A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: Abacaenum-Hytanis

CALABRIA.

(Flor. i. 20; Zonar. viii. 7, p. 128; Fast. Capit. l. c.) It is remarkable that throughout this period the Sallentini alone are mentioned by Roman historians; the name of the Calabri, which was afterwards extended to the whole province, not being found in history until after the Ronan conquest. The Sallentini are mentioned as revolting to Hannibal during the Second Punic War, B. C. 213, but were again reduced to subjection. (Liv. xxv. 1, xxvii. 36.)

Calabria was included by Augustus in the Second Region of Italy; and under the Roman empire appears to have been generally united for administrative purposes with the neighbouring province of Apulia, in the same manner as Lucania was with Bruttium, though we sometimes find them separated, and it is clear that Calabria was never included under the name of Apulia. (Plin. iii. 11. s. 16; Lib. Colon. pp. 260, 261; Notit. Dign. ii. pp. 64, 125; Orell. Inscr. 1126, 1178, 2570, 3764.) | After the fall of the Western Empire its possession was long and fiercely disputed between the Greek emperors and the Goths, the Lombards and the Saracens: but from its proximity to the shores of Greece it was one of the last portions of the Italian peninsula in which the Byzantine emperors maintained a footing; nor were they finally expelled till the establishment of the Norman monarchy in the 11th century. It is to this period that we must refer the singular change by which the name of Calabria was transferred from the province so designated by the Romans to the region now known by that name, which coincides nearly with the limits of the ancient Bruttium. The cause, as well as the exact period of this transfer, is uncertain; but it seems probable that the Byzantines extended the name of Calabria to all their possessions in the S. of Italy, and that when these were reduced to a small part of the SE. peninsula about Hydruntum and the Iapygian promontory, they still comprised the greater part of the Bruttian peninsula, to which, as the more important possession, the name of Calabria thus came to be more particularly attached. Paulus Diaconus in the 8th century still employs the name of Calabria in the Roman sense; but the usage of Italian writers of the 10th and 11th centuries was very fluctuating, and we find Constantine Porphyrogenitus, as well as Liutprand of Cremona in the 10th century, applying the name of Calabria, sometimes vaguely to the whole of Southern Italy, sometimes to the Bruttian peninsula in particular. After the Norman conquest the name of Calabria seems to have been definitively established in its modern sense as applied only to the southern extremity of Italy, the ancient Bruttium. (P. Diac. Hist. Lang. ii. 22; Const. Porphyr. de Provinc. ii. 10, 11; Liutpr. Cremon. iv. 12; Lupus Protospat. ad ann. 901, 981; and other chroniclers in Muratori, Scriptores Rer. Ital. vol. v.)

The whole province of Calabria does not contain a single stream of sufficient magnitude to be termed a river. Pliny mentions on the N. coast a river of the name of lapyx, the situation of which is wholly unknown; another, which he calls Pactius, was situated (as we learn from the Tabula, where the name is written Iastium) between Brundusium and Baletium, and probably answers to the modern Canale del Cefalo, which is a mere watercourse. On the S. coast the two little rivers in the neighbourhood of Tarentum, called the Galaesus and the Taras, though much more celebrated, are scarcely more considerable

CALABRIA.

The names of Senum and Sarmadium, found in many MSS. and editions of Pliny, rest on very doubtful authority.

The only islands off the coast of Calabria are some mere rocks immediately at the entrance of the port of Brundusium, one of which is said to have been called Barra (Plin. iii. 26. s. 30; Fest. v. Barium); and two rocky islets, scarcely more considerable, off the port of Tarentum, known as the CHOERADES. (Thuc. vii. 33.)

The only ancient lines of roads in Calabria were: one that led from Brundusium to the Sallentine or Iapygian Promontory, another from Tarentum to the same point: and a cross line from Brundusium direct to Tarentum. The first appears to have been a continuation of the Via Trajana, and was probably constructed by that emperor. It proceeded from Brundusium through Lupiae to Hydruntum, and thence along the coast by Castra Minervae to the Promontory, thence the southern line led by Veretum Uxentum, Aletia, Neretum and Manduria to Tarentum. The distance from Brundusium to Ta

rentum by the cross road is given in the Itin. Ant. (p. 119) at 44 M. P.; the Tabula gives three intermediate stations: Mesochoro, Urbius and Scamnum: all three of which are otherwise wholly unknown.

For the modern geography of this part of Italy, as well as for local details concerning the ancient remains still visible in his time, see the work of Antonio dei Ferrari (commonly called, from the name of his birthplace, Galateo), De Situ Japygiae (first published at Basle in 1558, and reprinted by Burirann in the Thesaur. Antiqu. Italiae, vol. ix. part v.), one of the most accurate and valuable of its class; also Romanelli, Topografia del Regno di Napoli, vol. ii.; Swinburne, Travels in the Two Sicilies, vol. i. p. 205, foll.; Keppel Craven, Tour through the Southern Provinces of Naples, pp. 120 -190. [E. H. B.]

CALACHE'NE (Kaλaxnvǹ, Strab. xi. p. 529, xvi. p. 735), a district of Assyria, probably the same as that called by Ptolemy Calacine (Kalakh, Ptol. vi. 1. § 2). It appears from Strabo (xvi. p. 735) to have been in the vicinity of Ninus (Nineveh), and it has therefore been supposed by Bochart and others to have derived its name from Calach, one of the primeval cities attributed to Nimrod or his lieuteuant Ashur. The actual situation of Calach has been much debated; the latest supposition is that of Colonel Rawlinson, who is inclined to identify it with the ruins of Nimrud. Ptolemy appears to consider it adjacent to the Armenian mountains, and classes it with Arrapachitis, Adiabene, and Arbelitis. It is not impossible that it may be connected with another town of a similar name, Chalach, to which the Israelites were transported by the King of Assyria (2 Kings, xvii. 6, xviii. 11); and Bochart has even supposed the people called by Pliny Classitae ought really to be Calachitae. (Rawlinson, Comment. on Cuneiform Inscr. Lond. 1850.)

[V.]

piscosa Calacte” (xiv. 251); and its name, though omitted by Pliny, is found in Ptolemy, as well as in the Itineraries; but there is considerable difficulty in regard to its position. The distances given in the Tabula, however (12 M. P. from Alaesa, and 30 M. P. from Cephaloedium), coincide with the site of the modern village of Caronia, on the shore below which Fazello tells us that ruins and vestiges of an ancient city were still visible in his time. Cluverius, who visited the locality, speaks with admiration of the beauty and pleasantness of this part of the coast, "littoris excellens amoenitas et pulchritudo," which rendered it fully worthy of its ancient name. (Cluver. Sicil. p. 291; Fazell. i. p. 383; Tab. Peut. Itin. Ant. p. 92; where the numbers, however, are certainly corrupt.) The celebrated Greek rhetorician Caecilius, who flourished in the time of Augustus, was a native of Calacte (or, as Athenaeus writes it, Cale Acte), whence he derived the surname of Calactinus. (Athen. vi. p. 272.)

[E. H. B.]

CALAGUM, seems to be a town of the Meldi, a Gallic people on the Matrona (Marne). If latinuin is Meaux, Calaguin of the Table may be Chailly, which is placed in the Table at 18 M. P. from Fixtuinum, supposed to be the same as Iatinum. [G.L.]

CALAGURRIS (Calagorris, Calaguris, Kaλdyoupis, Strab. iii. p. 161; Kaλayupov, Appian. B. C. i. 112: Eth. Calagurritani: Calahorra), a city of the Vascones, in Hispania Tarraconensis, stood upon a rocky hill near the right bank of the Iberus (Auson. Epist. xxv. 57, haerens scopulis Calogorris), on the high road from Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza) to Legio VII. Gemina (Leon), 49 M. P. above the former city (Itin. Ant. p. 393). It is first mentioned in the Celtiberian War (B. c. 186: Liv. xxxix. 21); but it obtained a horrible celebrity in the war with Sertorius, by whom it was successfully defended against Pompey. It was one of the last cities which remained faithful to Sertorius; and, after his death, the people of Calagurris resolved to share his fate. Besieged by Pompey's legate Afranius, they added to an heroic obstinacy like that of Saguntum, Numantia, and Zaragoza, a feature of horror which has scarcely a parallel in history: in the extremity of famine, the citizens slaughtered their wives and children, and, after satisfying present hunger, salted the remainder of the flesh for future use! The capture and destruction of the city put an end to the Sertorian War (Strab. I. c.; Liv. Fr. xci., Epit. xciii.; Appian. B. C. i. 112; Flor. iii. 23; Val. Max. vii. 6, ext. 3; Juv. xv. 93; Oros. v. 23).

CALACTE, or CALE ACTE (Kaλákтα, Ptol.: Καλή Ακτή, Diod. et al.: Eth. Καλακτῖνος, Calactinus: Caronia), a city on the N. coast of Sicily, about half way between Tyndaris and Cephaloedium. It derived its name from the beauty of the neighbouring country; the whole of this strip of coast between the Montes Heraei and the sea being called by the Greek settlers from an early period, "the Fair Shore" ( Kaλn 'AKтh). Its beauty and fertility had attracted the particular attention of the Zanclaeans, who in consequence invited the Samians and Milesians (after the capture of Miletus by the Persians, B. C. 494) to establish themselves on this part of the Sicilian coast. Events, however, turned their attention elsewhere, and they ended with occupying Zancle itself. (Herod. vi. 22, 23.) At a later period the project was resumed by the Sicilian chief Ducetius, who, after his expulsion from Sicily and his exile at Corinth, returned at the head of a body of colonists from the Peloponnese; and having obtained much support from the neighbouring Siculi, especially from Archonides, dynast of Herbita, founded a city | on the coast, which appears to have been at first called, like the region itself, Cale Acte, a name afterwards contracted into Calacte. (Diod. xii. 8, 29.) Under the empire, Calagurris was a municipium The new colony appears to have risen rapidly into a with the civitas Romana, and belonged to the conflourishing town; but we have no subsequent ac- ventus of Caesaraugusta (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4). It was count of its fortunes. Its coins testify its continued surnamed NASSICA in contra-distinction to CALAexistence as an independent city previous to the pe- GURRIS FIBULARIA, a stipendiary town in the same riod of the Roman dominion; and it appears to have neighbourhood (Liv. Fr. xci.; Plin. l. c. calls the been in Cicero's time a considerable municipal town. peoples respectively Calaguritani Nassici and Cala(Cic. in Verr. iii. 43, ad Fam. xiii. 37.) Silius | guritani Fibularenses). The latter place seems to

CALABRIA.

(Flor. i. 20; Zonar. viii. 7, p. 128; Fast. Capit. l. c.) It is remarkable that throughout this period the Sallentini alone are mentioned by Roman historians; the name of the Calabri, which was afterwards extended to the whole province, not being found in history until after the Roman conquest. The Sallentini are mentioned as revolting to Hannibal during the Second Punic War, B. C. 213, but were again reduced to subjection. (Liv. xxv. 1, xxvii. 36.)

CALABRIA.

Strabo tells us (p. 281) that the lapygian peninsula in the days of its prosperity contained thirteen cities, but that these were in his time all decayed and reduced to small towns, except Brundusium and Tarentum. Besides these two important cities, we find the following towns mentioned by Pliny, Ptolemy, and others, of which the sites can be fixed with certainty. Beginning from BRUNDUSIUM, and proceeding southwards to the lapygian Promontory, Calabria was included by Augustus in the Second were BALETIUM, LUPIAE, RUDIAE, HYDRUNTUM, Region of Italy; and under the Roman empire CASTRUM MINERVAE, BASTA, and VERETUM. appears to have been generally united for adminis- Close to the promontory there stood a small town trative purposes with the neighbouring province of called LEUCA, from which the headland itself is Apulia, in the same manner as Lucania was with now called Capo di Leuca [IAPYGIUM PROM.] Bruttium, though we sometimes find them sepa- from thence towards Tarentum we find either on rated, and it is clear that Calabria was never in- near the coast, UXENTUM, ALETIUM, CALLIPOLIS, cluded under the name of Apulia. (Plin. iii. 11. NERETUM, and MANDURIA. In the interior, on s. 16; Lib. Colon. pp. 260, 261; Notit. Dign. ii. the confines of Apulia, was CAELIA, and on the pp. 64, 125; Orell. Inser. 1126, 1178, 2570, 3764.) road from Tarentum to Brundusium stood HYRIA or After the fall of the Western Empire its possession URIA, the ancient capital of the Messapians. South was long and fiercely disputed between the Greek of this, and still in the interior, were SOLETUM, emperors and the Goths, the Lombards and the STURNIUM, and FRATUERTIUM. Bauota or BauSaracens: but from its proximity to the shores of bota (Bavora), a town mentioned only by Ptolemy Greece it was one of the last portions of the Italian as an inland city of the Sallentini, has been placed peninsula in which the Byzantine emperors main-conjecturally at Parabita. CARBINA (Athen. I. c.) tained a footing; nor were they finally expelled till the establishment of the Norman monarchy in the 11th century. It is to this period that we must refer the singular change by which the name of Calabria was transferred from the province so designated by the Romans to the region now known by that name, which coincides nearly with the limits of the ancient Bruttium. The cause, as well as the exact period of this transfer, is uncertain; but it seems probable that the Byzantines extended the name of Calabria to all their possessions in the S. of Italy, and that when these were reduced to a small part of the SE. peninsula about Hydruntum and the Iapygian promontory, they still comprised the greater part of the Bruttian peninsula, to which, as the more important possession, the name of Calabria thus came to be more particularly attached. Paulus Diaconus in the 8th century still employs the name of Calabria in the Roman sense; but the usage of Italian writers of the 10th and 11th centuries was very fluctuating, and we find Constantine Porphyrogenitus, as well as Liutprand of Cremona in the 10th century, applying the name of Calabria, sometimes vaguely to the whole of Southern Italy, sometimes to the Bruttian peninsula in particular. After the Norman conquest the name of Calabria seems to have been definitively established in its modern sense as applied only to the southern extremity of Italy, the ancient Bruttium. (P. Diac. Hist. Lang. ii. 22; Const. Porphyr. de Provinc. ii. 10, 11; Liutpr. Cremon. iv. 12; Lupus Protospat. ad ann. 901, 981; and other chroniclers in Muratori, Scriptores Rer. Ital. vol. v.)

The whole province of Calabria does not contain a single stream of sufficient magnitude to be termed a river. Pliny mentions on the N. coast a river of the name of lapyx, the situation of which is wholly unknown; another, which he calls Pactius, was situated (as we learn from the Tabula, where the name is written I astium) between Brundusium and Baletium, and probably answers to the modern Canale del Cefalo, which is a mere watercourse. On the S. coast the two little rivers in the neighbourhood of Tarentum, called the Galaesus and the Taras, though much more celebrated, are scarcely more considerable.

is supposed by Romanelli to be the modern Carovigno. Sallentia, mentioned only by Stephanus Byzantinus (s. v.), is quite unknown, and it may be doubted whether there ever was a town of the name. [SALLENTINI.] Messapia (Plin.) is supposed by Italian topographers to be Mesagne, between Tarentum and Brundusium, but there is great doubt as to the correctness of the name. The two towns of Mesochoron and Scamnum, placed by the Tabula upon the same line of road, would appear from the distances given to correspond with the villages now called Grottaglie and Latiano. (Romanelli, vol. ii. pp. 115, 129.) The Portus Sasina, mentioned by Pliny as the point where the peninsula was the narrowest, has been supposed to be the Porto Cesareo, about half way between Taranto and Gallipoli (Romanelli, vol. ii. p. 51); while the Portus Tarentinus, placed by the same author between Brundusium aud Hydruntum, has been identified with a large saltwater lake N. of Otranto, now called Limene; the Statio Miltopae (Plin. l. c.) appears to have been in the same neighbourhood, but the site assigned it at Torre di S. Cataldo is purely conjectural. (Id. pp. 81, 106.)

The names of Senum and Sarmadium, found in many MSS. and editions of Pliny, rest on very doubtful authority.

rentum by the cross road is given in the Itin. Ant. (p. 119) at 44 M. P.; the Tabula gives three intermediate stations: Mesochoro, Urbius and Scamnum: all three of which are otherwise wholly unknown.

For the modern geography of this part of Italy, as well as for local details concerning the ancient remains still visible in his time, see the work of Antonio dei Ferrari (commonly called, from the name of his birthplace, Galateo), De Situ Japygiae (first published at Basle in 1558, and reprinted by Burmann in the Thesaur. Antiqu. Italiae, vol. ix. part v.), one of the most accurate and valuable of its class; also Romanelli, Topografia del Regno di Napoli, vol. ii.; Swinburne, Travels in the Two Sicilies, vol. i. p. 205, foll.; Keppel Craven, Tour through the Southern Provinces of Naples, pp. 120 -190. [E. H. B.]

[V.]

piscosa Calacte " (xiv. 251); and its name, though omitted by Pliny, is found in Ptolemy, as well as in the Itineraries; but there is considerable difficulty in regard to its position. The distances given in the Tabula, however (12 M. P. from Alaesa, and 30 M. P. from Cephaloedium), coincide with the site of the modern village of Caronia, on the shore below which Fazello tells us that ruins and vestiges of an ancient city were still visible in his time. Cluverius, who visited the locality, speaks with admiration of the beauty and pleasantness of this part of the coast, "littoris excellens amoenitas et pulchritudo," which rendered it fully worthy of its ancient name. (Cluver. Sicil. p. 291; Fazell. i. p. 383; Tab. Peut. Itin. Ant. p. 92; where the numbers, however, are certainly corrupt.) The celebrated Greek rhetorician Caecilius, who flourished in the time of Augustus, was a native of Calacte (or, as Athenaeus writes it, Cale Acte), whence he derived the surname of Calactinus. (Athen. vi. p. 272.)

[E. H. B.]

PAA KA KTINEN

COIN OF CALACTE.

CALAGUM, seems to be a town of the Meldi, a Gallic people on the Matrona (Marne). If latinum is Meaux, Calaguin of the Table may be Chailly, which is placed in the Table at 18 M. P. from Fixtuinum, supposed to be the same as Iatinum. [G.L.]

CALAGURRIS (Calagorris, Calaguris, KaλáYoupes, Strab. iii. p. 161; Kaλάyupov, Appian. B. C. i. 112: Eth. Calagurritani: Calahorra), a city of the Vascones, in Hispania Tarraconensis, stood upon a rocky hill near the right bank of the Iberus (Auson. Epist. xxv. 57, haerens scopulis Calogorris), on the high road from Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza) to Legio VII. Gemina (Leon), 49 M. P. above the former city (Itin. Ant. p. 393). It is first mentioned in the Celtiberian War (B. c. 186: Liv. xxxix. 21); but it obtained a horrible celebrity in the war with Sertorius, by whom it was successfully defended against Pompey. It was one of the last cities which remained faithful to Sertorius; and, after his death, the people of Calagurris resolved to share his fate. Besieged by Pompey's legate Afranius, they added to an heroic obstinacy like that of Saguntum, Numantia, and Zaragoza, a feature of horror which has scarcely a parallel in history: in the extremity of famine, the citizens slaughtered their wives and children, and, after satisfying present hunger, salted the remainder of the flesh for future use! The capture and destruction of the city put an end to the Sertorian War (Strab. 1. c.; Liv. Fr. xci., Epit. xciii.; Appian. B. C. i. 112; Flor. iii. 23; Val. Max. vii. 6, ext. 3; Juv. xv. 93; Oros. v. 23).

CALACTE, or CALE ACTE (Kαλáкта, Ptol.: Kan 'Akтh, Diod. et al.: Eth. Kaλanтivos, Calactinus: Caronia), a city on the N. coast of Sicily, about half way between Tyndaris and Cephaloedium. It derived its name from the beauty of the neighbouring country; the whole of this strip of coast between the Montes Heraei and the sea being called by the Greek settlers from an early period, "the Fair Shore" ( Kaλn 'AKT). Its beauty and fertility had attracted the particular attention of the Zanclaeans, who in consequence invited the Samians and Milesians (after the capture of Miletus by the Persians, B. C. 494) to establish themselves on this part of the Sicilian coast. Events, however, turned their attention elsewhere, and they ended with occupying Zancle itself. (Herod. vi. 22, 23.) At a later period the project was resumed by the Sicilian chief Ducetius, who, after his expulsion from Sicily and his exile at Corinth, returned at the head of a body of colonists from the Peloponnese; and having obtained much support from the neighbouring Siculi, especially from Archonides, dynast of Herbita, founded a city on the coast, which appears to have been at first called, like the region itself, Cale Acte, a name afterwards contracted into Calacte. (Diod. xii. 8, 29.) Under the empire, Calagurris was a municipium The new colony appears to have risen rapidly into a with the civitas Romana, and belonged to the conflourishing town; but we have no subsequent ac- ventus of Caesaraugusta (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4). It was count of its fortunes. Its coins testify its continued surnamed NASSICA in contra-distinction to CALAexistence as an independent city previous to the pe- GURRIS FIBULARIA, a stipendiary town in the same riod of the Roman dominion; and it appears to have neighbourhood (Liv. Fr. xci.; Plin. l. c. calls the been in Cicero's time a considerable municipal town. peoples respectively Calaguritani Nassici and Cala(Cic. in Verr. iii. 43, ad Fam. xiii. 37.) Silius | guritani Fibularenses). The latter place seems to

CALABRIA.

(Flor. i. 20; Zonar. viii. 7, p. 128; Fast. Capit. l. c.) It is remarkable that throughout this period the Sallentini alone are mentioned by Roman historians; the name of the Calabri, which was afterwards extended to the whole province, not being found in history until after the Roman conquest. The Sallentini are mentioned as revolting to Hannibal during the Second Punic War, B. C. 213, but were again reduced to subjection. (Liv. xxv. 1, xxvii.36.)

CALABRIA.

Strabo tells us (p. 281) that the Iapygian peninsula in the days of its prosperity contained thirteen cities, but that these were in his time all decayed and reduced to small towns, except Brundusium and Tarentum. Besides these two important cities, we find the following towns mentioned by Pliny, Ptolemy, and others, of which the sites can be fixed with certainty. Beginning from BRUNDUSIUM, and proceeding southwards to the Iapygian Promontory, Calabria was included by Augustus in the Second were BALETIUM, LUPIAE, RUDIAE, HYDRUNTUM, Region of Italy; and under the Roman empire CASTRUM MINERVAE, BASTA, and VERETUM. appears to have been generally united for adminis- Close to the promontory there stood a small town trative purposes with the neighbouring province of called LEUCA, from which the headland itself is Apulia, in the same manner as Lucania was with now called Capo di Leuca [IAPYGIUM PROM.] Bruttium, though we sometimes find them sepa- from thence towards Tarentum we find either on rated, and it is clear that Calabria was never in- near the coast, UXENTUM, ALETIUM, CALLIPOLIS, cluded under the name of Apulia. (Plin. iii. 11. NERETUM, and MANDURIA. In the interior, on s. 16; Lib. Colon. pp. 260, 261; Notit. Dign. ii. the confines of Apulia, was CAELIA, and on the pp. 64, 125; Orell. Inscr. 1126, 1178, 2570, 3764.) road from Tarentum to Brundusium stood HYRIA or After the fall of the Western Empire its possession URIA, the ancient capital of the Messapians. South was long and fiercely disputed between the Greek of this, and still in the interior, were SOLETUM, emperors and the Goths, the Lombards and the STURNIUM, and FRATUERTIUM. Bauota or BauSaracens: but from its proximity to the shores of bota (Bavora), a town mentioned only by Ptolemy Greece it was one of the last portions of the Italian as an inland city of the Sallentini, has been placed peninsula in which the Byzantine emperors main-conjecturally at Parabita. CARBINA (Athen. I. c.) tained a footing; nor were they finally expelled till the establishment of the Norman monarchy in the 11th century: It is to this period that we must refer the singular change by which the name of Calabria was transferred from the province so designated by the Romans to the region now known by that name, which coincides nearly with the limits of the ancient Bruttium. The cause, as well as the exact period of this transfer, is uncertain; but it seems probable that the Byzantines extended the name of Calabria to all their possessions in the S. of Italy, and that when these were reduced to a small part of the SE. peninsula about Hydruntum and the Iapygian promontory, they still comprised the greater part of the Bruttian peninsula, to which, as the more important possession, the name of Calabria thus came to be more particularly attached. Paulus Diaconus in the 8th century still employs the name of Calabria in the Roman sense; but the usage of Italian writers of the 10th and 11th centuries was very fluctuating, and we find Constantine Porphyrogenitus, as well as Liutprand of Cremona in the 10th century, applying the name of Calabria, sometimes vaguely to the whole of Southern Italy, sometimes to the Bruttian peninsula in particular. After the Norman conquest the name of Calabria seems to have been definitively established in its modern sense as applied only to the southern extremity of Italy, the ancient Bruttium. (P. Diac. Hist. Lang. ii. 22; Const. Porphyr. de Provinc. ii. 10, 11; Liutpr. Cremon. iv. 12; Lupus Protospat. ad ann. 901, 981; and other chroniclers in Muratori, Scriptores Rer. Ital. vol. v.)

The whole province of Calabria does not contain a single stream of sufficient magnitude to be termed a river. Pliny mentions on the N. coast a river of the name of lapyx, the situation of which is wholly unknown; another, which he calls Pactius, was situated (as we learn from the Tabula, where the name is written I astium) between Brundusium and Baletium, and probably answers to the modern Canale del Cefalo, which is a mere watercourse. On the S. coast the two little rivers in the neighbourhood of Tarentum, called the Galaesus and the Taras, though much more celebrated, are scarcely more considerable

The names of Senum and Sarmadium, found in many MSS. and editions of Pliny, rest on very doubtful authority.

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