was not used as a harbour before Themistocles administered the affairs of the Athenians Before that time their harbour was at Phalerum, at the spot where the sea is nearest to the city. . . . . But Themistocles, when he held the government, perceiving that Peiraceus was more conveniently situated for navigation, and that it possessed three ports instead of the one at Phalerum (Auévas тpeîs áve ἑνὸς ἔχειν τοῦ Φαληροῖ), made it into a receptacle of ships." From this passage, compared with the words of Thucydides quoted above, it would seem a natural inference that the three ancient ports of Peiraeeus were those now called Drako, Stratiotiki, and Fanári; and that Phalerum had nothing to do with the peninsula of Peiraeeus, but was situated more to the east, where the sea-shore is nearest to Athens. But till within the last few years a very different situation has been assigned to the ancient harbours of Athens. Misled by a false interpretation of a passage of the Scholiast upon Aristophanes (Pac. 145), modern writers supposed that the large

§2) as a small mountain with a statue of Zeus Anchesmius. Pausanias is the only writer who mentions Anchesmus; but since all the other hills around Athens have names assigned to them, it was supposed that the hill of St. George must have been Anchesmus. But the same argument applies with still greater force to Lycabettus, which is frequently mentioned by the classical writers; and it is impossible to believe that so remarkable an object as the Hill of St. George could have remained without a name in the classical writers. Wordsworth was, we believe, the first writer who pointed out the identity of Lycabettus and the Hill of St. George; and his opinion has been adopted by Leake in the second edition of his Topography, by Forchhammer, and by all subsequent writers. The celebrity of Lycabettus, which is mentioned as one of the chief mountains of Attica, is in accordance with the position and appearance of the Hill of St. George. Strabo (x. p. 454) classes Athens and its Lycabettus with Ithaca and its Neriton, Rhodes and its Atabyris, and Lacedaemon and its Taygetus. Aris-harbour of Peiraeeus (Dráko) was divided into three tophanes (Ran. 1057), in like manner, speaks of Lycabettus and Parnassus as synonymous with any celebrated mountains:

ἢν οὖν σὺ λέγῃς Λυκαβηττοὺς

καὶ Παρνασῶν ἡμῖν μεγέθη, τοῦτ ̓ ἐστὶ τὸ
χρηστὰ διδάσκειν.

Its proximity to the city is indicated by several pas-
sages. In the edition of the Clouds of Aristophanes,
which is now lost, the Clouds were represented as
vanishing near Lycabettus, when they were threaten-
ing to return in anger to Parnes, from which they
had come. (Phot. Lex. s. v. Пáрvns.) Plato (Cri-
tias, p. 112, a) speaks of the Pnyx and Lycabettus
as the boundaries of Athens. According to an Attic
legend, Athena, who had gone to Pallene, a demus
to the north-eastward of Athens, in order to procure a
mountain to serve as a bulwark in front of the Acro-
polis, was informed on her return by a crow of the
birth of Erichthonius, whereupon she dropt Mount
Lycabettus on the spot where it still stands. (An-
tig. Car. 12; for other passages from the ancient
writers, see Wordsworth, p. 57, seq.; Leake, p. 204,
seq.) Both Wordsworth and Leake suppose Anches-
mus to be a later name of Lycabettus, since Pau-
sanias does not mention the latter; but Kiepert gives
the name of Anchesmus to one of the hills north of
Lycabettus. [See Map, p. 256.]

XI. THE PORT-TOWNS.

Between four and five miles SW. of the Asty is the peninsula of Peiraeeus. consisting of two rocky heights divided from each other by a narrow isthmus, the eastern, or the one nearer the city, being the higher of the two. This peninsula contains three natural basins or harbours, a large one on the western side, now called Dráko (or Porto Leone), and two smaller ones on the eastern side, called respectively Stratiotiki (or Paschalimáni), and Fanári; the latter, which was nearer the city, being the smaller of the two. Hence Thucydides describes (i. 93) Peiraeeus as χωρίον λιμένας ἔχον τρεῖς αὐτοφυεῖς.

We know that down to the time of the Persian wars the Athenians had only one harbour, named Phalerum; and that it was upon the advice of Themistocles that they fortified the Peiraeeus, and made use of the more spacious and convenient harbours in this peninsula. Pausanias says (i. 1. § 2): The Peiraceus was a demus from early times, but

μa

ports called respectively Cantharus (Káv@apos), the
port for ships of war, Zea (Zéa) for corn-ships, and
Aphrodisium ('Aopodioiov) for other merchant-
ships; and that it was to those three ports that
the words of Pausanias and Thucydides refer. It
was further maintained that Stratiotiki was the
ancient harbour of Munychia, and that Fanári, the
ancient Phalerum. The true position of the Athenian
more easterly of the two smaller harbours, was the
ports was first pointed out by Ulrichs in a pamphlet
published in modern Greek (oi Xiμéves kaì tà
pà Teix?, Tŵv 'Atńvwv, Athens, 1843), of the
arguments of which an abstract is given by the
author in the Zeitschrift für die Alterthumswissen-
schaft (for 1844, p. 17, seq.). Ulrichs rejects the
division of the larger harbour into three parts, and
maintains that it consisted only of two parts; the
northern and by far the larger half being called
Emporium (Eópiov), and appropriated to mer-
chant vessels, while the southern bay upon the right
hand, after entering the harbour, was named Can-
tharus, and was used by ships of war.
smaller harbours he supposes Stratiotiki to be Zea,
and Phanári Munychia.

Of the two

Phalerum he removes

altogether from the Peiraic peninsula, and places it at the eastern corner of the great Phaleric bay, where the chapel of St. George now stands, and in the neighbourhood of the Τρεις Πύργοι, or the Three Towers. Ulrichs was led to these conclusions chiefly by the valuable inscriptions relating to the maritime affairs of Athens, which were discovered in 1834, near the entrance to the larger harbour, and which were published by Böckh, with a valuable commentary under the title of Urkunden über das Seewesen des attischen Staates, Berlin, 1834. Of the correctness of Ulrichs's views there can now be little doubt; the arguments in support of them are stated in the sequel.

A. Phalerum.

The rocky peninsula of Peiraeeus is said by the ancient writers to have been originally an island, which was gradually connected with the mainland by the accumulation of sand. (Strab. i. p. 59; Plin. iii. 85; Suid. s. v. čμbapos.) The space thus filled up was known by the name of Halipedum ('Aλímedov), and continued to be a marshy swamp, which rendered the Peiraeeus almost inaccessible in the winter time till the construction of the broad carriage

was not used as a harbour before Themistocles administered the affairs of the Athenians Before that time their harbour was at Phalerum, at the spot where the sea is nearest to the city. But Themistocles, when he held the government, perceiving that Peiraceus was more conveniently situated for navigation, and that it possessed three ports instead of the one at Phalerum (Aμévas tpeîs àvo" évòs exew тoù þaλnpoî), made it into a receptacle of ships." From this passage, compared with the words of Thucydides quoted above, it would seem a natural inference that the three ancient ports of Peiraceus were those now called Drako, Stratiotiki, and Fanári; and that Phalerum had nothing to do with the peninsula of Peiraeeus, but was situated more to the east, where the sea-shore is nearest to Athens. But till within the last few years a very different situation has been assigned to the ancient harbours of Athens. Misled by a false interpretation of a passage of the Scholiast upon Aristophanes (Pac. 145), modern writers supposed that the large

§2) as a small mountain with a statue of Zens Anchesmius. Pausanias is the only writer who mentions Anchesmus; but since all the other hills around Athens have names assigned to them, it was supposed that the hill of St. George must have been Anchesmus. But the same argument applies with still greater force to Lycabettus, which is frequently mentioned by the classical writers; and it is impossible to believe that so remarkable an object as the Hill of St. George could have remained without a name in the classical writers. Wordsworth was, we believe, the first writer who pointed out the identity of Lycabettus and the Hill of St. George; and his opinion has been adopted by Leake in the second edition of his Topography, by Forchhammer, and by all subsequent writers. The celebrity of Lycabettus, which is mentioned as one of the chief mountains of Attica, is in accordance with the position and appearance of the Hill of St. George. Strabo (x. p. 454) classes Athens and its Lycabettus with Ithaca and its Neriton, Rhodes and its Atabyris, and Lacedaemon and its Taygetus. Aris-harbour of Peiraeeus (Dráko) was divided into three tophanes (Ran. 1057), in like manner, speaks of Lycabettus and Parnassus as synonymous with any celebrated mountains:

ἢν οὖν σὺ λέγῃς Λυκαβηττοὺς

καὶ Παρνασῶν ἡμῖν μεγέθη, τοῦτ ̓ ἐστὶ τὸ
χρηστὰ διδάσκειν.

ports called respectively Cantharus (Káv@apos), the port for ships of war, Zea (Zéa) for corn-ships, and Aphrodisium ('Aopodioiov) for other merchantships; and that it was to those three ports that the words of Pansanias and Thucydides refer. It was further maintained that Stratiotiki was the

ancient harbour of Munychia, and that Fanári, the ancient Phalerum. The true position of the Athenian more easterly of the two smaller harbours, was the

Of the two

Its proximity to the city is indicated by several passages. In the edition of the Clouds of Aristophanes, which is now lost, the Clouds were represented as vanishing near Lycabettus, when they were threaten-Ports was first pointed out by Ulrichs in a pamphlet ing to return in anger to Parnes, from which they published in modern Greek (oi Xiμéves kai tà μahad come. (Phot. Lex. s. v. Пáprns.) Plato (Cri- pà Teixi, Tŵv 'Aońvwv, Athens, 1843), of the tias, p. 112, a) speaks of the Puyx and Lycabettus arguments of which an abstract is given by the as the boundaries of Athens. According to an Attic author in the Zeitschrift für die Alterthumswissenlegend, Athena, who had gone to Pallene, a demus schaft (for 1844, p. 17, seq.). Ulrichs rejects the to the north-eastward of Athens, in order to procure a division of the larger harbour into three parts, and mountain to serve as a bulwark in front of the Acro- maintains that it consisted only of two parts; the polis, was informed on her return by a crow of the northern and by far the larger half being called birth of Erichthonius, whereupon she dropt Mount Emporium (Eópiov), and appropriated to merLycabettus on the spot where it still stands. (An- chant vessels, while the southern bay upon the right tig. Car. 12; for other passages from the ancient hand, after entering the harbour, was named Canwriters, see Wordsworth, p. 57, seq.; Leake, p. 204, tharus, and was used by ships of war. seq.) Both Wordsworth and Leake suppose Anches- smaller harbours he supposes Stratiotiki to be Zea, and Phanári Munychia Phalerum he removes mus to be a later name of Lycabettus, since Pausanias does not mention the latter; but Kiepert gives altogether from the Peiraic peninsula, and places it the name of Anchesmus to one of the hills north of at the eastern corner of the great Phaleric bay, Lycabettus. [See Map, p. 256.] where the chapel of St. George now stands, and in the neighbourhood of the Τρεις Πύργοι, or the Three Towers. Ulrichs was led to these conclusions chiefly by the valuable inscriptions relating to the maritime affairs of Athens, which were discovered in 1834, near the entrance to the larger harbour, and which were published by Böckh, with a valuable commentary under the title of Urkunden über das Seewesen des attischen Staates, Berlin, 1834. Of the correctness of Ulrichs's views there can now be little doubt; the arguments in support of them are stated in the sequel.

XI. THE PORT-TOWNS.

Between four and five miles SW. of the Asty is the peninsula of Peiraeens, consisting of two rocky heights divided from each other by a narrow isthmus, the eastern, or the one nearer the city, being the higher of the two. This peninsula contains three natural basins or harbours, a large one on the western side, now called Dráko (or Porto Leone), and two smaller ones on the eastern side, called respectively Stratiotiki (or Paschalimáni), and Fanári; the latter, which was nearer the city, being the smaller of the two. Hence Thucydides describes (i. 93) Peiraceus as χωρίον λιμένας ἔχον τρεῖς αὐτοφυεῖς.

We know that down to the time of the Persian wars the Athenians had only one harbour, named Phalerum; and that it was upon the advice of Themistocles that they fortified the Peiraceus, and made use of the more spacious and convenient harbours in this peninsula. Pausanias says (i. 1. § 2): The Peiraeeus was a deinus from early times, but

A. Phalerum.

The rocky peninsula of Peiraeeus is said by the ancient writers to have been originally an island, which was gradually connected with the mainland by the accumulation of sand. (Strab. i. p. 59; Plin. iii. 85; Suid. s. v. čμsapos.) The space thus filled up was known by the name of Halipedum (Aximedov), and continued to be a marshy swamp, which rendered the Peiraeeus almost inaccessible in the winter time till the construction of the broad carriage