ascon. al Milon. p. 32.) ARIASSUS ('Apiarσós), a city of Pisidia, which Atia, the mother of Augustus, and her father, M. may be, as Cramer suggests (Asia Min. vol. ii. | Atius Balbus, were natives of Aricia, from whenco

The towns, rivers, and mountains of Ariana are described under its provinces. [ARACHOSIA, DRANGIANA, &c.] (Wilson, Ariana, pp. 119-124; Burnouf, Comm. sur le Yagna, Text. Zend. p. cxxxvi. and not. p. cv.; Pott, Etym. Forsch. pp. lxx. lxxii.; Lassen, Ind. Alterth. vol. i. pt. 2; De Sacy, Antiq. de la Perse; St. Martin, Hist. de l'Armen.) [V.] ARIASPAE (Apidorai, Arrian, iii. 37; Curt. vii. 3. § 1), a tribe of the province of Drangiana, who lived apparently at its southern extremity, adjoining Gedrosia. Their name has been spelt variously, as Agriaspae (Curt. vii. 3. 1), Zariaspae (Plin. vi. 23. 25), and Arimaspae (Diod. xvii. 81). Arrian (iii. 27) states that this was their original title, but that, having aided Cyrus in his Scythian expedition, they were subsequently called Evergetae (benefactors). Diodorus has probably confounded them with the Scythian tribe of the Arimaspi. (Herod. iii. 116.) Ptolemy (vi. 19. § 5, and viii. 25. § 9) speaks of a city called Ariaspa (Apiάown), which was the second city of Drangiana, probably situated on the Etymander (Elmend). Wilson and Burnouf agree in considering the Greek Ariaspa as equivalent to the Sanscrit Aryáswa, "rearers or riders of excellent horses." (Wilson, Ariana, p. 155; Burnouf, Comm. sur le Yagna, not. p. cv.)

[V.]

barbarous custom, retained even in the days of
Strabo and Pausanias, that the high-priest (who
was called Rex Nemorensis) was a fugitive slave,
who had obtained the situation by killing his prede-
cessor, on which account the priests went always
armed. (Strab., Paus., ll. cc.; Suet. Cal. 35.)
The same custom is alluded to by Ovid (Art
Amat. i. 260) and by Statius (Silv. iii. 1. 55).
Like most celebrated sanctuaries, it acquired great
wealth, and was in consequence one of those on
which Augustus levied contributions during the war
with L. Antonius, B. C. 41. (Appian. B. C. v. 24.)
No vestiges of the temple remain; but it appears to
have been situated on the east side of the lake,
where there grew up around it a village or small
town called NEMUS, of which the modern village of
Nemi is probably the successor. The lake has no
visible outlet, but its waters are carried off by an
artificial emissary, probably of very ancient con-
struction. (Abeken, M. I. p. 167.) Among the
sources which supplied it was a fountain sacred to
Egeria, whose worship here appears to have been
established at least as early as at Rome. (Strab,
l. c.; Virg. Aen. vii. 763; Öv. Fast. iii. 261, Met.
xv. 488, 547; Val. Flacc. ii. 304.) So beautiful a
situation could not fail to be sought by Roman
nobles as a place of retirement, and we hear that
J. Caesar commenced a villa here, but afterwards
abandoned it in a fit of caprice. (Suet. Caes. 46.)
Some foundations still visible beneath the waters of
the lake have been thought to be those of this villa.
(Nibby, vol. ii. p. 396.) Vitellius, too, is mentioned
as dawdling away his time "in Nemore Aricino,”
when he should have been preparing for defence.
(Tac. Hist. iii. 36.)

also the Voconian family derived its origin. (Cic. | ad loc.) It was remarkable for the peculiar and 1. c.) Its position on the Appian Way, at a short distance from Rome (Hor. Sat. i. 5. 1; Itin. Ant. p. 107), doubtless contributed much to its prosperity, which seems to have continued under the Roman empire; but the same circumstance exposed it at a later period to the incursions of the barbarians, from which it seems to have suffered severely, and fell into a state of decay early in the middle ages. (Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. p. 249, seq.; Westphal, Röm. Kampagne, p. 27.) The modern town of La Riccia occupies the site of the ancient citadel (probably that also of the original city), on a steep hill rising above a basin shaped hollow or valley. the ancient VALLIS ARICINA, still called Valle Riccia, which was evidently at one time the basin of a lake, analogous to those of Albano and Nemi, and, like them, at a still earlier period the crater of a volcano. It would seem that some traces of this lake were extant in the time of Pliny; but the greater part of the valley must have been drained in very early times. (Plin. xix. 8. s. 41; Abeken, Mittel Italien, p. 166.) In the days of Strabo the town of Aricia spread itself down into this hollow (Strab. v. p. 239), probably for the purpose of approaching the Appian Way, which was carried directly across the valley. This part of the ancient road, resting on massive substructions, is still very well preserved. The descent from the hill above into the hollow which, not withstanding the great work just mentioned, is still sufficiently steep -was the Clivus Aricinus, repeatedly alluded to by ancient authors as a favourite resort of beggars. (Juv. iv. 117; Martial, xii. 32. 10; Pers. vi. 56.) Some remains of the ancient walls of Aricia still exist near the gate of the mo- | dern town leading towards Albano, as well as the The Vallis Aricina appears to have been in anruins of a temple on the slope towards the Valle cient times as remarkable for its ferti ity as at the Riccia.* present day: it was particularly adapted for the growth of vegetables. (Plin. xix. 6. s. 33, 8. s. 41; Columell. x. 139; Mart. xiii. 19.)

μίσιον of the temple or sanctuary itself, and the word opos in the latter passage is an interpolation. (See Groskurd and Kramer, ad loc.)

For the description of the situation and existing remains both of Aricia and Neinus, see Gell (Topogr. of Rome, pp. 103-107, 324-327) and Nibby (Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. pp. 254, 255, vol. ii. pp. 395-397.) [E. H. B.]

Aricia was celebrated throughout Italy for its temple of Diana, which was situated about 3 miles from the town, in the midst of the dense forests that The name of MONS ARTEMISIUS has been applied clothed the lower slopes of the Mons Albanus, and by several writers (Gell, Nibby, &c.) to the summit on the margin of a small crater-shaped lake. The of the Alban hills, which rises immediately above sanctuary was commonly known as NEMUS DIANAE the lake of Nemi, and is now called Monte Ariano; (Vitruv. iv. 8. § 4; Stat. Silv. iv. 4; Aricinum but there is no foundation for the ancient appellation Triviae Nemus, id. ib. iii. 1. 55; 'Apтeμíσιov ô кa-assigned to it. Strabo (pp. 239, 240) uses 'Aρteλοῦσι Νέμος, Strab. p. 239; Νέμος τὸ ἐν ̓Αρικίᾳ, Philostr. Vit. Apoll. iv. 36), from whence the lake came to be named LACUS NEMORENSIS (Propert. iii. 22), while Aricia itself obtained the epithet of NEMORALIS. (Ov. Fast. vi. 59; Lucan. vi. 74.) The lake was also frequently termed SPECULUM DIANAE (Serv. ad Aen. vii. 516), and is still called the Lago di Nemi, so celebrated by all travellers in Italy for its picturesque beauty. It is much smaller than the Lacus Albanus, and more regular in its crater-like form, being surrounded on all sides by steep and lofty hills covered with wood. The worship of Diana here was considered by some ancient writers to be directly derived from Tauris (Strab. v. p. 239), while others ascribed its introduction to Hippolytus, who, after having been brought to life again by Aesculapius, was supposed to have settled in Italy under the name of Virbius. (Paus. ii. 27. § 4; Virg. Aen. vii. 761-777; Serv.

Concerning the architecture and probable date of this temple, to which a very high antiquity had been assigned by Gell and Nibby, see Abeken, in the Ann. dell' Inst. vol. xii. pp. 23-34.

ARICO'NIUM (Weston, in Herefordshire), the third station of the Itinerarium Antonini, on the road from Caerleon to Silchester, between Blestuin (Monmouth), and Glevum (Gloucester). [R.G. L.]

ARIGAEUM (Apıyaîov), a city of the Paropamisus, in the extreme N. of India (properly beyond its boundary), in the NE. part of the territory of the Aspasii, who inhabited the valley of the Choës (Kameh). The inhabitants abandoned and burnt it on Alexander's approach, B. C. 327; but the place was so important, as commanding a passage from the valley of the Choës to that of the Guraeus, that Alexander assigned to Craterns the task of its restoration, while he himself pursued the fugitives (Arrian. Anab. iv. 24.) Its site is supposed to have been at Ashira or Alichurg. [P. S.]