but its coins attest that it must have been in early times a place of some importance. They bear the Greek legend BTTONTINON, and the types indicate a connexion with Tarentum. (Eckhel, vol. i. p. 144; Millingen, Num. de l'Italie, p. 150.) [E. H. B.] BUXENTUM, called by the Greeks PYXUS (Пugous: Ptolemy however writes the name BouterTOV: Eth. ПužovTios, Baxentinus: Policastro), a city on the W. coast of Lucania, on the Gulf now known as the Golfo di Policastro, which appears to have been in ancient times called the Gulf of Laus. The Roman and Greek forms of the name are evidently related in the same manner as Acragas and Agrigentum, Selinus and Selinuntium, &c. All authors agree in representing it as a Greek colony. According to the received account it was founded as late as B. C. 470 by a colony from Rhegium, sent out by Micythus, the successor of Anaxilaus. (Diod. xi 59; Strab. vi. p. 253; Steph. B. s. v. Пvous.) But from coins still extant, of a very ancient style of fabric, with the name of Pyxus (YZOEZ) on the one side, and that of Siris on the other, it is evident that there must have been a Greek city there at an earlier period, which was either a colony of Siris, or of kindred origin with it. (Eckhel, vol. i. p. 151; Millingen, Numismatique de l'Italie, p. 41.) The colony of Micythus according to Strabo did not last long and we hear no more of Pyxus until after the conquest of Lucania by the Romans, who in B.C. 197 selected it as the site of one of the colonies which they determined to establish in Southern Italy. The settlement was not however actually made till three years afterwards, and in B. c. 186 it was already reported to be deserted, and a fresh body of colonists was sent there. (Liv. xxxii. 29, xxxiv. 42, 45, xxxix. 22; Vell. Pat. i. 15.) No subsequent mention of it is found in history, and it seems to have never been a place of much importance, though its continued existence as a municipal town of Lucania is attested by the geographers as well as by the Liber Coloniarum, where the " ager Buxentinus" is erroneously included in the province of the Bruttii. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 10; Strab. vi. p. 253; Mela ii. 4; Ptol. iii. 1. § 8; Lib. Colon. p. 209.) It appears to have still been the see of a bishop as late as A.D. 501. (Romanelli, vol. i. p.375.)

for the birth and worship of Adonis or Syrian Thum muz. (Eustath. ad Dionys. v. 912; Nonnus, Dionys. iii. v. 109; Strab. l. c.) The land of the Giblites," with all Lebanon, was assigned to the Israelites (Josh. xiii. 5), but they never got possession of it. The Giblites are mentioned as stonesquarers (1 Kings, v. 18), and supplied caulkers for the Tyrian fleet (Ezek. xxvii. 9). Enylus, king of Byblus, when he learnt that his town was in the possession of Alexander, came up with his vessels, and joined the Macedonian fleet. (Arrian, Anab. ii. 15. § 8, 20. § 1.) Byblus seems afterwards to have fallen into the hands of a petty despot, as Pompey is described as giving it freedom, by beheading the tyrant. (Strab. I. c.) This town, under the name of Giblah (Abulf. Tab. Syr. p. 94; Schulten's Index Vit. Salad. s. v. Sjiblia), after having been the see of a bishop, fell under Moslem rule. The name of the modern town is Jubeïl, which is enclosed by a wall of about a mile and a half in circumference, apparently of the time of the Crusades. (Chesney, Exped. Euphrat. vol. i. p. 453.) It contains the remains of an ancient Roman theatre: the "cavea is nearly perfect, with its concentric ranks of seats, divided by their "praecinctiones," "cunei," &c., quite distinguishable. (Thomson, Bibl. Sacra, vol. v. p. 259.) Many fragments of fine granite coluinns are lying about. (Burkhardt, Syria, p. 180.) Byblus was the birthplace of Philon, who translated Sanchuniat..on into Greek. The coins of Byblus have frequently the type of Astarte; also of Isis, who came here in search of the body of Osiris. (Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 359.)

(Winer, Real Wörtbuch, s.v.; Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alt. vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 17; Mém. de l'Acad. des Inser. vol. xxxiv. p. 252.) [E. B. J.]

BYBLOS (Búsλos, Steph. B. s. v.; Ctesias, ap. Phot. Bibl. ed. Bekker, p. 33. Eth. Byblites), a town of the Egyptian Delta, supposed by some to be the modern Babel. Byblos was seated in the marshes, and, as its name imports, was in the centre of a tract where the Byblus or Papyrus plant-Cyperus papyrus of Linnaeus, the Cyperus Antiquorum of recent botanists-grew in abundance. The root of the byblus furnished a coarse article of food, which the Greeks ridiculed the Egyptians for eating. (Aeschyl. Suppl. 768.) Its leaves and rind were manufactured into sandals and girdles for the inferior order of Egyptian priests, and into sailcloth for the Nile-barges (Theophr. Hist. Plant. iv. 8); while its fibres and pellicles were wrought into the celebrated papyrus, which, until it was superseded by cotton paper or parchment about the eleventh century A. D., formed a principal article of Egyp ian export, and the writing material of the civilised world. Pliny (xiii. 11. s. 12) has left an elaborate

The coin of Pyxus above alluded to, is figured under SIRIS. [E. H. B.]

BUZARA. [MAURETANIA.] BYBLOS (BUSAos, Steph. B.; Bi6λos, Zosim. i. 58: Eth. Búbos, Bíbλios, LXX.; Ptol. v. 15; Plin. v. 20; Pomp. Mel. i. 12. § 3; Hierocl.; Geogr. Rav.: Jubeil), a city of Phoenicia, seated on a rising ground near the sea, at the foot of Lebanon, between Sidon and the Promontory Theoprosopon (O‹оû πрóOWTOV). (Strab. xvi. p. 755.) It was celebrated

|

(Epist. xi. 38) a pompous panegyric of the Papyrus or Byblus plant. Its history is also well described by Prosper Alpinus, in his work "de Medicina Aegyptiorum." [W. B. D.]

BYCE, BYCES. [BUCE.]

BYLAZO'RA (Buλá(wpa: Velesá, or Velessó), the greatest city of Paeonia in Macedonia, was istuated on the Upper Axius, and near the passes leading from the country of the Dardani into Macedonia. (Pol. v. 97; Liv. xliv. 26; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 470.) It was a different place from the residence of the Paeonian kings on the river Astycus. [ASTYCUS.] [BULLIS.]

BYLLIS.

BYRSA. [CARTHAGO.]

BYSNAEI (Buavaîoi, Steph. s. v.), a tribe of Bebryces. [BEBRYCES.] [G. L.]

BYZAČENA. [BYZACIUM.]
BYZACII. [BYZACIUM.]

BYZA'CIUM, BYZACE'NA (sc. regio provincia: Bulákov, Procop. B. V. ii. 23, de Aed. vi. 6; ʼn Bucanía, Steph. B., Buσσâtis, Polyb. iii. 23, Βυζακὶς χώρα, Polyb. ap. Steph. Β.; ἡ Βυζακίτις xúpa, Ptol. iv. 3. § 26: Eth. BúÇavтes, BuÇáкiol, Strab. ii. p. 131, BʊÇaчnvoí, Byzacii, Byzaceni), a district of N. Africa, lying to the S. of ZEUGITANA, and forming part of the Carthaginian territory, afterwards the S. part of the Roman province of Africa, and at last a distinct province.

In the exact position of the later Byzacium, Herodotus (iv. 194, 195) places a Libyan people called the Gyzantes (rúsavтes, others read Zuyavтes), who possessed the art of making artificial honey, in addition to the plentiful supply furnished by the bees of the country, and who painted themselves red, and ate apes, which were abundant in their monntains. (Comp. Eudoxus ap. Apol. Dysc. de Mirab. p. 38.) They dwelt opposite to the island of Cyraunis, which, from the description of Herodotus, can be none other than Cercina (Karkenah). Thus their position corresponds exactly with that of Byzacium, a district still famous for its natural honey, and where, as in other parts of Tunis, a sort of artificial honey is made from the date-palm: monkeys, too, are numerous in its mountainous parts. As to the name, the later writers place the Byzantes or Byzacii in the same position, and Stephanus (s. v. Bularres) expressly charges Herodotus with an error in writing гúčavres for BúÇavres. There is, therefore, little doubt that in the name of this Libyan people we have the origin of that of Byzacium. The limits of Byzacium under the Carthaginians, and its relation to the rest of their territory, have been explained under AFRICA (p. 68, b.); and the same article traces the political changes, by which the name obtained a wider meaning, down to the constitution of the separate province of Byzacium, or the Provincia Byzac na, as an imperial province, governed by a consularis, with Hadrumetum for its capital. This constitution is assigned to Diocletian, on the authority of inscriptions which mention the PROV. VAL. BYZACENA as early as A. D. 321 (Gruter, pp. 362, No. 1, 363, Nos. 1, 3; Orelli, Nos 1079, 3058, 3672). This province contained the ancient district of Byzacium, on the E. coast, a part of the Emporia on the Lesser Syrtis, and W. of these the inland region which originally belonged to Numidia. It was bounded on the E. by the Mediterranean and Lesser Syrtis; on the N. it was divided from Zeugitana by a line nearly coinciding❘ with the parallel of 36° N. lat.; on the W. from Numidia by a S. branch of the Bagradas; on the SE. from Tripolitana, by the river Triton; while on the S. and SW. the deserts about the basin of the Palus Tritonis formed a natural boundary. The limits are somewhat indefinite in a general description, but they can be determined with tolerable exactness by the lists of places in the early ecclesiastical records, which mention no less than 115 bishops' sees in the province in the fifth century. (Notit. Prov. Afr., Böcking, N. D. vol. ii. pp. 615, foll.)

Among its chief cities were, on the S. coast, beginning from the Lesser Syrtis, THENAE, ACHILLA, THAPSUS, LEPTIS MINOR, RUSPINA,

terior, ASSURAE, TUCCA TEREBINTHINA, SUFETULA, THYSDRUS, CAPSA, besides THELEPTE, and THEVESTE, which, according to the older division, belonged to NUMIDIA. [P.S.]

BYZANTES. [BYZACIUM.] BYZANTIUM. [CONSTANTINOPOLIS.] BYZE'RES (BÚÇŋpes), a nation in Pontus. Stephanus (8. v.), who mentions the Byzeres, adds that there is a Βυζηρικὸς λιμήν, whence we might inter that the Byzeres were on the coast, or at least possessed a place on the coast. Strabo (p. 549) mentions several savage tribes which occupied the interior above Trapezus and Pharnacia-the Tibareni, the Cheldaci, the Sanni who were once called Macrones, and others. He adds, that some of these barbarians were called Byzeres; but he does not say, as some interpret his words, that these Byzeres were the same as the Heptacometae. Dionysius (Perieg. 765) mentions the Byzeres in the same verse with the Becheires or Bechiri. The name of the people must have been well known as it occurs in Mela (i. 19), and in Pliny (vi. 3); but there are no means of fixing their position more precisely than Strabo has done. [G. L.]

C

CA'BALEIS. [CABALIS.]

In

CA'BALIS (Καβαλίς, Καβαλλίς, Καβαλία: Εth. Kabaλeús, Kabáλioi), a people of Asia Minor. Herodotus (iii. 90) mentions the Cabalii in the same nome (the second) with the Mysi, Lydi, Lasonii, and Hygenneis. He places the Milyeis in the first nome with the Lycians, Carians, and others. another passage (vii. 77) he speaks of "Cabelees the Maconians" (Kabnλées of Mnioves), and says that they are called Lasonii. Nothing can be got from these two passages. Strabo (p. 629) speaks of the Cibyratis and Caballis: in another place (p. 631) he says that the Cibyratae are said to be descendants of those Lydians who occupied the Caballis; and again, " they say that the Cabaleis were Solymi." Strabo admits the difficulty of giving an exact account of this and some other parts of Asia, partly owing to the Romans not making their political divisions according to peoples, but adopting a different principle in determining their Conventus Juridici. Pliny (v. 27) places Cabalia in the interior of Lycia, and names its three cities Oenoanda, Balbura, and Bubon; and Ptolemy (v. 3) assigns the same three cities to Carbalia, which manifestly ought to be Cabalia. We thus obtain in a general way the position of Cabalia or Cabalis, if we can ascertain the sites of these cities, and they have been determined of late years [BALBURA; BUBON; OENOANDA]. The map which accompanies Spratt's Lycia places Balbura not far below the source of the Indus of Lycia, Bubon not far from the source of the Xanthus, and Oenoanda lower down on the same river. But Ptolemy has also Carbalia, that is Cabalia, in Pamphylia (v. 5), to which he assigns many towns-Cretopolis, Termessus, and even a town Milyas; and Pliny again (v. 32) makes a part of Galatia border on the Cabalia of Pamphylia. Stephanus mentions only a city Cabalis; though he quotes Strabo who, indeed, speaks of "Cibyra the great, Sinda, and Caballis," and perhaps he means to say that there is a city Caballis. From all this confusion we can now extract the fact that there

rated above, in the Cabalis or Cabalia; and we can make Strabo agree with Pliny and Ptolemy, by supposing that these three cities (Balbura, Bubon, and Oenoanda) which Strabo mentions, belonged to his territory Caballis, though he does not say that they did. The connection of Cibyra with the towns of the Cabalis is explained under CIBYRA. [G. L.] CABASA (Kábava, Ptol. iv. 5. § 48; Plin. v. 9, s.9: Hierocles, p. 724; Kábaσoa, Conc. Ephes. p. 531, and Kauaooa), in the Delta of Egypt, the modern Khabas, was the principal town of the nome Cabasites. It was seated a little to the north of Sais and Naucratis. Remains of the ancient Cabasa are believed to exist at Koum-Fara'un, and in this district the names of several villages, e. g. Khabâs-el-Meh, Khabás-omar, Koum-Khabás - recall the Coptic appellation of the capital of the Cabasite nome. D'Anville (Egypte, p. 75) and Champollion (ii. p. 234) ascribe to the castle of Khabas the site of the original Cabasa.

[W. B. D.]

CABE'LLIO (Kasaλλíwv, Strab. p. 179: Eth. Καβελλιωνήσιος, Καβελλιωνίτης: Cavaillon), a town in Gaul, on the Druentia (Durance), and on a line of road between Vapincum (Gap) and Arelate (Arles). Stephanus (s. v. Kaбeλλiwv), on the au thority of the geographer Artemidorus, makes it a Massaliot foundation. Walckenaer (Géog. fc. vol. i. p. 187) says that M. Calvet has proved, in a learned dissertation, that there was a company of Utricularii (boatmen, ferrymen) at Cabellio, for the crossing of the river. Such a company or corpus existed at Arelate and elsewhere. Cabellio was a city of the Cavares, who were on the east bank of the Rhone. Pliny calls it an Oppidum Latinum (iii. 4), and Ptolemy a Colonia. It was a town of some note, and many architectural fragments have been found in the soil. The only thing that remains standing is a fragment of a triumphal arch, the lower part of which is buried in the earth. In the Notitia of the Gallic Provinces "civitas Cabellicorum" is included in Viennensis.

at.

R

COIN OF CABELLIO.

[G. L.]

the base of the range of Paryadres, about 150 stadia south of Eupatoria or Magnopolis, which was at the junction of the Iris and the Lycus Eupatoria was in the midst of the plain, but Cabira, as Strabo says (p. 556), at the base of the mountain range of Parysdres. Mithridates the Great built a palace at Cabira: and there was a water-mill there (vdpaλérns), and places for keeping wild animals, hunting grounds, and mines. Less than 200 stadia from Cabira was the remarkable rock or fortress called Caenon (Kaivóv), where Mithridates kept his most valuable things. Cn. Pompeius took the place and its treasures, which, when Strabo wrote, were in the Roman Capitol. In Strabo's time a woman, Pythodoris, the widow of King Polemo, had Cabira with the Zelitis and Magnopolitis. Pompeius made Cabira a city, and gave it the name Diopolis. Pythodoris enlarged it, and gave it the name Sebaste, which is equivalent to Augusta; and she used it as her royal residence. Near Cabira probably (for the text of Strabo is a little uncertain, and not quite clear; Groskurd, transl. vol. ii. p. 491, note) at a village named Ameria, there was a temple with a great number of slaves belonging to it, and the high priest enjoyed this benefice. The god Men Pharnaces was worshipped at Cabira. Mithridates was at Cabira during the winter that L. Lucullus was besieging Amisus and Eupatoria. (Appian, Mithrid. c. 78.) Lucullus afterwards took Cabira. (Plutarch, Lucullus, c. 18.) There are some autonomous coins of Cabira with the epigraph Καβήρων.

Strabo, a native of Amasia, could not be unacquainted with the site of Cabira. The only place that corresponds to his description is Niksar, on the right bank of the Lycus, nearly 27 miles from the junction of the Iris and the Lycus. But Niksar is the representative of Neocaesarea, a name which first occurs in Pliny (vi. 3), who says that it is on the Lycus. There is no trace of any ancient city between Niksar and the junction of the two rivers, and the conclusion that Niksor is a later naine of Cabira, and a name more recent than Sebaste, seems certain. (Hamilton's Researches, &c. vol. i. p. 346.) Pliny, indeed, mentions both Sebastia and Sebastopolis in Colopena, a district of Cappadocia, but nothing certain can be inferred from this. Neocaesarea seems to have arisen under the early Roman emperors. Cramer (Asia Minor, vol. i. p. 315) states that the earliest coins of Neocaesarea bear the effigy of Tiberius; but Sestini, quoted by Forbiger (Geog. vol. ii. p. 428), assigns the origin of Neocaesarea to the time of Nero, about A. d. 64, when Pontus Polemoniactis was made a Roman province. The simplest solution of this question is that Neocaesarea was a new town, which might be near the site of Cabira. It was the capital of Pontus Polemoniacus, the birth-place of Gregorius Thaumaturgus, and the place of assembly of a council in A. D. 314. Ammianus Marcellinus (xxvii. 12) calls it the most noted city of Pontus Polemoniacus: it was, in fact, the metropolis. According to Paulus Diaconus the place was destroyed by an

Cramer supposes that Neocaesarea is identical with Ameria, and he adds that Neocaesarea was "the principal seat of pagan idolatry and superstitions, which affords another presumption that it had risen on the foundation of Ameria and the worship of Men Pharnaces." But Ameria seems to have been at or near Cabira; and all difficulties are reconciled by supposing that Cabira, Ameria, Neo

caesarea were in the valley of the Lycus, and if not on the same spot, at least very near to one another. Stephanus (s. v. Neokaιo áрeia: Eth. Νεοκαισαριεύς) adds to our difficulties by saying or seeming to say that the inhabitants were also called Adrianopolitae. Where he got this from, nobody can tell.

non.

Hamilton was informed at Niksar that on the road from Niksar to Siwas, and about fourteen hours from Niksar, there is a high perpendicular rock, almost inaccessible on all sides, with a stream of water flowing from the top, and a river at its base. This is exactly Strabo's description of Cae[G. L.] CABUBATHRA MONS (Kabov¤alpa õpos), a mountain on the SW. coast of Arabia, mentioned by Ptolemy (vi. 7. §§ 8, 12) as the western extremity of the country of the Homeritae, 14° E. of the Straits of the Red Sea (Bab-el-Mandeb). This situation would nearly coincide with the Jebel Kurruz in Capt. Haines's Chart, which rises to the height of 2772 feet. [G. W.]

CABURA BACTRIANAE. [ORTOSPANA.] CABYLE or CALYBE (Καβύλη, Καλύβη), α town in the interior of Thrace, west of Develtus, on the river Tonsus. It was colonised by Philip with rebellious Macedonians, and afterwards taken by M. Lucullus. (Dem. de Cherson. p. 60; Pol. xiii. 10; Strab. vii. p. 330; Ptol. iii. 11. § 12; Eutrop. vi. 8; Sext. Ruf. Brev. 9; Plin. iv. 18; Steph. B. s. v.) Cabyle is probably the same as the town of Goloë mentioned by Anna Comnena (x. pp. 274, 281), and is generally identified with the modern Golewitza or Chalil-Ovasi. [L. S.]

CACHALES (Kaxáλns), a river of Phocis, rising in Mt. Parnassus, and flowing by Tithorea into the Cephissus. (Paus. x. 32. § 11; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. pp. 78, 81.)

CACYPARIS (Kakúπapis), a river on the E. coast of Sicily, mentioned only by Thucydides (vii. 79) during the retreat of the Athenians from Syracuse; from whom we learn that it was the first river they met with in proceeding along the coast road towards Helorus, and had a course of some length, so as to afford a passage up its valley into the interior. It is still called the Cassibili, a considerable stream, which rises near Palazzolo (the ancient Acrae), about 15 miles from the sea, and flows through a deep valley. It is distant, by the road from Syracuse to Noto, 9 miles from the bridge over the Anapus.

[E. H. B.]

CACYRUM (Káкνрov: Eth. Cacyrinus), a town in Sicily, mentioned only by Pliny and Ptolemy, who afford no clue to its position. But it is supposed by Cluverius to be represented by the modern Cassaro, about 4 miles N. of Palazzolo, the ancient Acrae. (Plin. iii. 8. s. 14; Ptol. iii. 4. § 14; Cluver. Sicil. p. 359.) [E. H. B.] CADE'NA (Ta Kádŋva), a place in Cappadocia mentioned by Strabo (p. 537) as the royal residence of one Sisinas, who in the time of Strabo was aiming at the sovereignty of the Cappadocians. The site is unknown, though D'Anville fixed it at Nigdé. Cramer (Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 132) writes the name Cadyna, and adds that Strabo seems to state that it was on the borders of Lycaonia; but see Groskurd's note (Transl. Strab. vol. ii. p. 452) on the passage. [G. L.]

CADI (Kádo: Eth. Kadŋvós), a city of Mysia according to Stephanus (s. v. Kádo). Strabo (p.

Epictetus, but he adds that some assign it to Mysia. Cadi is south of Azani, or Tchavdour-Hissar, and a traveller going from Azani to Cadi crosses the water-shed between the basin of the Rhyndacus and the basin of the Hermus. A town now called Kedus or Ghiediz, stands on a small stream, the Ghiediz Chai, which flows into the Hermus; but it is not the chief branch of the Hermus, though the Turks give the name of Ghiediz Chai to the Hermus nearer the sea. Hamilton says (Researches, &c., vol. i. p. 108) that hardly any ancient remains exist at Ghiediz, a place which he visited, but he heard of remains at a place higher up the Hermus, named Ghieukler, near the foot of Morad Dagh, Mons Dindymene, which contains the source of the Her. mus. The coins of Cadi have not the Ethnic name Kadnvæv, as Stephanus gives it, but Kadonvær. The river Hermus is represented on them, but this will not prove, as Hamilton correctly observes, that the Ghiediz Chai is the Hermus, but only that Cadi was not far from the Hermus. Cadi may be the place which Propertius (iv. 6, 8) calls "Mygdonii Cadi.” It was afterwards an episcopal see. [G. L.]

CADISTUS, a mountain of Crete, belonging to the ridge of the White Mountains. Its position has been fixed by Hoeck (Kreta, vol. i. p. 380) at Cape Spádha, the most northerly point of the whole island. In Ptolemy (iii. 17. § 8) this promontory bears the name of Yákov aкроv; while Strabo (x. p. 484) calls it AIKTúvvalov aкрwтhρiov, and his remark that Melos lay at nearly the same distance from it as from the Scyllaean promontory, shows that he indicated this as the most northerly point of the island. The mass of mountain of which the cape was composed bore the double name of Cadistus and Dictynnaeus. (Plin. iv. 12. s. 20; Solin. 16.) It would seem that Pliny and Solinus were in error when they described Cadistus and Dictynnaeus as two separate peaks. Yákov &кpov and Cadistus were the original and proper names of the promontory and mountain, while AukTúvναιov aкρúτnpiov and opos were epithets afterwards given, and derived from the worship and temple of Dictynna. [E. B. J.]

CADMEIA. [THEBAE.]

CADMUS (Kádμos), a mountain of Phrygia Magna (Strab. p. 578), which the Turks call Baba Dagh: the sides are well wooded. A river Cadmus flowed from the mountain, probably the Gieuk Bonar, which flows into the Lycus, a tributary of the Macander. (Hamilton, Researches, &c., vol. i. p. 513.) The range of Cadmus forms the southern boundary of the basin of the Maeander in these parts. Pliny's remark about it (v. 29) does not help us. Ptolemy (v. 2) puts it in the latitude of Mycale, which is tolerably correct. [G. L.]

CADRA, in Cappadocia, an eminence on Taurus, which Tacitus (Ann. vi. 41) mentions with Davara, another strong place, which the Clitae occupied wher they resisted Roman taxation. M. Trebellius compelled them to surrender. [G. L.]

CA'DREMA (Kádpeμa: Eth. Kadpeμeus), a city of Lycia, a colony of Olbia: the word is interpreted to mean "the parching of corn" (Steph. s. v. KáSpeμa). It is conjectured (Spratt's Lycia, vol. i. p. 218) that the ruins at Gormak, at the extremity of the territory of Olbia [ATTALEIA] may be Cadrema. [G. L.]

CADRUSI (Plin. vi. 23. s. 25), a district on the Indian Caucasus or Paropamisus, in which was situated the Alexandreia founded by Alexander the