between Salamis and Peiraeeus. (Strab. ix. pp. 395, 425; Steph. B. s. v.;

3. A town in Macedonia, in the upper part of the valley of the Axius. (Thuc. ii. 100.) Cramer (Ancient Greece, vol. i. p. 230) suggests that the Atalanta of Thucydides is probably the town called Allante by Pliny (iv. 12), and Stephanus B. (8. v. 'Aλλávтn); the latter says that Theopompus named it Allantium.

Romans, a great number of the Jews took refuge in this fortress; against whom Vespasian sent Placidus with 600 horsemen. By a feint he induced the great body to pursue him into the plain, where he slew many, and cut off the return of the multitude to the mountain; so that the inhabitants, who were suffering from want of water, made terms, and surrendered themselves and the mountain to Placi- | dus. (Joseph. l. c.) Nothing further is heard of Mount Tabor till the 4th century, when it is often ATARANTES (Aтápavтes), a people of Inner mentioned by Eusebius (Onomast. s. v. Thabor Ita- Libya, in the N. part of the Great Desert (Sahara), byrium), but without any allusion to its being re- in an oasis formed by salt hills, between the Garagarded as the scene of the Transfiguration. About mantes and Atlantes, at a distance of ten days' jourthe middle of this century, the first notice of Tabor ney from each (Herod. iv. 184), apparently in as the place where our Lord was transfigured ap-Fezzan. They used no individual names; and they ears as a passing remark by Cyril of Jerusalem were accustomed to curse the Sun for its burning (Cat. xii. 16, p. 170); and Jerome twice mentions heat (Ai úπeрbáλλovтi, the sun as it passes over the same thing, though he implies that there was their heads, or when its heat is excessive; the comnot yet a church upon the summit. (Hieron. Ep. mentators differ about the meaning). In all the 44, ad Marcell. p. 522, Ep. 86; Epitaph. Paulae, MSS. of Herodotus, the reading is "ATλavres. But, p. 677.) Lightfoot (Hor. Hebr. in Marc. ix. 2) as Herodotus goes on to speak separately of the Atand Reland (Palaest. pp. 334-336) have inferred, lantes, the editors are agreed that the reading in the from the narrative of the Evangelists, that the Mount first passage has been corrupted by the common of Transfiguration is to be sought somewhere in the confusion of a name comparatively unknown with neighbourhood of Caesarea Philippi. Rosenmüller one well known; and this view is confirmed by the (Bibl. Alt. vol. ii. pt. i. p. 107) adheres to the an- fact that Mela (i. 8. § 5) and Pliny (v. 8) give an cient traditions connected with this mountain. The account of the Atlantes, copied from the above stateexistence of a fortified city upon the spot so long ments of Herodotus, with the addition of what Hebefore and after the event of the Transfiguration rodotus affirms in the second passage of the Atlantes would seem, as Robinson (Palestine, vol. iii. p. 224) (where the name is right), that they saw no visions argues, to decide the question. At the foot of this in their sleep. The reading 'Arápartes is a correcmountain, in the time of the Crusades, many battles tion of Salmasius (ad Solin. p. 292), on the authowere fought between the Christians and Moslems; rity of a passage from the Achaica of the Alexanand in modern times a victory was here gained by drian writer Rhianus (ap. Eustath. ad Dion. Perieg. Napoleon over the Turks. Mount Tabor consists 66: comp. Steph. B. 8. v. "ATλaνTES; Nicol. Damasc. wholly of limestone; standing out isolated in the ap. Stob. Tit. xliv. vol. ii. p. 226, Gaisf.; Diod. Sic. plain, and rising to a height of about 1,000 feet, it iii. 8; Solin. l. c.; Baehr, ad Herod. l. c.; Meineke, presents a beautiful appearance. Seen from the Anal. Alex. pp. 181, 182.) [P.S.] SW., its form is that of the segment of a sphere; to the NW. it more resembles a truncated cone. The sides are covered up to the summit with the valonia oak, wild pistachios, myrtles, and other shrubs. Its crest is table-land of some 600 or 700 yards in height from N. to S., and about half as much across. Upon this crest are remains of several small halfruined tanks. Upon the ridges which enclose the small plain at the summits are some ruins belonging to different ages; some are of large bevelled stones, which cannot be of later date than the Romans. (Robinson, Palestine, vol. iii. p. 213; Burkhardt, Travels, p. 332.) Lord Nugent describes the view as the most splendid he had ever seen from any natural height. (Land's Classical and Sacred, vol. ii. p. 204; Ritter, Erdkunde, West Asien, vol. xv. p. 391; Raumer, Palestina, p. 37.) [E. B. J.] ATABYRIS MONS. [RHODUS.] ATAGIS. [ATHESIS.]

ATALANTA (ATаλávrη: Eth. 'ATаλavтaîos.) 1. (Talandonisi), a small island off Locris, in the Opuntian gulf, said to have been torn asunder from the mainland by an earthquake. In the first year of the Peloponne ian war it was fortified by the Athenians for the purpose of checking the Locrians in their attacks upon Euboca. In the sixth year of the war a part of the Athenian works was destroyed by a great inundation of the sea. (Strab. i. p. 61, ix. pp. 395, 425; Thuc. ii. 32, iii. 89; Diod. xii. 44, 59; Paus. x. 20. § 3; Liv. xxxv. 37; Plin. ii. 88, iv. 12; Sen. Q. Ñ. vi. 24; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 172.)

2. A small island off the western coast of Attica,

ATARNEUS or ATARNA ('Αταρνεύς, "Αταρνα: Eth. Αταρνεύς, 'Αταρνείτης), a city Mysia, opposite to Lesbos, and a strong place. It was on the road from Adramyttium to the plain of the Caicus. (Xen. Anab. vii. 8. § 8.) Atarneus seems to be the genuine original name, though Atarna, or Atarnea, and Aterne (Pliny) may have prevailed afterwards. Stephanus, who only gives the name Atarna, consistently makes the ethnic name Atarneus. Herodotus (i. 160) tells a story of the city and its territory, both of which were named Atarneus, being given to the Chians by Cyrus, for their having surrendered to him Pactyes the Lydian. Stephanus (s. v. *Araiσos) and other ancient authorities consider Atarneus to be the Tarne of Homer (Il. v. 44); but perhaps incorrectly. The territory was a good corn country. Histiaeus the Milesian was defeated by the Persians at Malene in the Atarneitis, and taken prisoner. (Herod. vi. 28, 29.) The place was occupied at a later time by some exiles from Chios, who from this strong position sallied out and plundered Ionia. (Diod. xiii. 65; Xen. Hell. iii. 2. § 11.) This town was once the residence of Hermeias the tyrant, the friend of Aristotle. Pausanias (vii. 2. § 11) says that the same calamity befel the Atarneitae which drove the Myusii from their city [MYUS]; but as the position of the two cities was not similar, it is not quite clear what he means. They left the place, however, if his statement is true; and Pliny (v. 30), in his time, mentions Atarneus as no longer a city. Pausanias (iv. 35. § 10) speaks of hot springs at Astyra, opposite to Lesbos, in the Atarneus. [ASTYRA.]

The site of Atarneus is generally fixed at Diteli

Koi. There are autonomous coins of Atarneus, with the epigraph ATA. and ATAP.

There was a place near Pitane called Atarneus. (Strab. p. 614.)

[G. L.] ATAX CATag: Aude), or ATTAGUS, a river of Gallia Narbonensis, which rises on the north slope of the Pyrenees, and flows by Carcassonne and Narbo (Narbonne), below which it enters the Mediterranean, near the E'tang de Vendres. Strabo (p. 182) makes it rise in the Cévennes, which is not correct. Mela (ii. 5) and Pliny (iii. 4) place its source in the Pyrenees. It was navigable to a short distance above Narbo. A few miles higher up than Narbonne the stream divides into two arms; one arm flowed into a lake, Rubresus or Rubrensis (the Aiurn Napswviris of Strabo); and the other direct into the sea. The Rubresus is described by Mela as a very large piece of water, which communicated with the sea by a narrow passage. This appears to be the E'tang Sigean; and the canal Robine d Aude, which runs from Narbonne to this Etang, represents the Atax of the Romans.

The inhabitants of the valley of the Atax were called Atacini. Mela calls Narbo a colony of the Atacini and the Decumani, from which Walckenaer (vol. i. p. 140) draws the conclusion that this place was not the original capital of the Atacini. But Mela employs like terms, when he speaks of " Tolosa Tectosagum" and "Vienna Allobrogum;" so that we may reject Walckenaer's conclusion from this passage. There may, however, have been a Vicus Atax," as Eusebius names it, or Vicus Atacinus, the birth-place of P. Terentius Varro: and the Scholiast on Horace (Sat. i. 10. 46) may not be correct, when he says that Varro was called Atacinus from the river Atax. Polybius (iii. 37, xxxiv. 10) calls this river Narbo. [G. L.]

Orell. Inscr. 130.) It continued to exist as an
episcopal see till the ninth century, but was then
much decayed; and in A. D. 1030 the inhabitants
were removed to the neighbouring town of Aversa,
then lately founded by the Norman Count Rai-
nulphus. Some remains of its walls and other ruins
are still visible at a spot about 2 miles E. of Aversa,
near the villages of S. Arpino and S. Elpidio; and
an old church on the site is still called Sta Maria di
Atella. Numerous inscriptions, terracottas, and
other minor antiquities, have been found there. (Hol-
sten. Not. in Cluv. p.260; Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 592.)
The name of Atella is best known in connection
with the peculiar class of dramatic representations
which derived from thence the appellation of "Fa-
bulae Atellanae," and which were borrowed from
them by the Romans, among whom they enjoyed for
a time especial favour, so as to be exempt from the
penalties and disqualifications which attached to the
actors of other dramatic performances. At a later
period, however, they degenerated into so licentious
a character, that in the reign of Tiberius they were
altogether prohibited, and the actors banished from
Italy. These plays were originally written in the
Oscan dialect, which they appear to have mainly con-
tributed to preserve in its purity. (Liv. vii. 2; Strab.
v. p. 233; Tac. Ann. iv. 14. For further parti
culars concerning the Fabulae Atellanae see Bern.
hardy, Römische Literatur. p. 379, &c.) The early
importance of Atella is further attested by its coins,
which resemble in their types those of Capua, but
bear the legend, in Oscan characters, "Aderl,”-
evidently the native form of the name. (Millingen,
Numism. de l'Italie, p. 190; Friedländer, Oskische
Münzen, p. 15.)
[E. H. B.]

ATER or NIGER MONS, a mountain range of
Inner Libya, on the N. side of the Great Desert
(Sahara), dividing the part of Roman Africa on the
Great Syrtis from Phazania (Fezzan). It seems to
correspond either to the Jebel-Soudan or Black
Mountains, between 28° and 29° N. lat., and from
about 10° E. long. eastward, or to the SE. pro-
longation of the same chain, called the Black
Harusch, or both. The entire range is of a black
basaltic rock, whence the ancient and modern names
(Plin. v. 5, vi. 30. s. 35; Hornemann, Reisen von
Kairo nach Fezzan, p. 60).
[P. S.]

ATELLA ("ATλλa: Eth. 'ATEλλavós, Atellanus), a city of Campania, situated on the road from Capua to Neapolis, at the distance of 9 miles from each of those two cities. (Steph. B. s.v.; Tab. Peut.) Its name is not found in history during the wars of the Romans with the Campanians, nor on occasion of the settlement of Campania in B. C. 336: it probably followed the fortunes of its powerful neighbour Capua, though its independence is attested by its coins. In the second Punic war the Atellani were among the first to declare for the Carthaginians after the battle of Cannae (Liv. xxii. 61; Sil. Ital. xi. 14): hence, when they fell into the power of the Romans, after the reduction of Capua, B. C. 211, they were very severely treated: the chief citizens and authors of the revolt were executed on the spot, while of the rest of the inhabitants the greater part were sold as slaves, and others removed to distant settlements. The next year (210) the few remaining inhabitants were compelled to migrate to Calatia, and the citizens of Nuceria, whose own city had been destroyed by Hannibal, were settled at Atella in their stead. (Liv. xxvi. 16, 33, 34, xxvii. 3.) After this it appears to have quickly revived, and Cicero speaks of it as, in his time, a flourishing and important municipal town. It was under the especial patronage and protection of the great orator himself, but we do not know what was the origin of this peculiar connection between them. (Cic. de Leg. Agr. ii. 31, ad Fam. xiii. 7, ad Q. Fr. ii. 14.) Under Augustus it re-manelli, vol. iii. p. 82); another, which commemoceived a colony of military settlers; but continued to be a place only of municipal rank, and is classed by Strabo among the smaller towns of Campania. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Strab. v. p. 249; Ptol. iii. 1. § 68;

ATERNUM (ATEрvov: Pescara), a city of the Vestini, situated on the coast of the Adriatic, at the mouth of the river Aternus, from which it derived its name. It was the only Vestinian city on the seacoast, and was a place of considerable trade, serving as the emporium not only of the Vestini, but of the Peligni and Marrucini also. (Strab. v. pp. 241, 242.) As early as the second Punic war it is mentioned as a place of importance: having joined the cause of Hannibal and the Carthaginians, it was retaken in B.C.213 by the praetor Sempronius Tuditanus, when a considerable sum of money, as well as 7000 prisoners, fell into the hands of the captors. (Liv. xxiv. 47.) Under Augustus it received a colony of veterans, among whom its territory was portioned out (Lib. Colon. p. 253), but it did not obtain the rank of a colony. Various inscriptions attest its municipal condition under the Roman Empire. One of these mentions the restoration of its port by Tiberius (Ro

rates the continuation of the Via Valeria by Claudius to this point (Orell. Inscr. 711), speaks only of the "Ostia Aterni," without mentioning the town of that name; and the same expression is found both in

|

ix. 24. § 2; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. pp. 136, 293.)

ATHENAE (Atenah), a city and port of Pontus (Steph. B. s. v. 'Alñvai), with an Hellenic temple. According to Arrian (p. 4, &c.), it was 180 stadia east of the river Adienus, and 280 stadia west of the Apsarus. Brant (London Geog. Journ. vol. vi. p. 192) mentions an insignificant place, called Atenah, on the coast between Trebizond and the mouth of the Apsarus, but the distance on his map between Atenah and the mouth of the Apsarus is much more than 280 stadia. The distance of Rhizius (Rizah), a well-known position, to Athenae is 270 stadia, which agrees pretty well with the map. If then the Apsarus [APSARUS] is rightly identified. and Atenah is Athenae, there is an error in the stadia between Athenae and the Apsarus.

Procopius derives the name of the place from a ancient princess, whose tomb was there. Arria speaks of Athenae as a deserted fort, but Procopiu describes it as a populous place in his time. (Bell Pers. ii. 29, Bell. Goth. iv. 2.) Mannert assumes it to be the same place as the Odeinius of Seylax (p. 32), and Cramer (Asia Minor, vol. i. p. 292 assumes the site of Athenae to be a place called [G. L.] ATHE’NAE ('A@ĥvai; in Hom. Od.vii. 80,'Aon: Eth. 'Anvaîos, fem. 'Anvaía, Atheniensis), the capital of Attica.

Ordouna.

I. Situation.

PHISSUS, runs due south, at the distance of about a mile and a half from the walls. South of the city was seen the Saronic Gulf, with the harbours of Athens.

The Athenian soil and climate exercised an important influence upon the buildings of the city. They are characterized by Milton in his noble lines:

"Where on the Aegean shore a city stands

Built nobly, pure the air, and light the soil."

The plain of Athens is barren and destitute of vegetation, with the exception of the long stream of olives which stretch from Mt. Parnes by the side of "The buildings of the the Cephissus to the sea. city possessed a property produced immediately by

the Athenian soil. Athens stands on a bed of hard

limestone rock, in most places thinly covered by a
meagre surface of soil. From this surface the rock
itself frequently projects, and almost always is visi-
ble. Athenian ingenuity suggested, and Athenian
dexterity has realized, the adaptation of such a soil
Of this there remains
to architectural purposes.
the fullest evidence. In the rocky soil itself walls
have been hewn, pavements levelled, steps and seats
chiselled, cisterns excavated and niches scooped ;
almost every object that in a simple state of society
would be necessary either for public or private fa-
brics, was thus, as it were, quarried in the soil of
the city itself." (Wordsworth, Athens and Attica,
p. 62.)

The surpassing beauty and clearness of the Athe-
nian atmosphere naturally allowed the inhabitants to
pass much of their time in the open air. Hence, as
the same writer remarks, "we may in part account
for the practical defects of their domestic architec-
ture, the badness of their streets, and the proverbial
meanness of the houses of the noblest individuals
among them. Hence certainly it was that in the
best days of Athens, the Athenians worshipped, they
legislated, they saw dramatic representations, under
the open sky." The transparent clearness of the
atmosphere is noticed by Euripides (Med. 823), who
describes the Athenians as del dià λаμпротáтоv
Baivovres à¤pŵs ailépos. Modern travellers have
not failed to notice the same peculiarity. Mr. Stan-
ley speaks "of the transparent clearness, the brilliant
colouring of an Athenian sky; of the flood of fire
with which the marble columns, the mountains and
the sea, are all bathed and penetrated by an illu-
mination of an Athenian sunset."
The epithet,
which Ovid (Art. Am. iii. 389) applies to Hymettus
"purpureos colles Hymetti," is strictly correct;
and the writer, whom we have just quoted, mentions
"the violet hue which Hymettus assumes in the
evening sky in contrast to the glowing furnace of
the rock of Lycabettus, and the rosy pyramid of
Pentelicus." (Stanley, in Classical Museum, vol. i.
pp. 60, 61.)

Athens is situated about three miles from the sea coast, in the central plain of Attica, which is enclosed by mountains on every side except the south, where it is open to the sea. This plain is bounded on the NW. by Mt. Parnes, on the NE. by Mt. Pentelicus, on the SE. by Mt. Hymettus, and on the W. by Mt. Aegaleos. In the southern part of the plain there rise several eminences. Of these the most prominent is a lofty insulated mountain, with a conical peaked summit, now called the Hill of St. George, which used to be identified by topographers with the ancient Anchesmus out which is now admitted to be the more celebrated Lycabettus. This mountain, which was not included within the ancient walls, lies to the north-east of Athens, and forms the most striking feature in the environs of the city. It is to Athens, as a modern writer has aptly remarked, what Vesuvius is to Naples or Arthur's Seat to Edinburgh. South-west of Lycabettus there are four hills of moderate height, all of which formed part of the city. Of these the nearest to Lycabettus, and at the distance of a mile from the latter, was the ACROPOLIS, or citadel of Athens, a square craggy rock rising abruptly about 150 feet, with a flat summit of about 1000 feet long from east to west, by 500 feet broad from north to south. Immediately west of the Acropolis is a second hill of irregular form, the AREIOPAGUS. To the south-west there rises a third hill, the PNYX, on We draw upon another intelligent traveller for a which the assemblies of the citizens were held; and description of the scenery of Athens. "The great to the south of the latter is a fourth hill, known as national amphitheatre of which Athens is the centre, the MUSEIUM. On the eastern and western sides of possesses, in addition to its beauty, certain features the city there run two small streams, both of which of pe uliarity, which render it the more difficult to but from perare nearly exhausted by the heats of summer and by form any adequate idea of its scenery, the channels for artificial irrigation before they reach sonal view. The chief of these is a certain degree the sea. The stream on the east, called the ILIS- of regularity, or rather of symmetry, in the arrangeSus, was joined by the Eridanus close to the Ly- ment of the principal parts of the landscape, which ceium outside the walls, and then flowed in a south-enables the eye the better to apprehend its whole exwesterly direction through the southern quarter of tent and variety at a single glance, and thus to enjoy