when they reached Bubastis, then held they a wondrously solemn feast: and more wine of the grape was drank in those days than in all the rest of the year. Such was the manner of this festival: and, it is said, that as many as seven hundred thousand pilgrims have been known to celebrate the Feast of Pasht at the same ti ne. [W. B. D.]

BUBENTUM (Bovбevravós), a city of Latium, mentioned by Dionysius (v. 61) as one of the thirty which composed the Latin League. No other notice, is found of it, except that the Bubetani (which should probably be written Bubentani) are found in Pliny's list of the extinct "populi" of Latium: and there is no clue to its position.

[E. H. B.]

BUBON (Bouswv). Stephanus (3. v. Boúswv) observes that "Bubon and Balbura are cities of Lycia:" the Ethnic name he adds, "ought to be Bouvios, but it is Bouwveús, for the Lycians re- | joice in this form.” The truth of this observation of Stephanus is proved by the inscription found on the spot: Bouwver Bouλn kai & Anμos. Bubon is placed in the map in Spratt's Lycia, near 37° N. lat. west of Balbura, near a place named Ebajik, and on a small stream that flows into the Indus, or Horzoom Tchy. Bubon is mentioned by Pliny, Ptolemy, and Hierocles, and Pliny (xxxv. 17) mentions a kind of chalk (creta) that was found about Bubon. The city stood on a hill side. The ruins are not striking. There is a small theatre built of sandstone, and on the summit of the hill was the Acropolis. Bubon is in a mountainous tract, which separates the basins of the Indus and the Xanthus, and it commands the entrance to the pass over the mountains. The pass is 6000 feet above the sea, and the mountains on each side of it 8000 or 9000

feet high. [BALBURA; CABALIS; CIBYRA.] (Spratt's Lycia, vol. i. P. 264.) [G. L.]

BUCA (Bouka: Eth. Bucanus), a city of the Frentani on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It is mentioned by all the geographers as one of the chief cities of the Frentani, but there is considerable difficulty in | regard to its site. Strabo describes it as the southernmost of the Frentanian cities, so that its territory bordered on that of Teanum in Apulia. In another passage he tells us that it was 200 stadia from the mouth of a lake near the Garganus, which can certainly be no other than the Lago di Lesina. Ptolemy also places it between the mouth of the Tifernus and Histonium: but Pliny, on the contrary, enumerates it between Histonium and Ortona; and Mela, though less distinctly, appears also to place it to the N. of Histonium. (Strab. v. p. 242, vi. p. 285; Plin. iii. 12. s. 17; Ptol. iii. 1. § 18; Mela ii. 4.) The statements of Strabo accord well with the views of those who would place Buca at Termoli, a seaport town on a projecting point of land about 3 miles from the mouth of the Biferno (Tifernus), and 25 from the opening of the Lago di Lesina: and this is certainly the most probable position. On the other hand the authority of Pliny has been followed by most local antiquarians, who have placed Buca at a spot now called Punta della Penna, a projecting headland with a small port about 5 miles N. of Il Vasto (Histonium), where it is said that considerable ancient remains were still visible in the 17th century. Two inscriptions, said to have been discovered on this site, would be almost conclusive in favour of this view, but they are probably forgeries. This subject is further discussed in the article FRENTANI. (Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 40-42; Mommsen, Inscr. Regn. Neapol. App. p. 30.) [E. H. B.]

BUCEPHALA or BUCEPHALIA (τὰ Βουκέ paλa, Arrian, Anab. v. 29; Ptol. vii. 1. § 46; Boukepáλŋ, Arrian, Anab. v. 19; Diod. xvii. 95; Steph. B. s. v. Boòs Keparaí; † Bovкepaλía, Strab. xv. p. 693; Plut. de Fort. Alex. i. 5; Suid. s. v.; ʼn Bouкepáλeca, Hesych. s. v.; Steph. B.; BouкéÉ. patos, Peripl. p. 27), a city of India, on the Hydaspes (Jelum), built by Alexander, after his great victory over Porus (B. C. 326), at the place where he had crossed the river before the battle, and in memory of his celebrated charger Bucephalus, who had expired in the hour of victory, from fatigue and old age, or from wounds. (Arrian. &c., ll. cc. : Curt. ix. 3. § 23.) The exact site is not ascertained, but the probabilities seem to be in favour of Jelum, at which place is the ordinary modern passage of the river, or of Jellapoor, about 16 miles lower down. (Court, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1836, pp. 468, foll.; Elphinstone, Cabul, p. 80; and an important note in Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. vii. p. 16.) It was one of Ptolemy's points of recorded astronomical observations, having about 14} hours for its longest day, and being distant a little more than 4 hours E. of Alexandria. [P.S.]

BUCE'PHALA (Вovкépaλa áкpa), a promontory of Argolis, lying a little S. of Scyllaeum, in Troezenia, having three islands adjacent to it. (Paus. ii. 34. § 8.)

BUCEPHALUS (Bʊʊképaλos), a promontory of Corinthia, with a port of the same name, situated S. of Cenchreae, which must be distinguished from Bucephala in Argolis. (Mel. ii. 3; Ptol. iii. 16. § 12; Plin. iv. 5. s. 9.) Stephanus B. speaks of Воuкepáλas λuhy in Attica.

BUCES or BUGES LACUS (Plin. iv. 12. s. 26), BYCE or BYCES (ʼn Búên Xíμvn, Ptol. iv. 5. §§ 9, 10), BICES (Val. Flacc. Arg. vi. 68), an almost enclosed gulf at the end of the Palus Maeotis (Sea of Azov), from which it is separated, says Pliny, by a ridge of rock (petroso dorso, now called the Kosa Arabatskaia: it is, however, rather sandy than rocky). Ptolemy mentions it as the E. boundary of the isthmus of the Tauric Chersonesus (Crimea). Strabo (vii. p. 308) gives a more particular description of it under the name of ǹ Zarρà Xíμrn, the Putrid Lake, by which it is still called; in Russian, Sibaché (or Sivaché) Moré. He describes it as 4000 stadia in length, and as the W. part of the Palus Maeotis, with which it is united by a large mouth (the strait is in fact only a furlong wide); it is very marshy, and scarcely navigable by boats made of hides sewn together, as the shallows are readily uncovered and covered again by the winds. (Strab. I. c.) It is in fact a great lagoon, covered with water when an E. wind blows the water of the Sea of Azov in at its narrow opening, but at other times a tract of pestilential mud. Mela (ii. 1), Pliny, and Ptolemy mention a river of the same name, the exact position of which is doubtful. (Ukert, vol. iii. pt. 2, pp. 170, 201, 356, 422, 462.) [P.S]

BUCHAE'TIUM (Bouxaítiov, Strab. vii. p. 324; Bouxeτóv, Polyb. xxii. 9; Bouxera, Dem. de Halonn. § 32; Harpocrat. s. v.), a city of the Cassopaei in Thesprotia, a little above the sea. (Strab. . c.) It is placed by Leake at the harbour of St. John, a few miles E. of Parga. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 73.)

BUCINNA, is mentioned by Pliny (iii. 8. s. 14) among the small islands on the W. coast of Sicily As he enumerates it next to Aegusa, it is supposed to be the same called by Ptolemy Phorbantia, now

Levanzo [AEGATES]. Steph. Byz. calls Bucinna (Boukiva) a town of Sicily; but if this refer to the Bucinna of Pliny, it can hardly be Levanzo, which appears to have been never inhabited by more than a few fishermen. (Smyth's Sicily, p. 247.) [E.H.B.] BUCINOBANTES, a German tribe of the Alemanni, which appears to have occupied the country on the right bank of the Rhine, opposite Mayence. (Amm. Marc. xxix. 4; Notit. Imp.) [L. S.] BUCOʻLION (BOUкoλíwv), a place in Arcadia of uncertain site, to which the Mantineians retreated, when they were defeated by the Tegeatae in B. C. 423. But as the battle was probably fought in the valley of the Alpheius, near the spot where Megalopolis was afterwards built, Bucolion must have been somewhere in this neighbourhood. (Thuc. iv. 134, with Arnold's note.)

BUCOLORUM URBS (Bovкóλwv tóλis), a town on the sea-coast of Palestine, between Ace (Acre) and Strato's Tower (Caesarea), mentioned only by Strabo (xvi. p. 758). [G. W.]

BUDA'LIA, a town in Lower Pannonia, not far from Sirmium, was the birthplace of the emperor Decius. (Eutrop. ix. 4; Aurel. Vict. Epit. 29, who calls the place Bubalia.) It is mentioned also in several of the Itineraries. [L. S.]

BUDEIUM (Boudelov), a town of Thessaly mentioned by Homer (Il. xvi 572), called BUDEIA (Boudela) by later writers, and described as a town of Magnesia. (Lycophr. 359; Steph. B. s. v.)

BU'DII (Boúdio, Herod. i. 101; Steph. B.). Herodotus mentions among the tribes by whom Media was inhabited the Budii and the Busae. (Bovo aí: see also Steph. s. v.) It is quite uncertain in what part of that country they dwelt. Ritter (Erdk. vol. ii. pp. 896, 799, 902) conjectures that they, as well as the Magi, belonged to the Priest-caste, supposing them (though without any apparent reason) to have been worshippers of Buddha. [V.]

BUDI'NI (Boudîvoi), a people of Sarmatia Asiatica, according to the division of the later ancient geographers, but within the limits of Europe, according to the modern division; of whom almost all we know is found in Herodotus. According to his view (iv. 21), Scythia does not extend, on the N. and NE., further than the Tanaïs (Don). Beyond this river, the first district was that of the Sauromatae (Sarmatians), beginning from the innermost recess (uuXós) of the Lake Maeëtis (Maeotis, Sea of Azov), and extending for 15 days' journey to the N. over a country bare of trees. Beyond them, the Budini inhabit the second region, which is well wooded; and beyond them, on the N., is first a desert, for seven days' journey; and beyond the desert, inclining somewhat to the E., dwell the Thyssagetae, among whom four great rivers take their rise, and flow through the Maeëtae (Maeotae) into the lake Maeëtis (Maeotis), namely the Lycus, Oarus, Tanaïs, and Syrgis, of which the Oarus is supposed to be the Volga, and the Lycus and Syrgis either the Oural and the Outzen, or else tributaries of the Volga. (Herod. iv. 22, 123: the course of the Volga, before its sudden turn to the SE., might very easily suggest the mistake of its falling into the Sea of Azov instead of the Caspian.) Besides this general statement of their position, Herodotus gives elsewhere a particular account of the Budini (iv. 108, 109). They were a great and numerous people, yλavкóv тe rāv loxvp@s éσtl kal zuppóv, words which we give in the original on account of the great diversity of

them, "with blue eyes and a ruddy complexion," others "with blue eyes and red hair," others "having a bluish and ruddy colour all over (war)," while others take them to refer to the custom of painting the body, which is distinctly stated to have prevailed among tribes closely connected with the Budini, the GELONI and AGATHYRSI. They had a city, built entirely of wood, the name of which was Gelonus; in which were temples of the Greek divinities, fitted up in the Greek fashion, with images and altars and shrines of wood. They celebrated a triennial festival to Dionysus, and performed Bacchic rites These points of Hellenism are explained by Herodotus from the close association of the Budini with the Geloni, which he regards as originally Greeks, who had left the Grecian settlements on the Euxine, and gone to dwell among the Budini, and who, though speaking the Scythian language, observed Greek customs in other respects. The Budini, however, differed from the Geloni, both in their language and in their mode of life, as well as their origin; for the Budini were indigenous, and were nomads, and eat lice (the true translation of pleipoтpayéovσi, see the commentators, Baehr, &c.), while the Geloni were an agricultural people: they differed also in form and complexion. The Greeks, however, confounded the two people, and called the Budini Geloni. The country of the Budini was covered with forests of all sorts, in the largest of which was a great lake, and a marsh, surrounded by reeds, and here were caught otters and beavers and other animals with square faces (TETpaуwνопрóσшяα), whose skins were used as cloaks, and parts of their bodies for medicinal purposes. Again, he tells us (iv. 122, 123), that when Darius invaded Scythia, he pursued the Scythians as far as the country of the Budini, whose wooden city the Persians burnt; although their king was in the camp as an ally, having joined Darius through enmity to the Scythians (iv. 119).

Mela (i. 19. §19) gives to the Budini only a few words, in which, as usual, he follows Herodotus. Pliny mentions them, with the Neuri, Geloni, Thyssagetae, and other tribes, as on the W. side of the Palus Maeotis (iv. 12. s. 26). Ptolemy mentions, in European Sarmatia, W. of the Tanaïs, a people named Bodini (Bwdivoí or Bwdnvoí) and a mountain of the same name (rò Bovdivdy or Bwdivdv ŏpos) near the sources of the Borysthenes (iii. 5. §§ 15, 24).

Few peoples have given more exercise to the critical skill or invention of geographers and ethnologists than the Budini. As to their ethnical affinities, some, insisting on their (supposed) blue eyes and fair hair, and finding a resemblance, in their name and position, to the Butones of Strabo (vii. p. 290, where Kramer reads Tourwvas), the Guttones of Pliny (iv. 14), and the Batini of Ptolemy (ii. 11. § 20), take them for the original Gothic ancestors of the Germans, and derive their name from that of the god Odin or Wodan (Mannert, Geogr. vol. iii. pp. 9 et seq., 15 et seq., 493, vol. iv. pp. 103, 108); others, from the marshy woodlands, in which they dwelt, identify them with the Wends, whose name is derived from water, and can be easily transmuted, by known etymological equivalents, into Budini, thus, Wenda (Polish) = Woda (Sclavonic), and W becomes B in Greek (Worbs, in Ersch and Gruber's Encyklopädie, s. v.); while Ritter, referring back their Hellenic customs, and their worship of Dionysus, to their Asiatic originals, and deriving their name from Buddha, boldly

the great primeval migration from India and Central Asia to the shores of the Maeotis, and to Northern Europe. (Vorhalle, pp. 25 et seq., 30, 153 et seq.). It is unnecessary to discuss the various geographical positions assigned to them, as there are several wooded and marshy districts in Central Russia, which might answer to the description of Herodotus. Nearly all writers agree in placing them between the Don and the Volga, somewhere to the N. of the country of the Don Cossacks; but the special reasons on which each writer assigns their position more particularly are rather fanciful: perhaps the most plausible view is that which places them in the government of Novgorod, and regards their wooden city as a great emporium of the ancient inland traffic, and the original of the celebrated and very ancient mart of Nijni-Novgorod. Full particulars of the various and curious theories about this people are given by the following writers, besides those already quoted: Rennell, Geog. of Herod. vol. i. pp. 110-123; Heeren, Ideen, vol. i. pt. 2. p. 209; Eichwald, Geogr. d. Casp. Meeres, pp. 276 et seq.; Brehmer, Entdeckungen im Alterthum, vol. i. p. 484, et seq.; Georgii, Alte Geographie, vol. ii. pp. 304, et seq.; Ukert, Geogr. d. Griech. u. Röm, vol. iii. pt. 2, pp. 537, et seq., and other writers quoted by Ukert. [P. S.]

BUDO'RUS. 1. A small river in Euboea, near Cerinthus. [CERINTHUS.]

2. A promontory and fortress of Salamis. [SALAMIS.]

BU'DROAE, two rocks rather than islands, which Pliny (iv. 12. s. 20) couples with Leuce (Haghios Theodhoros), as lying off the coast of Crete. According to Hoeck (Kreta, vol. i. p. 384), their present name is Turlure. [E. B. J.]

BULIS (Bouxis), a town of Phocis, on the frontiers of Boeotia, situated upon a hill, and distant 7 stadia from the Crissaean gulf, 80 stadia from Thisbe, and 100 from Anticyra. It was founded by the Dorians under Bulon, and for this reason appears to have belonged to neither the Phocian nor the Boeotian confederacy. Pausanias, at least, did not regard it as a Phocian town, since he describes it as bordering upon Phocis. But Stephanus, Pliny, and Ptolemy all assign it to Phocis. Near Phocis there flowed into the sea a torrent called Heracleius, and there was also a fountain named Saunium. In the time of Pausanias more than half the population was employed in fishing for the murex, which yielded the purple dye, but which is no longer caught on this coast. (Paus. x. 37. § 2, seq.; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. iv. 3. s. 4; Ptol. iii. 15. § 18, who calls it Bouλeia; Plut. de Prud. Anim. 31, where for Bouvŵr we ought to read Bouλewr, according to Müller, Orchomenus, p. 482, 2nd ed.) The harbour of Bulis, which Pausanias describes as distant 7 stadia from the city, is called MYCHUS (Muxós) by Strabo (ix. pp. 409, 423). The ruins of Bulis are situated about an hour from the monastery of Dobó. Leake describes Bulis as 66 occupying the summit of a rocky height which slopes on one side towards a small harbour, and is defended in the opposite direction by an immense Bpáxos, or lofty rock, separated by a torrent from the precipitous acclivities of Helicon." The harbour of Mychus is now called Zalitza. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 518, seq.)

BULLA REGIA (Boúλλa 'Pŋyía, Ptol. viii. 14. § 10, corrupted into Bouλλapía, Ptol. iv. 3. § 30;

Boul. Ru.), an inland town of Numidia, S. of That braca, and 4 days' journey WSW. of Carthage, on a tributary of the Bagradas, the valley of which is still called Wad-el Boul. The epithet Regia shows that it was either a residence or a foundation of the kings of Numidia, and distinguishes it from a small place of the same name, S. of Carthage, Bulla Mensa (Bovλλaμñvoa, Ptol. iv. 3. § 35). Under the Romans it was a considerable place, and a liberum oppidum, not a municipium, as Mannert asserts on the authority of an inscription at Beja, which he mistakes for the site of Bulla. (Plin. v. 3. s. 2; Itin. Ant. p. 43; Tab. Peut.; Geogr. Rav.; Procop. B. V. i. 25). According to Ptolemy's division, Bulla Regia was in that part of the province of Africa which he calls New Numidia. It was one of his points of recorded astronomical observations, having its longest day 14 hours, and being distant from Alexandria 2 hours to the West. [P.S.]

BULLIS, or BYLLIS (Bovλλís, Ptol. iii. 13. § 4; Búλxis, Steph. B.: Eth. Buλλivoí, Scylax; Byllini, Liv. xliv. 30; Buλíores, Strab. vii. p. 326; Bulliones, Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 42, Phil. xi. 11; Buliones, Plin. iii. 23. s. 26; Buλλieîs, Steph. B.; Bullienses or Bullidenses, Cic. in Pis. 40; Caes. B. C. iii. 12, Plin. iv. 10. s. 17), a Greek city in Illyria frequently mentioned along with Apollonia and Amantia, in whose neighbourhood it was situated. Its name often occurs at the time of the civil wars (Cic. Phil. xi. 11; Caes. B. C. iii. 40. et alii), but of its history we have no account. In the time of Pliny it was a Roman colony, and was called Colonia Bullidensis. (Plin.iv. 10. s. 17.) Its territory is called Buλλiaкn by Strabo (vii. p. 316), who places it between Apollonia and Oricum. The ruins of Bullis were discovered by Dr. Holland at Gráditza, situated on a lofty hill on the right bank of the Aous (Viosa), at some distance from the coast. There can be little doubt that these ruins are those of Bullis, since Dr. Holland found there a Latin inscription recording that M. Valerius Maximus had made a road from the Roman colony of Bullis to some other place. Stephanus and Ptolemy, however, place Bullis on the sea-coast; and the narrative of Livy (xxxvi. 7), that Hannibal proposed to Antiochus to station all his forces in the Bullinus ager, with the view of passing over to Italy, implies, that at least a part of the territory of Bullis was contiguous to the sea. Hence Leake supposes, that both Ptolemy and Stephanus may have referred to a Aur, or maritime establishment of the Bulliones, which at one period may have been of as much importance as the city itself. Accordingly, Leake places on his map two towns of the name of Bullis, the Roman colony at Gráditza, and the maritime city at Kanina. (Holland, Travels, vol. ii. p. 320, seq., 2nd ed.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 35.)

BUMADUS (Bovμádos, Arrian, iii. 8; Curt. iv. 9; Bouunλos, Arrian, vi. 11), a small stream in Assyria about sixty stadia from Arbela. The name is met with in the MSS. with various spellings-Bumadus, Bumodus, Bumelus, Bumolus. It is said (Forbiger, Handbuch, vol. ii. p. 608) to be now called the Khazir. Tavernier (ii. c. 5.) states that he met with a stream called the Bohrus, which, he thinks, may be identified with it.

BUPHA'GIUM (Boupάyiov), a town of Arcadia, in the district Cynuria, situated near the sources of the river Buphagus (Boupiyos), a tributary of the Alpheius, which formed the boundary between the territories of Heraea and Megalopolis. It is placed