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between Salamis and Peiraeeus. (Strab. ix. pp. 395, 425; Steph. B. s. v.,

3. A town in Macedonia, in the upper part of the valley of the Axius. (Thuc. ii. 100.) Cramer (Ancient Greece, vol. i. p. 230) suggests that the Atalanta of Thucydides is probably the town called Allante by Pliny (iv. 12), and Stephanus B. (8. v. | 'Aλλάvтη); the latter says that Theopompus named it Allantium.

ATARANTES (Aтápavтes), a people of Inner Libya, in the N. part of the Great Desert (Sahara), in an oasis formed by salt hills, between the Garamantes and Atlantes, at a distance of ten days' journey from each (Herod. iv. 184), apparently in Fezzan. They used no individual names; and they were accustomed to curse the Sun for its burning heat (λig væreplάλλorti, the sun as it passes over their heads, or when its heat is excessive; the commentators differ about the meaning). In all the MSS. of Herodotus, the reading is "ATλavres. But, as Herodotus goes on to speak separately of the Atlantes, the editors are agreed that the reading in the first passage has been corrupted by the common confusion of a name comparatively unknown with one well known; and this view is confirmed by the fact that Mela (i. 8. § 5) and Pliny (v. 8) give an account of the Atlantes, copied from the above statements of Herodotus, with the addition of what Herodotus affirms in the second passage of the Atlantes (where the name is right), that they saw no visions in their sleep. The reading 'Aτápavтes is a correction of Salmasius (ad Solin. p. 292), on the authority of a passage from the Achaica of the Alexandrian writer Rhianus (ap. Eustath. ad Dion. Perieg. 66: comp. Steph. B. 8 v. ATλartes; Nicol. Damasc. ap. Stob. Tit. xliv. vol. ii. p. 226, Gaisf.; Diod. Sic. iii. 8; Solin. l. c.; Baehr, ad Herod. l. c.; Meineke, Anal. Alex. pp. 181, 182.) [P. S.]

Romans, a great number of the Jews took refuge in this fortress; against whom Vespasian sent Placidus with 600 horsemen. By a feint he induced the great body to pursue him into the plain, where he slew many, and cut off the return of the multitude to the mountain; so that the inhabitants, who were suffering from want of water, made terms, and surrendered themselves and the mountain to Placidus. (Joseph. l. c.) Nothing further is heard of Mount Tabor till the 4th century, when it is often mentioned by Eusebius (Onomast. s. v. Thabor Itabyrium), but without any allusion to its being regarded as the scene of the Transfiguration. About the middle of this century, the first notice of Tabor as the place where our Lord was transfigured apears as a passing remark by Cyril of Jerusalem (Cat. xii. 16, p. 170); and Jerome twice mentions the same thing, though he implies that there was not yet a church upon the summit. (Hieron. Ep. 44, ad Marcell. p. 522, Ep. 86; Epitaph. Paulae, p. 677.) Lightfoot (Hor. Hebr. in Marc. ix. 2) and Reland (Palaest. pp. 334-336) have inferred, from the narrative of the Evangelists, that the Mount of Transfiguration is to be sought somewhere in the neighbourhood of Caesarea Philippi. Rosenmüller (Bibl. Alt. vol. ii. pt. i. p. 107) adheres to the ancient traditions connected with this mountain. The existence of a fortified city upon the spot so long before and after the event of the Transfiguration would seem, as Robinson (Palestine, vol. iii. p. 224) argues, to decide the question. At the foot of this mountain, in the time of the Crusades, many battles were fought between the Christians and Moslems; and in modern times a victory was here gained by Napoleon over the Turks. Mount Tabor consists wholly of limestone; standing out isolated in the plain, and rising to a height of about 1,000 feet, it presents a beautiful appearance. Seen from the SW., its form is that of the segment of a sphere; to the NW. it more resembles a truncated cone. The sides are covered up to the summit with the valonia oak, wild pistachios, myrtles, and other shrubs. Its crest is table-land of some 600 or 700 yards in height from N. to S., and about half as much across. Upon this crest are remains of several small halfruined tanks. Upon the ridges which enclose the small plain at the summits are some ruins belonging to different ages; some are of large bevelled stones, which cannot be of later date than the Romans. (Robinson, Palestine, vol. iii. p. 213; Burkhardt, Travels, p. 332.) Lord Nugent describes the view as the most splendid he had ever seen from any na-oos) and other ancient authorities consider Atarneus tural height. (Lands Classical and Sacred, vol. ii. p. 204; Ritter, Erdkunde, West Asien, vol. xv. p. 391; Raumer, Palestina, p. 37.) [E. B. J.]

ATABYRIS MONS. [RHODUS.] ATAGIS. [ATHESIS.] ATALANTA (Aтаλávτη: Eth. 'Aтaλavтaîos.) 1. (Talandonisi), a small island off Locris, in the Opuntian gulf, said to have been torn asunder from the mainland by an earthquake. In the first year of the Peloponne ian war it was fortified by the Athenians for the purpose of checking the Locrians in their attacks upon Euboca. In the sixth year of the war a part of the Athenian works was destroyed by a great inundation of the sea. (Strab. i. p. 61, ix. pp. 395, 425; Thuc. ii. 32, iii. 89; Diod. xii. 44, 59; Paus. x. 20. § 3; Liv. xxxv. 37; Plin. ii. 88, iv. 12; Sen. Q. N. vi. 24; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 172.)

2. A small island off the western coast of Attica,

ATARNEUS or ATARNA ('Αταρνεύς, "Αταρνα: Eth. Αταρνεύς, Αταρνείτης), a city of Mysia, opposite to Lesbos, and a strong place. It was on the road from Adramyttium to the plain of the Caicus. (Xen. Anab. vii. 8. § 8.) Atarneus seems to be the genuine original name, though Atarna, or Atarnea, and Aterne (Pliny) may have prevailed afterwards. Stephanus, who only gives the name Atarna, consistently makes the ethnic name Atarneus. Herodotus (i. 160) tells a story of the city and its territory, both of which were named Atarneus, being given to the Chians by Cyrus, for their having surrendered to him Pactyes the Lydian. Stephanus (s. v. "Añαi

to be the Tarne of Homer (Il. v. 44); but perhaps incorrectly. The territory was a good corn country. Histiaeus the Milesian was defeated by the Persians at Malene in the Atarneitis, and taken prisoner. (Herod. vi. 28, 29.) The place was occupied at a later time by some exiles from Chios, who from this strong position sallied out and plundered Ionia. (Diod. xiii. 65; Xen. Hell. iii. 2. § 11.) This town was once the residence of Hermeias the tyrant, the friend of Aristotle. Pausanias (vii. 2. § 11) says that the same calamity befel the Atarneitae which drove the Myusii from their city [MYUs]; but as the position of the two cities was not similar, it is not quite clear what he means. They left the place, however, if his statement is true; and Pliny (v. 30), in his time, mentions Atarneus as no longer a city. Pausanias (iv. 35. § 10) speaks of hot springs at Astyra, opposite to Lesbos, in the Atarneus. [ASTYRA.]

The site of Atarneus is generally fixed at Diteli

Koi. There are autonomous coins of Atarneus, with the epigraph ATA. and ATAP.

There was a place near Pitane called Atarneus. (Strab. p. 614.)

[G. L.] ATAX CATag: Aude), or ATTAGUS, a river of Gallia Narbonensis, which rises on the north slope of the Pyrenees, and flows by Carcassonne and Narbo (Narbonne), below which it enters the Mediterranean, near the E'tang de Vendres. Strabo (p. 182) makes it rise in the Cévennes, which is not correct. Mela (ii. 5) and Pliny (iii. 4) place its source in the Pyrenees. It was navigable to a short distance above Narbo. A few miles higher up than Narbonne the stream divides into two arms; one arm flowed into a lake, Rubresus or Rubrensis (the Aiurn Napswviris of Strabo); and the other direct into the sea. The Rubresus is described by Mela as a very large piece of water, which communicated with the sea by a narrow passage. This appears to be the E'tang Sigean; and the canal Robine d Aude, which runs from Narbonne to this Etang, represents the Atax of the Romans.

The inhabitants of the valley of the Atax were called Atacini. Mela calls Narbo a colony of the Atacini and the Decumani, from which Walckenaer (vol. i. p. 140) draws the conclusion that this place was not the original capital of the Atacini. But Mela employs like terms, when he speaks of " Tolosa Tectosagum" and "Vienna Allobrogum;" so that we may reject Walckenaer's conclusion from this passage. There may, however, have been a Vicus Atax," as Eusebius names it, or Vicus Atacinus, the birth-place of P. Terentius Varro: and the Scholiast on Horace (Sat. i. 10. 46) may not be correct, when he says that Varro was called Atacinus from the river Atax. Polybius (iii. 37, xxxiv. 10) calls this river Narbo. [G. L.]

Orell. Inscr. 130.) It continued to exist as an
episcopal see till the ninth century, but was then
much decayed; and in A. D. 1030 the inhabitants
were removed to the neighbouring town of Aversa,
then lately founded by the Norman Count Rai-
nulphus. Some remains of its walls and other ruins
are still visible at a spot about 2 miles E. of Aversa,
near the villages of S. Arpino and S. Elpidio; and
an old church on the site is still called Sta Maria di
Atella. Numerous inscriptions, terracottas, and
other minor antiquities, have been found there. (Hol-
sten. Not. in Cluv. p.260; Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 592.)
The name of Atella is best known in connection
with the peculiar class of dramatic representations
which derived from thence the appellation of "Fa-
bulae Atellanae," and which were borrowed from
them by the Romans, among whom they enjoyed for
a time especial favour, so as to be exempt from the
penalties and disqualifications which attached to the
actors of other dramatic performances. At a later
period, however, they degenerated into so licentious
a character, that in the reign of Tiberius they were
altogether prohibited, and the actors banished from
Italy. These plays were originally written in the
Oscan dialect, which they appear to have mainly con-
tributed to preserve in its purity. (Liv. vii. 2; Strab.
v. p. 233; Tac. Ann. iv. 14. For further parti
culars concerning the Fabulae Atellanae see Bern.
hardy, Römische Literatur. p. 379, &c.) The early
importance of Atella is further attested by its coins,
which resemble in their types those of Capua, but
bear the legend, in Oscan characters, "Aderl,”-
evidently the native form of the name. (Millingen,
Numism. de l'Italie, p. 190; Friedländer, Oskische
Münzen, p. 15.)
[E. H. B.]

ATER or NIGER MONS, a mountain range of
Inner Libya, on the N. side of the Great Desert
(Sahara), dividing the part of Roman Africa on the
Great Syrtis from Phazania (Fezzan). It seems to
correspond either to the Jebel-Soudan or Black
Mountains, between 28° and 29° N. lat., and from
about 10° E. long. eastward, or to the SE. pro-
longation of the same chain, called the Black
Harusch, or both. The entire range is of a black
basaltic rock, whence the ancient and modern names
(Plin. v. 5, vi. 30. s. 35; Hornemann, Reisen von
Kairo nach Fezzan, p. 60).
[P. S.]

ATELLA ("ATλλa: Eth. 'ATEλλavós, Atellanus), a city of Campania, situated on the road from Capua to Neapolis, at the distance of 9 miles from each of those two cities. (Steph. B. s.v.; Tab. Peut.) Its name is not found in history during the wars of the Romans with the Campanians, nor on occasion of the settlement of Campania in B. C. 336: it probably followed the fortunes of its powerful neighbour Capua, though its independence is attested by its coins. In the second Punic war the Atellani were among the first to declare for the Carthaginians after the battle of Cannae (Liv. xxii. 61; Sil. Ital. xi. 14): hence, when they fell into the power of the Romans, after the reduction of Capua, B. C. 211, they were very severely treated: the chief citizens and authors of the revolt were executed on the spot, while of the rest of the inhabitants the greater part were sold as slaves, and others removed to distant settlements. The next year (210) the few remaining inhabitants were compelled to migrate to Calatia, and the citizens of Nuceria, whose own city had been destroyed by Hannibal, were settled at Atella in their stead. (Liv. xxvi. 16, 33, 34, xxvii. 3.) After this it appears to have quickly revived, and Cicero speaks of it as, in his time, a flourishing and important municipal town. It was under the especial patronage and protection of the great orator himself, but we do not know what was the origin of this peculiar connection between them. (Cic. de Leg. Agr. ii. 31, ad Fam. xiii. 7, ad Q. Fr. ii. 14.) Under Augustus it re-manelli, vol. iii. p. 82); another, which commemoceived a colony of military settlers; but continued to be a place only of municipal rank, and is classed by Strabo among the smaller towns of Campania. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Strab. v. p. 249; Ptol. iii. 1. § 68;

ATERNUM (ATEрvov: Pescara), a city of the Vestini, situated on the coast of the Adriatic, at the mouth of the river Aternus, from which it derived its name. It was the only Vestinian city on the seacoast, and was a place of considerable trade, serving as the emporium not only of the Vestini, but of the Peligni and Marrucini also. (Strab. v. pp. 241, 242.) As early as the second Punic war it is mentioned as a place of importance: having joined the cause of Hannibal and the Carthaginians, it was retaken in B.C.213 by the praetor Sempronius Tuditanus, when a considerable sum of money, as well as 7000 prisoners, fell into the hands of the captors. (Liv. xxiv. 47.) Under Augustus it received a colony of veterans, among whom its territory was portioned out (Lib. Colon. p. 253), but it did not obtain the rank of a colony. Various inscriptions attest its municipal condition under the Roman Empire. One of these mentions the restoration of its port by Tiberius (Ro

rates the continuation of the Via Valeria by Claudius to this point (Orell. Inscr. 711), speaks only of the "Ostia Aterni," without mentioning the town of that name; and the same expression is found both in

Mela and Ptolemy, as well as in the Itinerary. (Mel.
ii. 4; Ptol. ii. 1. § 20; Itin. Ant. p. 313, but in p. 101
it is distinctly called "Aterno civitas.") From ex-
isting remains we learn that the ancient city occupied
both banks of the river close to its mouth, which
was converted by artificial works into a port. Some
vestiges of these still remain, as well as the ruins of
an ancient bridge. (Romanelli, vol. iii. pp. 79-82.)
The modern city of Pescara, a very poor place,
though a strong fortress, is situated wholly on the
S. side of the river: it appears to have been already
known by its modern appellation in the time of P.
Diaconus, who mentions it under the name of Pis-
caria (ii. 21).
[E. H. B.]

Maffei (Mus. Veron. p. 108; Orell. Inscr. 3110) proves that it was a municipal town of some importance as early as B. c. 136, and that its territory adjoined that of Vicentia. The modern city of Este is famous for having given title to one of the most illustrious families of modern Europe; it is a considerable and flourishing place, but contains no ancient remains, except numerous inscriptions. These have been collected and published by the Abbate Furlanetto. (Padova, 1837, 8vo.)

About 5 miles E. of Este is Monselice, which is mentioned by Paulus Diaconus (iv. 26), under the name of MONS SILICIS, as a strong fortress in the time of the Lombards; but the name is not found in any earlier writer. [E. H. B.] ATHACUS, a town in the upper part of Macedonia, of uncertain site, probably in Lyncestis. (Liv. xxxi. 34.)

ATERNUS (ATEрvos: Aterno), a considerable river of Central Italy, flowing into the Adriatic Sea between Adria and Ortona. Strabo correctly describes it (v. p. 241) as rising in the neighbourhood of Amiternum, and flowing through the territory of ATHAMA'NIA CA@auavía: Eth. 'Abaμáv the Vestini: in this part of its course it has a SE. -âvos; in Diod. xviii. 11, 'Aláμartes), a district direction, but close to the site of Corfinium it turns in the SE. of Epeirus, between Mount Pindus and abruptly at right angles, and pursues a NE. course the river Arachthus. The river Achelous flowed from thence to the sea, which it enters just under through this narrow district. Its chief towns were the walls of Pescara. At its mouth was situated Argithea, Tetraphylia, Heracleia, and Theudoria; the town of Aternum, or, as it was sometimes called, and of these Argithea was the capital. The Atha"Aterni Ostia." In this latter part of its course, manes were a rude people. Strabo classes them according to Strabo (l. c.), it formed the limit be- among the Thessalians, but doubts whether they tween the Vestini and Marrucini; and there is little are to be regarded as Hellenes. (Strab. ix. p. 434, doubt that this statement is correct, though Pliny x. p. 449.) They are rarely mentioned in Grecian and Mela extend the confines of the Frentani as far history, but on the decay of the Molossian kingdom, as the Aternus, and Ptolemy includes the mouths they appear as an independent people. They were both of that river and the Matrinus in the territory the last of the Epirot tribes, which obtained political of the Marrucini. (Plin. iii. 12. s. 17; Mela, ii. 4; power. The Athamanes and the Aetolians destroyed Ptol. iii. 1. § 20.) In the upper part of its course it the Aenianes, and the former extended their domiflows through a broad and trough-like valley, bounded nions as far as Mt. Oeta. (Strab. p. 427.) The on each side by very lofty mountains, and itself ele- Athamanes were most powerful under their king vated more than 2000 feet above the sea. The nar- Amynander (about B.C. 200), who took a prominent row gorge between two huge masses of mountains part in the wars of the Romans with Philip and by which it escapes from this upland valley, must Antiochus. (Dict. of Biogr. art. Amynander.) They have always formed one of the principal lines of com- were subsequently subdued by the Macedonians, and munication in this part of Italy; though it was not in the time of Strabo had ceased to exist as a sepatill the reign of Claudius that the Via Valeria was rate people (ix. p. 429). Pliny (iv. 2) erroneously carried along this line from Corfinium to the Adriatic. reckons Athamania as part of Aetolia. (Inser. ap. Orell. 711.) Strabo mentions a bridge over the river 24 stadia (3 miles) from Corfinium, near the site of the modern town of Popoli; a point which must have always been of importance in a military point of view: hence we find Domitius during the Civil War (B. C. 49) occupying it with the hope of arresting the advance of Caesar. (Caes. B. C. i. 16.) The Aternus, in the upper part of its course, still retains its ancient name Aterno, but below Popoli is known only as the Fiume di Pescara, an appellation which it seems to have assumed as early as the seventh century, when we find it called "Piscarius fluvius." (P. Diac. ii. 20.) It is one of the most considerable streams on the E. side of the Apennines, in respect of the volume of its waters, which are fed by numerous perennial and abundant sources. [E. H. B.]

ATESTE ('ATEOTÉ, Ptol.: Eth. Atestinus: Este), a city of Northern Italy, situated in the interior of the province of Venetia, at the foot of the Euganean hills, and about 18 miles SW. of Patavium. (Ptol. iii. 1. § 30; Plin. iii. 19 s. 23; Martial, x. 93; Itin. Ant. p. 281, where the distance from Patavium is reckoned 25 M. P.) We learn from Pliny that it was a Roman colony; and it is mentioned also by Tacitus (Hist. iii. 6) in a manner that clearly shows it to have been a place of consideration under the Roman Empire. But an inscription preserved by

ATHAMANTIUS CAMPUS (Αθαμάντιον περ díov). 1. A plain in Boeotia, between Acraephium and the lake Copais, where Athamas was said to have formerly dwelt. (Paus. ix. 24. § 1; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 306.)

2. A plain in Phthiotis, in Thessaly, round Halus or Alus, so called from Athamas, the founder of Halus. (Apoll. Rhod. ii. 514; Étym. M. 8. v.; Leake, Ibid. vol. iv. p. 33".)

ATHANA'GIA, a city of Spain, within the Iberus, the capital of the Ilergetes according to Livy (xxi. 61), but not mentioned by any other writer. Ukert (vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 451) takes it for Agramaut, near the ancient Ilerda. [P.S.]

ATHENAE (A0ĥvai). Besides the celebrated city of this name, Stephanus B. (s. v.) mentions eight others, namely in Laconia, Caria, Liguria, Italy, Euboea, Acarnania, Boeotia, and Pontus. Of these three only are known to us from other authorities.

1. DIADES (Atades), a town in Boeotia, near the promontory Cenaeum, founded by the Athenians (Strab. x. p. 446), or according to Ephorus, by Dias, a son of Abas. (Steph. B. s. v.)

2. An ancient town of Boeotia, on the river Triton, and near the lake Copais, which, together with the neighbouring town of Eleusis, was destroyed by an inundation. (Strab. ix. p. 407; Paus.

ix. 24. § 2; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. pp. 136, 293.)

ATHENAE (Atenah), a city and port of Pontus (Steph. B. s. v. 'A0ĥvai), with an Hellenic temple. According to Arrian (p. 4, &c.), it was 180 stadia east of the river Adienus, and 280 stadia west of the Apsarus. Brant (London Geog. Journ. vol. vi. p. 192) mentions an insignificant place, called Atenah, on the coast between Trebizond and the mouth of the Apsarus, but the distance on his map between Atenah and the mouth of the Apsarus is much more than 280 stadia. The distance of Rhizius

(Rizah), a well-known position, to Athenae is 270 stadia, which agrees pretty well with the map. If then the Apsarus [APSARUS] is rightly identified, and Atenah is Athenae, there is an error in the stadia between Athenae and the Apsarus.

Procopius derives the name of the place from a ancient princess, whose tomb was there. Arrian speaks of Athenae as a deserted fort, but Procopiu describes it as a populous place in his time. (Bell Pers. ii. 29, Bell. Goth. iv. 2.) Mannert assumes it to be the same place as the Odeinius of Scylax (p. 32), and Cramer (Asia Minor, vol. i. p. 292 assumes the site of Athenae to be a place called [G. L.] ATHE'NAE ('A@va; in Hom. Od.vii. 80,'Aon: Eth. 'Anvaîos, fem. 'Anvaía, Atheniensis), the capital of Attica.

Ordouna.

I. Situation.

PHISSUS, runs due south, at the distance of about a mile and a half from the walls. South of the city was seen the Saronic Gulf, with the harbours of Athens.

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The Athenian soil and climate exercised an important influence upon the buildings of the city. They are characterized by Milton in his noble lines:

"Where on the Aegean shore a city stands

Built nobly, pure the air, and light the soil."

The plain of Athens is barren and destitute of vegetation, with the exception of the long stream of olives which stretch from Mt. Parnes by the side of the Cephissus to the sea. "The buildings of the city possessed a property produced immediately by the Athenian soil. Athens stands on a bed of hard limestone rock, in most places thinly covered by a meagre surface of soil. From this surface the rock itself frequently projects, and almost always is visible. Athenian ingenuity suggested, and Athenian dexterity has realized, the adaptation of such a soil to architectural purposes. Of this there remains the fullest evidence. In the rocky soil itself walls have been hewn, pavements levelled, steps and seats chiselled, cisteins excavated and niches scooped; almost every object that in a simple state of society would be necessary either for public or private fabrics, was thus, as it were, quarried in the soil of the city itself." (Wordsworth, Athens and Attica, p. 62.)

The surpassing beauty and clearness of the Athenian atmosphere naturally allowed the inhabitants to pass much of their time in the open air. Hence, as the same writer remarks, "we may in part account for the practical defects of their domestic architecture, the badness of their streets, and the proverbial meanness of the houses of the noblest individuals among them. Hence certainly it was that in the best days of Athens, the Athenians worshipped, they legislated, they saw dramatic representations, under the open sky." The transparent clearness of the atmosphere is noticed by Euripides (Med. 82'4), who describes the Athenians as del dià λаμπротáтоV βαίνοντες ἁβρῶς αἰθέρος. Modern travellers have not failed to notice the same peculiarity. Mr. Stanley speaks "of the transparent clearness, the brilliant colouring of an Athenian sky; of the flood of fire with which the marble columns, the mountains and the sea, are all bathed and penetrated by an illumination of an Athenian sunset." The epithet, which Ovid (Art. Am. iii. 389) applies to Hymettus -"purpureos colles Hymetti," is strictly correct; and the writer, whom we have just quoted, mentions "the violet hue which Hymettus assumes in the evening sky in contrast to the glowing furnace of the rock of Lycabettus, and the rosy pyramid of Pentelicus." (Stanley, in Classical Museum, vol. i. pp. 60, 61.)

Athens is situated about three miles from the sea coast, in the central plain of Attica, which is enclosed by mountains on every side except the south, where it is open to the sea. This plain is bounded on the NW. by Mt. Parnes, on the NE. by Mt. Pentelicus, on the SE. by Mt. Hymettus, and on the W. by Mt. Aegaleos. In the southern part of the plain there rise several eminences. Of these the most prominent is a lofty insulated mountain, with a conical peaked summit, now called the Hill of St. George, which used to be identified by topographers with the ancient Anchesmus, out which is now admitted to be the more celebrated Lycabettus. This mountain, which was not included within the ancient walls, lies to the north-east of Athens, and forms the most striking feature in the environs of the city. It is to Athens, as a modern writer has aptly remarked, what Vesuvius is to Naples or Arthur's Seat to Edinburgh. South-west of Lycabettus there are four hills of moderate height, all of which formed part of the city. Of these the nearest to Lycabettus, and at the distance of a mile from the latter, was the ACROPOLIS, or citadel of Athens, a square craggy rock rising abruptly about 150 feet, with a flat summit of about 1000 feet long from east to west, by 500 feet broad from north to south. Immediately west of the Acropolis is a second hill of irregular form, the AREIOPAGUS. To the south-west there rises a third hill, the PNYX, on We draw upon another intelligent traveller for a which the assemblies of the citizens were held; and description of the scenery of Athens. "The great to the south of the latter is a fourth hill, known as national amphitheatre of which Athens is the centre, the MUSEIUM. On the eastern and western sides of possesses, in addition to its beauty, certain features the city there run two small streams, both of which of pe uliarity, which render it the more difficult to are nearly exhausted by the heats of summer and by form any adequate idea of its scenery, but from perthe channels for artificial irrigation before they reach sonal view. The chief of these is a certain degree the sea. The stream on the east, called the ILIS- of regularity, or rather of symmetry, in the arrangeSUS, was joined by the Eridanus close to the Ly- ment of the principal parts of the landscape, which ceium outside the walls, and then flowed in a south-enables the eye the better to apprehend its whole exwesterly direction through the southern quarter of tent and variety at a single glance, and thus to enjoy the city. The stream on the west, named the CE- the full effect of its collective excellence more per

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