torium [BOREUM], and as due north of the Sena. As it is more certain that the Sena is the Shannon than that the northern promontory is Malin Head, the outlet of Loch Corrib in Galway Bay best suits the somewhat equivocal condition of the river Ausoba. [R. G. L.]

AU'SONA, a city of Latium, in the more extended sense of that term, but which, at an earlier period, was one of the three cities possessed by the tribe of the Ausones. Its name would seem to imply that it was once their chief city or metropolis; but it is only once mentioned in history-during the second Samnite war, when the Ausonians having revolted from the Romans, all their three cities were betrayed into the hands of the Roman consuls, and their inhabitants put to the sword without mercy. (Liv. ix. 25.) No subsequent notice is found of Ausona; but it is supposed to have been situated on the banks of the little river still called Ausente, which flows into the Liris, near its mouth. The plain below the modern village of Le Fratte, near the sources of this little stream, is still known as the Piano dell Ausente; and some remains of a Roman town have been discovered here. (Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 438.)

[E. H. B.]

AU'SONES (AŬooves) is the name given by Greek writers to one of the ancient nations or races that inhabited Central Italy. The usage of ancient writers in regard to all these national appellations is very vague and fluctuating, and perhaps in no instance more so than in the case of the Ausones or Ausonians. But notwithstanding this uncertainty, some points appear to be pretty clearly made out concerning them.

1. The Ausonians were either identical with the Opicans or Oscans, or were at least a part of the same race and family. Aristotle expressly tells us (Pol. vii. 10), that the part of Italy towards Tyrrhenia was inhabited by the Opicans, "who were called, both formerly and in his time, by the additional name of Ausones." Antiochus of Syracuse also said, that Campania was at first occupied by the Opicans, "who were also called Ausonians." (Ant. ap. Strab. v. p. 242.) Polybius, on the contrary, appears to have regarded the two nations as different, and spoke of Campania as inhabited by the Ausonians and Opicans; but this does not necessarily prove that they were really distinct, for we find in the same manner the Opicans and Oscans mentioned by some writers as if they were two different nations (Strab. I. c.), though there can be no doubt that these are merely forms of the same name. Hecataeus also appears to have held the same view with Antiochus, as he called Nola in Campania "a city of the Ausones" (ap. Steph. B. s. v. Nŵλa).

2. The Ausones of the Greeks were the same people who were termed Aurunci by the Romans: the proofs of the original identity of the two have been already given under AURUNCI. But at a later period the two appellations were distinguished and applied to two separate tribes or nations.

3. The naine of Ausones, in this restricted and later sense of the term, is confined to a petty nation on the borders of Latium and Campania. In one passage Livy speaks of Cales as their chief city; but a little later he tells us that they had three cities, Ausona, Minturnae, and Vescia, all of which appear to have been situated in the plains bordering on the Liris, not far from its mouth. (Liv. viii. 16, ix. 25.) At this period they were certainly an in

resistance to the Roman arms. Their city of Cales was captured, and soon after occupied by a Roman colony, B. C. 333; and though a few years afterwards the success of the Samnites at Lautulae induced them to take up arms again, their three remaining towns were easily reduced by the Roman consuls, and their inhabitants put to the sword. On this occasion Livy tells us (ix. 25) that "the Ausonian nation was destroyed;" it is certain that its name does not again appear in history, and is only noticed by Pliny (iii. 5. s. 9) among the extinct races which had formerly inhabited Latium.

But however inconsiderable the Ausonians appear at this time, it is clear that at a much earlier period they were a powerful and widely extended nation. For although it is probable that the Greeks frequently applied the name with little regard to accuracy, and may have included races widely different under the common appellation of Ausonians, it is impossible to account for this vague and general use of the name, unless the people to whom it really belonged had formed an important part of the population of Central Italy. The precise relation in which they were considered as standing to the Opicans or Oscans it is impossible to determine, nor perhaps were the ideas of the Greeks themselves upon this point very clear and definite. The passages already cited prove that they were considered as occupying Campania and the western coast of Italy, on which account the Lower Sea (Mare Inferum, as it was termed by the Romans), subsequently known as the Tyrrhenian, was in early ages commonly called by the Greeks the Ausonian Sea.* (Strab. v. 233; Dionys. i. 11; Lycophr. Alex. 44; Apoll. Rhod. iv. 590.) Other accounts, however, represent them as originally an inland people, dwelling in the mountains about Beneventum. (Festus, s. v. Ausonia) Scymnus Chius also speaks of them as occupying an inland region (Perieg. 228); and Strabo (p. 233) tells us that they had occupied the mountain tract above the Pontine marshes, where in Roman history we meet only with Volscians. On the whole, it is probable that the name was applied with little discrimination to all the native races who, prior to the invasion of the Samnites, occupied Campania and the inland mountainous region afterwards known as Samnium, and from thence came to be gradually applied to all the inhabitants of Central Italy. But they seem to have been regarded by the best authorities as distinct from the Oenotrians, or Pelasgic races, which inhabited the southern parts of the peninsula (see Aristot. l. c.); though other authors certainly confounded them. Hellanicus according to Dionysius (i. 22) spoke of the Ausonians as crossing over into Sicily under their king Siculus, where the people meant are clearly the Siculi. Again, Strabo speaks (vi. p. 255) of Temesa as founded by the Ausones, where he must probably mean the Oenotrians, the only peɔple whom we know of as inhabiting these regions before the arrival of the Greeks. The use of the name of AUSONIA for the whole Italian peninsula was merely poetical, at least it is not found in any extant prose writer; and Dionysius, who assures us it was used by the Greeks in very early times, associates it with

*Pliny, on the contrary (iii. 5 s. 10, 10. s. 15), and, if we may trust his authority, Polybius also, applied the name of "Ausonium Mare," to the sea on the SE. of Italy, from Sicily to the Iapygian Pro montory, but this certainly at variance with the

The etymology of the name of Ausones is uncertain; but it seems not improbable that it is originally connected with the same root as Oscus or Opicus. (Buttmann. Lexil. vol. i. p. 68: Donaldson, Varronianus, pp. 3, 4.) [E. H. B.]

AUSO'NIA. [AUSONES.]

AUSTERAVIA or AUSTRA'NIA, the German name of an island in the German Ocean (probably Ameland), signifying "the sister island." The Romans called it Glessaria, because their soldiers are said to have found amber (glossum or glass) there. (Plin. H. N. iv. 27, xxxvii. 11. § 2.) [L. S.]

AUTARIATAE (Αὐταριάται), described by Strabo (vii. p. 317) as, at one time, the most numerous and bravest of the Illyrians, appear to have bordered to the eastward upon the Agrianes and Bessi, to the south upon the Maedi and Dardani, and in the other directions upon the Ardiaei and Scordisci. (Leake.) We have only a few particulars respecting their history. Strabo relates (1. c.) that they were frequently engaged in hostilities with the Ardiaei respecting some salt-works situated on the confines of both nations; that they once subdued the Triballi; but were in their turn subjugated, first by the Scordisci, and subsequently by the RoWe also learn from Diodorus (xx. 19) that the Autariatae were likewise conquered by Audoleon, king of Paeonia, who transported 20,000 of them to Mount Orbelus. (Comp. Strab. vii. p. 315; Arrian, Anab. i. 5; Aelian, H. A. xvii. 41; Justin, xv. 2; Appian, Illyr. 3; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 463, 464.)

mans.

AUTEI, an Arab tribe mentioned by Pliny on the road between Pelusium and Arsinoe. They occur also in the neighbourhood of Berenice, in Foul Bay, on the western coast of the Red Sea, at the NE. of Nubia. (Plin. vi. 29. s. 33.) [G. W.]

AUTERI. in Ireland, placed by Ptolemy (ii. 2. 5) as next to the Nagnatae. Name for name the Nagnatae are the people of Connaught; but the Nagnatae of Ptolemy was a city This was to the south of the Erd-ini. If this name be preserved in Loch Erne (as it probably is), the locality of the Auteri was in Mayo or Galway. [R. G. L.]

AUTHETANI. [AUSETANI.] AUTISSIODU'RUM. Julian marched from Augustodunum (Autun) to Tricassini or Tricasses (Troyes), and on his way he went through Autissiodurum, or Autosidorum, as it stands in the common texts of Aminianus (xvi. 2). This route

agrees with the Anton. Itin. and the Table, which place Autissiodorum on the road between Augustodunum and Tricasses. The place is therefore on the site of Auxerre, on the Yonne, in the department of Yonne. Autissiodurum belonged to the Senones. A sepulchral inscription dug up at Auxerre contains "civitatis Senonum, Tricassinorum, Meldorum, Pariorum, et civitatis Aeduorum," but it is difficult to see what conclusion can be derived from this. The name "civitas Autesiodurum" is not found earlier than in the Notitia of the Gallic provinces. A patera found near Auxerre bears the inscription Deo APPOLLINI R. P. II. M. AUTESSIODURUM. (Walckenaer, Géog., &c., vol. i. p. 408.) [G. L.]

AUTO'LOLES, or AUTOLOLAE (Aтλáλαι, Ptol. iv. 6. § 17; common reading Avroλárai), a Gaetulian people on the W. coast of Africa, in the 'Libya Interior" of Ptolemy, both N. and S. of the Atlas, with a city Autolala, or Autolalae (AvTOλάλα, Αὐτολάλαι). This city is one of Ptolemy's points of astronomical observation, having the longest day 13 hrs., being distant 3 hrs W. of Alexandreia, and having the sun vertical once a year, at the tine of the winter solstice. (Ptol. iv. 6. § 24; viii. 16. § 4.) Reichard takes it for the modern Agu lon, or Aquilon. (Kleine Geogr. Schriften, p. 506.) All writers, except Ptolemy, call the people An| tololes. (Plin. v. 1; Solin. 24; Lucan. Phars. iv. 677; Sil. Ital. iii. 306; Claudian. Laud. Stilich. i. 356.)

Ptolemy (iv. 6. § 33) mentions, in the Western Ocean, an island called Autolala, or Junonis Insula Ηρας ἡ καὶ Αὐτολάλα νῆσος), as distinct from the Fortunatae group. Some take it for Madeira, but this is very uncertain. [P. S.] AUTO'MALA (Aùróuaλa, Strab. ii. p. 123; Au Touáλag, Ptol. iv. 4. § 3; Avтoμáλara, Steph. B., Eth. Αὐτομαλακίτης and Αὐτομαλακούς; Αυτού uáλar, Diod. Sic. xx. 41), a border fortress of Cyrenaica, on the extreme W. frontier, at the very bottom of the Great Syrtis, E. of the Altars of the Philaeni; very probably the Anabucis of the Antonine Itinerary, 25 M. P. E. of Banadedari (the Arae Philaenorum, p. 65). Modern travellers have discovered no vestige of the place. It is mentioned by Diodorus, in connection with the difficult march of Ophellas, to support Agathocles in the Carthaginian territory; and in its neighbourhood was a cave, said to have been the abode of the child-murdering queen Lamia. (Diod. l. c.) [P S.]

AUTRICUM (Chartres), a town of the Carnutes, a Celtic people. Their chief towns were Autricum and Genabum. Autricum seems to derive its name from the Autura, or Eure, though the name Autura does not occur in any ancient writing; but the river is named Audura in the middle-age writings. Avaricum, Bourges, is a name formed in like manner from the river Avara. The position of Autricum is determined by two routes in the Table, though the name is miswritten Mitricum. The place afterwards took the name of Carnutes or Carnutum, whence the name Chartres. [G. L.]

AUTRIGONES (Avтpiyoves, Ptol. ii. 6. §§ 7, 53; Mela, iii. 1. § 10; Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; Aurigonae, Flor. iv. 12. § 47; Autrigonae, Oros. iv. 21; probably the 'AXXóтpıyaι of Strabo, iii. p. 155), a people in the N. of Hispania Tarraconensis, E. of the Cantabri, between the sea and the sources of the Iberus (Ebro), in Biscaya, Guipuzcoa, and Alava. The little river Nerva (Nervion) was in their territory,

Hesperia and Saturnia, both of them obviously poetical appellations (i. 35). Lycophron, though he does not use the name of Ausonia, repeatedly applies the adjective Ausonian both to the country and people, apparently as equivalent to Italian; for he includes under the appellation, Arpi in Apulia, Agylla in Etruria, the neighbourhood of Cumae in Campania, and the banks of the Crathis in Lucania. (Aler 593, 615, 702, 922, 1355.) Apollonius Rhodms, a little later, seems to use the name of Ausonia (A)σovín) precisely in the sense in which it is employed by Dionysius Periegetes and other Greek poets of later times- - for the whole Italian peninsula. It was probably only adopted by the Alexandrian writers as a poetical equivalent for Italia, a name which is not found in any poets of that period. (Apoll. Rhod. iv. 553, 660, &c.; Dion. Per. 366, 383, &c.) From them the name of Ausonia was adopted by the Roman poets in the same sense (Virg. Aen. vii. 55, x. 54, &c.), and at a later period became not uncommon even in prose writers.

The etymology of the name of Ausones is uncertain; but it seems not improbable that it is originally connected with the same root as Oscus or Opicus. (Buttmann. Lexil, vol. i. p. 68; Donaldson, Varronianus, pp. 3, 4.) [E. H. B.]

AUSO'NIA. [AUSONES.]

AUSTERA VIA or AUSTRA'NIA, the German nane of an island in the German Ocean (probably Ameland), signifying "the sister island." The Romans called it Glessaria, because their soldiers are said to have found amber (glessum or glass) there. (Plin. H. N. iv. 27, xxxvii. 11. § 2.) [L. S.]

AUTARIATAE (Αὐταριάται), described by Strabo (vii. p. 317) as, at one time, the most numerous and bravest of the Illyrians, appear to have bordered to the eastward upon the Agrianes and Bessi, to the south upon the Maedi and Dardani, and in the other directions upon the Ardiaei and Scordisci. (Leake.) We have only a few particulars respecting their history. Strabo relates (l. c.) that they were frequently engaged in hostilities with the Ardiaei respecting some salt-works situated on the confines of both nations; that they once subdued the Tribali; but were in their turn subjugated, first by the Scordisci, and subsequently by the Romans. We also learn from Diodorus (xx. 19) that the Autariatae were likewise conquered by Audoleon, king of Paeonia, who transported 20,000 of them to Mount Orbelus. (Comp. Strab. vii. p. 315; Arrian, Anab. i. 5; Aelian, H. A. xvii. 41; Justin, xv. 2; Appian, Illyr. 3; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 463, 464.)

AUTEI, an Arab tribe mentioned by Pliny on the road between Pelusium and Arsinoe. They occur also in the neighbourhood of Berenice, in Foul Bay, on the western coast of the Red Sea, at the NE. of Nubia. (Plin. vi. 29. s. 33.) [G. W.]

AUTERI. in Ireland, placed by Ptolemy (ii. 2. 5) as next to the Nagnatae. Name for name the Nagnatae are the people of Connaught; but the Nagnatae of Ptolemy was a city This was to the south of the Erd-ini. If this name be preserved in Loch Erne (as it probably is), the locality of the Auteri was in Mayo or Galway.

[R. G. L.]

1

agrees with the Anton. Itin. and the Table, which place Autissiodorum on the road between Augustodunum and Tricasses. The place is therefore on the site of Auxerre, on the Yonne, in the department of Yonne. Autissiodurum belonged to the Senones. A sepulchral inscription dug up at Auxerre contains "civitatis Senonum, Tricassinorum, Meldorum, Pariorum, et civitatis Aeduorum," but it is difficult to see what conclusion can be derived from this. The name "civitas Autesiodurum" is not found earlier than in the Notitia of the Gallic provinces. A patera found near Auxerre bears the inscription Deo APPOLLINI R. P. II. M. AUTESSIODURUM. (Walckenaer, Géog., &c., vol. i. p. 408.) [G. L.]

AUTO'LOLES, or AUTOLOLAE (A3тoλáλαι, Ptol. iv. 6. § 17; common reading Avroλárai), a Gaetulian people on the W. coast of Africa, in the "Libya Interior" of Ptolemy, both N. and S. of the Atlas, with a city Autolala, or Autolalae (AUTOAáλa, Avroλáλα). This city is one of Ptolemy's points of astronomical observation, having the longest day 13 hrs., being distant 3 hrs W. of Alexandreia, and having the sun vertical once a year, at the tine of the winter solstice. (Ptol. iv. 6. § 24; viii. 16. §4.) Reichard takes it for the modern Agu lon, or Aquilon. (Kleine Geogr. Schriften, p. 506.) All writers, except Ptolemy, call the people Au| tololes. (Plin. v. 1; Solin. 24; Lucan. Phars, iv. 677; Sil. Ital. iii. 306; Claudian. Laud. Stilich. i. 356.)

Ptolemy (iv. 6. § 33) mentions, in the Western Orean, an island called Autolala, or Junonis Insula Ηρας ἡ καὶ Αὐτολάλα νῆσος), as distinct from the Fortunatae group. Some take it for Madeira, but this is very uncertain. [P.S.] AUTO'MALA (Aùróuaλa, Strab. ii. p. 123; AvTouáλa, Ptol. iv. 4. § 3; Auтoμáλaka, Steph. B., Eth. Αὐτομαλακίτης and Αὐτομαλακούς; Αυτο μáλa, Diod. Sic. xx. 41), a border fortress of Cyrenaica, on the extreme W. frontier, at the very bottom of the Great Syrtis, E. of the Altars of the Philaeni; very probably the Anabucis of the Antonine Itinerary, 25 M. P. E. of Banadedari (the Arne Philaenorum, p. 65). Modern travellers have discovered no vestige of the place. It is mentioned by Diodorus, in connection with the difficult march of Ophellas, to support Agathocles in the Carthaginian territory; and in its neighbourhood was a cave, said to have been the abode of the child-inurdering queen Lamia. (Diod. l. c.) [P S.] AUTRICUM (Chartres), a town of the Carnutes, a Celtic people. Their chief towns were Autricum and Genabum. Autricum seems to derive its name from the Autura, or Eure, though the name Autura does not occur in any ancient writing; but the river is named Audura in the middle-age writings. Avaricum, Bourges, is a name formed in like manner from the river Avara. The position of Autricum is determined by two routes in the Table, though the name is miswritten Mitricum. The place afterwards took the name of Carnutes or Carnutum, whence the name Chartres. [G. L.]

in the N. of Hispania Tarraconensis, E. of the Cantabri, between the sea and the sources of the Iberus (Ebro), in Biscaya, Guipuzcoa, and Alava. The little viver Nerva (Nervion) was in their territory,