(terms themselves far from definite), but that it even the case in his time, the lion and other beasts of prey are now confined to the mountains, and do not venture down into the plains. The inhabitants of the Sahara are connected with the peoples N. of them by race and by the interchange of the first necessaries of life, receiving the corn of the Tell, and giving their fruits in return; while they are severed from the peoples of the S. by race, habits, and the great barrier of the true sandy desert. A particular description of the oases of the Sahara, and of the other points only indicated here, will be found in the work just quoted. The only delimitation that can be made between the Tell and the Sahara is assigned by the difference of their products. But, even thus, there are some intervening regions which partake of the character of both. Carette traces three principal basins of this kind in Algeria: the eastern, or basin of lake Melrir, S. of Tunis and the E. part of Algeria, and W. of the Lesser Syrtis, characterized by the culture both of corn and fruits; the central, or basin of ElHodna, far NW. of the former, where both kinds of culture are mixed with pastures; and the W., or basin of the upper Shelif (the ancient Chinalaph), where cultivation is almost superseded by pasturage. Such is a general view of the country formed by what we now call the Atlas system of mountains, the main chain of which defines the S. margin of the basin of the Mediterranean. The precise determination of this main chain is somewhat difficult Its general direction is not parallel to that of the whole system; but it forms a sort of diagonal, run To the S. of the Tell, the Sahara, in the Arab sense of the word, extends over a space which canning about WSW. and ENE., and nearly parallel be tolerably well defined on the S. by a chain of cases, running in the general direction of WSW. to ENE. from the extreme S. of the empire of Marocco, in about 28° or 29° N. lat., to the bottom of the Lesser Syrtis, between 33° and 34°. As far as can be judged from the very imperfect data we possess, this series of cases marks a depression between the S. slopes of the Atlas system and the high tableland of the Great Desert. It thus forms a natural boundary between the "Barbary States," or that portion of North Africa which has always fallen more or less within the history of the civilized world, and the vast regions of Central Africa, peopled by the indigenous black tribes included under the general names of Ethiopians or Negroes. To the S. of this boundary lies the great sandy desert which we commonly call the Sahara; to the N., the Sahara of the Arabs of Barbary: the physical distinction being as clearly marked as that between an ocean, with here and there an island, and an archipelago. The Great Desert is such an ocean of sand, with here and there an oasis. The Sahara of Barbary is "a vast archipelago of oases, each of which presents to the eye a lively group of towns and villages. Each village is surrounded by a large circuit of fruit-trees. The palm is the king of these plantations, as much by the height of its stature as the value of its products; but it does not exclude other species; the pomegranate, the fig, the apricot, the peach, the vine, grow by its side." (Carette, l'Algérie Meridionale, in the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie, vol. ii. p. 7.) Such is the region confounded by some writers with the Desert, and vaguely described by others as the Country of Palms, a term, by the bye, which the Arabs confine to the Tunisian Sahara and its oases. As for Herodotus's to the line of oases mentioned above as the southern limit of the system. The true W. extremity seems to be C. Ghir or Ras Aferni, about 30° 35′ N. lat.; and the E. extremity is formed by the NE. point of Tunis, Ras Addar or C. Bon. At this end it communicates, by branches thrown off to the S., with the mountain chain which skirts the eastern half of the Mediterranean coast from the Lesser Syrtis to the Nile valley; but this latter range is regarded by the best geographers as a distinct system, and not a part of the Atlas. The first part of the main chain. here called the High Atlas, proceeds in the direction. above indicated as far as Jebel Miltsin, S. of the city of Marocco, where it attains its greatest height, and whence it sends off an important branch to the S., under the name of Jebel Hadrar, or the Southern Atlas, which terminates on the Atlantic between C. Nun and C. Jubi. The main chain proceeds till it reaches a sort of knot or focus, whence several ranges branch out, in 31° 30′ N. lat. and 4° 50′ W. long. It here divides into two parts; one of which, retaining the name of the High Atlas, runs N. and NE. along the W. margin of the river Mulwia (the ancient Malva or Molochath), terminating on the W. of the mouth of that river and on the frontier of Marocco. From this range several lateral chains are thrown off to the N. and W., enclosing the plains of N. Marocco, and most of them reaching a common termination on the S. side of the Straits of Gibraltar: the one skirting the N. coast is considered as the W. portion of the Lesser Atlas chain, to be spoken of presently. From the usage of the ancient writers, as well as the modern inhabitants of the country, this so-called High Atlas has the best claim to be regarded as the prolongation of the main chain. But, on the ground of uniformity of direction, and to preserve a continuity character to another range, which they call the Great Atlas, running from the same mountain knot, with an inclination more to the E., forming the SE. margin of the valley of the Mulia, and, after an apparent depression about the frontier of Marocco, where it is little known, reappearing in the lofty group of Jebel Amour, in the meridian of Shershell, and thence continuing, in the direction already indicated, to C Bon. Parallel to this range, and near the coast of the Mediterranean, from the mouth of the Mulwia to that of the Mejerdah (the ancient Bagradas) in Tunis, runs another chain, commonly called the Lesser Atlas, which may be regarded as an eastern prolongation of the High Atlas of N. Marocco; while its ridges may also be viewed as the walls of the terraces by which the whole system slopes down to the Mediterranean. These ridges are varied in number and direction, and the valleys formed by them constitute the greater portion of the Tell: the varied positions and directions of these valleys may be at once seen by the courses of the rivers on any good map of Algeria. In few places is there any tract of level land between the north side of the Lesser Atlas and the coast. Besides the less marked chains and terraces, which connect the Lesser Atlas with the principal chain, there is one well defined bridge, running WNW. and ESE. from about the meridian of Algier (the city) to that of Constantineh, which is sometimes described as the Middle Atlas; but this term is sometimes ap. plied also to the whole system of terraces between the Great and Lesser Atlas. In the N. of Tunis (the ancient Zeugitana) the two chains coalesce. The principal chain divides the waters which run into the Mediterranean (and partly into the Atlantic) from those which flow southwards towards the Great Desert. The latter, excepting the few which find their way into the Mediterranean about the Lesser Syrtis, are lost in the sands, after watering the oases of the Sahara of Barbary. Of the former, several perform the same office and are absorbed in the same manner; but a few break through the more northern chains and flow into the Mediterranean, thus forming the only considerable rivers of N. Africa: such are the Mulicia (Molochath) and Mejerdah (Bagradas). Of the waters of the Lesser Atlas, some flow S. and form oases in the Sahara; while others find their way into the Mediterranean, after a circuitous course through the longitudinal valleys described above; not to mention the smaller streams along the coast, which fall directly down the N. face of the mountains into the sea. Reference has already been made to the common error, which assumes to determine the physical character of the country by lines of demarcation drawn along the mountain ranges. On this point, Carette remarks (p. 26) that "in the east and in the centre, the region of arable culture passes the limits of the basin of the Mediterranean; while on the west, it does not reach them." As to elevation, the whole system declines considerably from W. to E., the highest summits in Marocco reaching near 13,000 feet; in Tunis, not 5000. In its general formation, it differs from the mountains on the N. margin of the Mediterranean basin, by being less abrupt and having a tendency rather to form extensive table lands than sharp crests and peaks. The portion of this mountain system E. of the Molochath was known to the ancients by various names. [MAURETANIA: NUMIDIA.] The name of ATLAS seems never to have been extended by them beyond the original Mauretania (Tingitana), that is, not E. of the Molochath. The earliest notices we find are extremely vague, and partake of that fabulous character with which the W. extremity of the known earth was invested. On the connection of the name with the mythical personage, nothing requires to be added to what has been said under ATLAS in the Dictionary of Mythology and Biography. As a purely geographical term, the name occurs first in Herodotus, whose Atlas is not a chain of mountains, but an isolated mountain in the line of his imaginary crest of sand, which has been already mentioned, giving name to a people inhabiting one of the oases in that ridge. [ATLANTES.] He describes as narrow and circular, and so steep that its summit was said to be invisible: the snow was said never to leave its top either in summer or winter; and the people of the country called it the pillar of heaven (iv. 184). The description is so far accurate, that the highest summits of the Atlas, in Marocco, are covered with perpetual snow; but the account is avowedly drawn from mere report, and no data are assigned to fix the precise locality. With similar vagueness, and avowedly following ancient legends, Diodorus (iii. 53) speaks of the lake TRITONIS as near Ethiopia and the greatest mountain of those parts, which runs forward into the ocean, and which the Greeks call Atlas. It was not till the Jugurthine War brought the Romans into contact with the people W. of the Molochath, that any exact knowledge could be obtained of the mountains of Mauretania; but from that time to the end of the Civil Wars the means of such knowledge were rapidly increased. Accordingly the geographers of the early empire are found speaking of the Atlas as the great mountain range of Mauretania, and they are acquainted with its native name of Dyrin (Aúpi), which it still bears, under the form of Idrár-n-Deren, in addition to the corrupted form of the ancient name, Jebel-Tedla. The name of Deren is applied especially to the part W. of the great knot. Strabo (xvii. p. 825) says that on the left of a person sailing out of the staits, is a mountain, which the Greeks call Atlas, but the barbarians Dyrin; from which runs out an offset (pórovs) forming the NW. extremity of Mauretania, and called Cotes. [AMPELUSIA]. Immediately afterwards, he mentions the mountain-chain extending from Cotes to the Syrtes in such a manner that he may perhaps seem to include it under the name of Atlas, but he does not expressly call it so. Mela is content to copy, almost exactly, the description of Herodotus, with the addition from the mythologers "caelum et sidera non tangere modo vertice, sed sustinere quoque dictus est" (iii. 10. § 1). Pliny (v. 1) places the Atlas in the W. of Mauretania, S. of the river Sala, (or, as he elsewhere says, S. of the river Fut) and the people called Autololes, through whom, he says, is the road "ad montem Africae vel fabu losissimum Atlantem." He describes it as rising up to heaven out of the midst of the sand, rough and rugged, where it looks towards the shores of the ocean to which it gives its name, but on the side looking to Africa delightful for its shady groves, abundant springs, and fruits of all kinds springing up spontaneously. In the day-time its inhabitants were said to conceal themselves, and travellers were filled with a religious horror by the silence of its cessary: moreover, in some of the later editions of Ptolemy, the word is spelt Buárpa. The ruins of Al Hathr, which are very extensive, and still attest the former grandeur of the city, have been visited by Mr. Layard in 1846, who considers the remains as belonging to the Sassanian period, or, at all events, as not prior to the Parthian dynasty. (Nineveh and its Remains, vol. i. p. 110.) Mr. Ainsworth, who visited Al Hathr in company with Mr. Layard in the spring of 1840, has given a very full and interesting account of its present state, which corresponds exceedingly well with the short notice of Ammianus. (Ainsworth, Res. vol. ii. c.35.) It appears from Dion Cassius (preserved in Xiphilinus) that Trajan, having descended the Tigris and Euphrates, and having proclaimed Parthamaspates king of Ctesiphon, entered Arabia against Atra, but was compelled to retire, owing to the great heat and scarcity of water; and that Septimius Severus, who also returned by the Tigris from Ctesiphon, was forced to raise the siege of the city after sitting twenty days before it, the machines of war having been burnt by "Greek fire," which Mr. Ainsworth conjectures to have been the bitumen so common in the neighbourhood. Its name is supposed by Mr. Ainsworth to be derived from the Chaldee Hutra, "a sceptre"-i. e. the seat of go[V.] Bolitudes and its vast height, reaching above the Ptolemy mentions, among the points on the W. ATRAMITAE. [ADRAMITAE.] ATRAE or HATRAE (ATpai, Herodian iii. 28; Steph. Byz. s. v.; τà Aтpa, Dion Cass. Ixvii. 31, lxxxv. 10; Hatra, Amm. xxv. 8; Eth. 'Aтphyo: Al Hathr, Journ. Geog. Soc., vol. ix. p. 467), a strong place, some days' journey in the desert, west of the Tigris, on a small stream, now called the Tharthar (near Libanae, Steph. B. s. v. Bavaí). Herodianus (1. c.) describes it as a place of considerable strength, on the precipice of a very steep hill; and Ammianus (1. c.) calls it Vetus oppidum in media solitudine positum olimque desertum. Zonaras calls it wóλ 'Apásov. Mannert (v. 2) suggests that perhaps the Bnuáтpa of Ptolemy (v. 18. § 13) represents the same place, it being a ATRAX (Aτpat, also 'Aтpañía, Steph. B.; Ptol. iii. 13. § 42: Eth. 'Arpários), a Perrhaebian town in Thessaly, described by Livy as situated above the river Peneius, at the distance of about 10 miles from Larissa. (Liv. xxxii. 15, comp. xxxvi. 13.) Strabo says that the Peneius passed by the cities of Tricca, Pelinnaeum and Parcadon, on its left, on its course to Atrax and Larissa. (Strab. ix. p. 438.) Leake places Atrax on a height upon the left bank of the Peneius, opposite the village of Gúnitza. On this height, which is now called Sidhiro-péliko (ZídnpoTéλIKOs), a place where chippings of iron are found, Leake found stones and fragments of ancient pottery, and in one place foundations of an Hellenic wall. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 368, vol. iv. p. 292.) ATRE BATES or ATREBATI ('ATρébаTOL, Strab. p. 194), one of the Belgic nations (Caesar, B. G. ii. 4), or a people of Belgium, in the limited sense in which Caesar sometimes uses that term. They were one of the Belgic peoples who had sent settlers to Britannia, long before Caesar's time (B. G. v. 12); and their name was retained by the Atre bates of Britannia. The Atrebates of Belgium were between the rivers Somme and the Schelde, and the position of their chief town Nemetocenna (B. G. viii 46) or Nemetacum, is that of Arras, in the modern French department of Pas de Calais, on the Scarpe. The Morini were between the Atrebates and the sea. Their country in Caesar's time was marshy and wooded. The name Atrebates is partly preserved in Arras, and in the name of Artois, one of the anterevolutionary divisions of France. In the middleage Latin Artois is called Adertisus Pagus. But it is said that the limits of the Atrebates are not indicated by the old province of Artois, but by the extent of the old diocese of Arras. Atrech, the German name of Arras, is still nearer to the form Atrebates. In Caesar's Belgic War, B. c. 57, the Atrebates supplied 15,000 men to the native army (B. G. ii. 4), and they were defeated, together with the the Sambre. (B. G. ii. 23.) Caesar gave the Atre- | bates a king, named Comm (B. G. iv. 21), whom he sent over to Britannia, before his first expedition, in order to induce the Britanni to acknowledge the Roman supremacy. Comm was also in Britannia during Caesar's second expedition (v. 22). Though Caesar had exempted the Atrebates from imposts and allowed them to enjoy their liberty, as a reward for Comm's services, and had also attached the Morini to the government of Comm, the Belgian joined his countrymen in the general rising against Caesar, under Vercingetorix. (B. G. vii. 76.) He finally submitted (viii. 47). The Atrebates were included in Gallia Belgica under the empire. (Plin. iv. 7.) It seems that a manufacture of woollen cloths existed among the Atrebates in the later imperial period. (Trebellius Poll. Gallien. c. 6, and the notes of Salmasius, Hist. Aug. Scriptores, pp. 280, 514.) [G. L.] It had also a lake, called Spauta (Strab. xi. p. 523) which is probably the present lake of Urmiah. The capital of Atropatene is called by Strabo (xi. p. 523) Gaza, by Pliny Gazae, by Ptolemy (vi. 18. § 4), Stephanus and Ammianus (xxiii. 6), Gazaca (Tá(aka). It is described thus by the first: "The summer residence of the kings of Media Atropatene is at Gaza, a city situated in a plain and in a strong fort, named Vera, which was besieged by M. Antonius in his Parthian war." It has been inferred from this that Strabo is speaking of two different places; but the probability is, that Gaza was the town in the plain, of which Vera was the keep or rock-citadel, especially as he adds, evidently speaking of one place, and on the authority of Adelphius, who accompanied Antony, "it is 2,400 stadia from the Araxes, which divides Armenia from Atropatene." Colonel Rawlinson has shown, in a very able and learned paper in the Roy. Geogr. Journ. (vol. x.), which has thrown more light on the geo ATREBATII (ATрe6ário, Ptol. ii. 3. § 26), in Britain, were the people about Calleva Attre-graphy of this part of Asia than any other work, batum or Silchester. [BELGAE.] [R. G. L.] ancient or modern, that this city bore at different periods of history several different names, and that its real name ought to be the Echatana of Atropatene, in contradistinction to the Ecbatana of Media Magna, now Hamadán. [ECBATANA.] [V.] ATTACOTTI or ATTICOTTI, mentioned by Ammianus (xxvii. 28), as having, in conjunction with the Scots and Picts, harassed Britain. Mentioned, too, by St. Jerome (adv. Jovin. lib. ii.), as having been seen by him in Gaul, indulging in cannibalism; also that they had their wives in common. If so, these were not the Attacotti of their own proper British locality, but a detachment planted in Gaul. This we infer from the Notitia; where we have the Attacotti Honoriani Seniores, and the Attacottı Honoriani Juniores; the former in Gaul, and the latter in Gaul and Italy. ATROPATE'NE ('Aтропаτηvý, Strab. xi. pp. 524 -526; Ατροπάτιος Μηδία, Strab. xi. pp. 523529; 'ATроnaria and 'ATрonários, Steph. B.; Троñaτηǹ, Рtol. vi. 2. § 5; Atropatene, Plin. vi. 13.) Strabo, in his description of Media, divides it into two great divisions, one of which he calls Meydan, Media Magna; the other Aтроáτios Mŋdía or 'AтроTarny. He states that it was situated to the east of Armenia and Matiene, and to the west of Media Magna. Pliny (l. c.) affirms that Atropatene extended to the Caspian Sea, and that its inhabitants were a part of the Medes. Its extent, N. and E., is nowhere accurately defined; but it seems probable that it extended E. beyond the river Amardus. It seems also likely that it comprehended the E. portion of Matiene, which province is co sidered by Strabo (xi. p. 509) to have been part of Media. It must therefore have included a considerable part of the modern province of Azerbaijan. It derived its name from Atropates, or Atropes, who was governor of this district under the last Dareius, and, by a careful and sagacious policy with regard to the Macedonian invaders, succeeded in preserving the independence of the country he ruled, and in transmitting his crown to a long line of descendants, who allied themselves with the rulers of Armenia, Syria, and Parthia (Arrian, iii. 8, vi. 19, 29; Strab. xvi. p. 523; and Arrian, vii. 4, 13). The province of Atropatene was evidently one of considerable power, Strabo (xi. p. 523), on the authority of Apollonides, stating that its governor was able to bring into the field 10,000 horse and 40,000 foot; nor does it ever appear to have been completely conquered, though during the most flourishing times of the Parthian empire it was sometimes a tributary of that warlike race, some-ingly he places the Catarrhactes west of Attalia. times governed by one of its own hereditary sovereigns, descended from Atropates. (Tac. Ann. xv. 2, 31.) The whole of the district of Atropatene is very mountainous, especially those parts which lie to the NW. and W. The mountains bear respectively the names of Choatras, Montes Cadusii, and M. Iasonius, and re connected with M. Zagros. They were repectively outlying portions of the great chains of Taurus and Anti-Taurus (at present the mountain ranges of Kurdistan, Rowandiz, and Azerbaijan). Its chief rivers were the Cambyses, Cyrus, Amardus or Mardus, and the Charindas (which perhaps ought rather to be counted with the streams of Hyreania). In the Irish annals, the Attacots (Aiteachtuath) take a far greater prominence. They appear as enemies to the native Irish as early as A. D. 56 and it is a suspicious circumstance, that in proportion as we approach the epoch of true history, they disappear; the same applying to the famous Fir-Bolgs. [R. G. L.] ATTACUM CATTаKOV: Ateca near Calatayud), a town of the Celtiberi in Hispania Tarraconensis, described on an inscription as a municipium, MUNICIP. ATTACENS. (Ptol. ii. 6; Morales, p. 69, b.). [P. S.] ATTALEIA or ATTALIA ('Αττάλεια, ΑτταAla: Eth. 'ATтaλeús). 1. Acity of Pamphylia. After mentioning Phaselis in Lycia, Strabo mentions Olbia as the first town in Pamphylia, then the river Catarrhactes, and then Attalia, a city founded by Attalus II. Philadelphus, king of Pergamum. Accord. Ptolemy mentions Phaselis, Olbia, and Attaleia, and then the Catarrhactes. Pliny mentions Olbia, but not Attalia (v. 27), though he mentions the Catarrhactes. The modern town of Adalia, now the largest place on the south coast of Asia Minor, corresponds in name to Attalia; but it is west of the Catarrhactes, now the Duden Su. Strabo describes the Catarrhactes as falling from a high rock, and the noise of the cataract was heard to a distance. It is generally assumed that Strabo means that it falls over a rock into the sea; but he does not say so, though this may be his meaning. Beaufort (Karamania, p. 135) observes, that on the west side of the town "there are only two small rivers, both of which glide quietly into the sea through the sandy beach, and can by no means answer the description of the Catarrhactes." But there are many small rivulets which turn the mills near Adalia, and rush directly over the cliff into the sea; and if these rivulets were united, they would form a large body of water. (Beaufort.) The water of these streams is full of calcareous particles, and near some of the mouths stalactites were observed. It is very probable, then, that the lower course of this river may have undergone great changes since Strabo's time, and these changes are still going on. D'Anville considered Adalia to represent Olbia, and Attalia to be further east at a place called Laara, and he has been followed by others in identifying Adalia and Olbia; but this erroneous opinion is founded entirely on the order of the names in Strabo, who is contradicted in this matter by Ptolemy and the Stadiasmus. Spratt and his associates visited Adalia. The houses and walls contain many fragments of sculpture and columns: the cemeteries which are outside of the city also contain marble fragments and columns. The style of all the remains, it is said, is invariably Roman. Fourteen inscriptions were found, but not one of them contains the name of the place. As Adalia is now the chief port of the south coast of Asia Minor, it is probable that it was so in former times; and it is an excellent site for a city. Paul and Barnabas after leaving Perga went to Attalia, "and thence sailed to Antioch." (Acts, xiv. 25.) The church of Attalia was afterwards an episcopal see. There are imperial coins of Attalia, with the epigraph 'Ατταλεων. Leake, who fixes Attalia at Adalia, supposed that Olbia might be found in the plain which extends from Adalia to the foot of Solyma; and it ought to be found here, according to Strabo's authority. About 3 miles west of Adalia, near the coast, there are the remains of an ancient city, on an elevated flat with three precipitous sides, one side of which is bounded by the Arab Su. This agrees with Strabo's description of Olbia as a great fort." The country between these ruins and Adalia is a rocky tract, incapable of cultivation, but the country west of them to the mountains of Solyma, is very fertile. This, as it is well observed in Spratt's Lycia (vol. i. p. 217), will explain Stephanus (s. v. 'Ox6ía), who finds fault with Philo for saying that Olbia belongs to Pamphylia: he adds, "it is not in Pamphylia, but in the land of the Solymi;" and his remark is conformable to the physical character of the country. He says, also, that the true name is Olba. Mannert's conjecture of Olbia and Attalia being the same place, cannot be admitted. Strabo, in an obscure passage (p. 667), speaks of Corycus and Attalia together. Leake (Asia Minor, p. 192) interprets Strabo, by comparing with his text Stephanus (s. v. 'ATTάλela) and Suidas (s. v. Kapuкaîos), to mean that Attalus fixed Attalia near a small town called Corycus, and that he inclosed Corycus and the new settlement within the same walls. This does not appear to be exactly Strabo's meaning; but Corycus was at least near Attalia, and received a colony and was fortified when Attalia was built. 2. A city of Lydia, originally named Agroeira or Alloeira. (Steph. s. v. 'ATтáλeia.) There is a place called Adala on the river Hermus, but Hamilton (Researches, &c. vol. i. p. 143) found no ancient remains there. [ATTEA.] [G. L.] ATTA VICUS ("Атта kúμŋ), a town in the country of the Actacei, on the west of the Persian Gulf, and south of GERRHA (Ptol. vi. 7. § 15), which probably gave its name to the Attene regio of Pliny (vi. 28. s. 32), which he places on the Gerraicus Sinus, now the Gulf of Bahrein. The Attene regio has been identified with the peninsula of Bahran, which forms the eastern side of this gulf, and the Atta vicus with the modern Khalt, a town north of Katura (the Katara of Ptolemy), on the eastern coast of this peninsula. (Forster, Geog. of Arabia, vol. ii. pp. 221, 223.) [G. W.] ATTEA ("ATTεa), a place on the sea coast of Mysia, which, if we follow the order of Strabo's enumeration (p. 607), lies between Heracleia and Atarneus. It has been conjectured that it is the same place which is named Attalia in the Table. Pliny (v. 30) mentions an Attalia in Mysia, but he places it in the interior; and he also mentions the Attalenses as belonging to the conventus of Pergamum. It seems, then, there is some confusion in the authorities about this Attalia; and the Lydian Attalia of Stephanus and this Attalia of Pliny inay be the same place. [G. L.] ATTE’GUA ('Aтéyova: prob. Teba, between Osuña and Antequera), an inland town in the mountains of Hispania Baetica, in the district of Bastetania and the conventus of Corduba, mentioned in the war between Caesar and the sons of Pompey. (Bell. Hisp. 7, 8, 22; Dion Cass. xliii. 33; Val. Max. ix. 3; Frontin. Strat. iii. 14; Strab. iii. p. 141; Plin. iii. 1; Ukert, Geographie, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 362.) [P. S.] ATTELEBUSA, a small island in the Lycian sea, mentioned by Pliny (v. 31) and by Ptolemy. Beaufort (Karamania, p. 117) identifies it with the islet Rashat, which is separated from the Lycian shore by a narrow channel. Adalia is on the opposite side of the bay which the coast forms here. [G. L.] ATTICA ( 'Attikh, sc. yî), one of the political divisions of Greece. I. Name.-The name of Attica is probably derived from Actе (àктý), as being a projecting peninsula, in the same manner as the peninsula of Mt. Athos was also called Acte. [ACTE.] Attica would thus be a corruption of Actica ('AKTIK), which would be regularly formed from Acte. It is stated by several ancient writers that the country was originally called Acte. (Strab. ix. p. 391; Steph. B. s. v. 'Aktý; Plin. iv. 7. s. 11.) Its name, however, was usually derived by the ancient writers from the autochthon Actaeus or Actaeon, or from Atthis, daughter of Cranaus, who is represented as the second king of Athens. (Paus. i. 2. § 6; Strab. ix. p. 397; Apollod. iii. 14. § 5.) Some modern scholars think that Attica has nothing to do with the word Acte, but contains the root Att or Ath, which we see in Ath-enae.
II. Natural Divisions. Attica is in the form of a triangle, having two of its sides washed by the sea, and its base united to the land. It was bounded on the east by the Aegacan sea, on the west by Megaris and the Saronic gulf, and on the north by Boeotia. It is separated from Boeotia by a range of lofty, and in most places inaccessible, mountains, which extend from the Corinthian gulf to the channel of Euboea. The most important part of this range, immediately south of Thebes and Plataeae, and near the Corinthian gulf, was called Cithaeron. From the latter there were two chi branches, one extending SW. through Megaris under the name of the Oenean mountains, and terminating at the Scironian rocks on the Saronic gult; and the other, called Parnes, running in a general easterly |