son of Sogdonaeus, the chief of the Arabs who lived | rative of the wanderings of Odysseus (Hom. Od. xü.) in the neighbourhood, from whom it acquired the name by which it has been best known. Pliny states that the original town was only 10 miles from the sea, but that in his time the existing place was as much as 120. These numbers are certainly exaggerated; but Pliny correctly ascribes the advance of the coast into the Persian Gulf to the rivers which flowed into it. It appears to have been a place of considerable extent in Pliny's time. It was the birthplace of Dionysius Periegetes and of Isidorus, both geographers of eminence. [V.] CHARCHA, a fortress of Mygdonia, which the Romans, in the retreat under Jovian, passed, after leaving Meiacarire. (Amm. Marc. xxv. 6. § 8; comp. xviii. 10. § 1) The name which in Syria signifies a town, was probably applied to several localities (Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. iii. p. 155; D'Anville, L'Euphrate et le Tigre, p. 95). This fortress (Xapxás, Evagr. H. E. vi. 21) was situated in a fertile and populous district (Theophylact. Simocat. v. 1), and was the scene of the death of Zadesprates, the general of Baram, A. D. 591. (Le Beau, vol. x. p. 317.) The ruin, now called Kásr Serján, of which only the foundations, and parts of two octagonal towers remain, may possibly represent Charcha. (Journ. Geog. Soc. vol. x. p. 526; Niebuhr, Reise, vol. ii. p. 388; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xi. pp. 150, 380, 389.) [E. B. J.] CHARIDE'MI PR. (Xapidhμov акрwтηрioν: C. de Gata), one of the principal headlands of the Spanish peninsula, forming the termination of the S. coast, where it first turns to the NE., and being also the S. point of Hispania Tarraconensis. It was directly opposite to the mouth of the river Malva in Mauretania. (Ptol. ii. 4. § 7.) [P.S.] sufficiently proves the alarm which it excited in the minds of the earliest navigators of these seas, and the exaggerated accounts of its dangers which they brought home. But with full allowance for such exaggeration, there can be no doubt that the tales of Charybdis and Scylla were really associated with the dangers that beset the navigation of the Sicilian Straits, and that in this instance the identification of the localities mentioned in the Odyssey may be safely relied on. Nor were these perils by any means imaginary and in the case of Charybdis especially had more foundation than in regard to Scylla. Captain Smyth says of it:-"To the undecked boats of the Greeks it must have been formidable: for even in the present day small craft are sometimes endangered by it, and I have seen several men-of-war, and even a seventy-four gun ship, whirled round on its surface: but by using due caution there is generally very little danger or inconvenience to be apprehended. It appears to be an agitated water, of from 70 to 90 fathoms in depth, circling in quick eddies. It is owing probably to the meeting of the harbour and lateral currents with the opposite point of Pezzo." (Smyth's Sicily, p. 123.) The Thucydides appears not to have been aware of the existence of this local vortex or whirlpool, and regards the Homeric Charybdis as only an exaggerated account of the fluctuations and agitations caused in the Straits of Messana generally by the alternations of the currents and tides from the two seas, the Tyrrhenian and Sicilian, communicating by so narrow an opening. (Thuc. iv. 24.) agitations arising from this cause are no doubt considerable, and might often be attended with danger to the frail vessels of the ancient navigators, but CHARIEIS (Xapiels, Arrian, Peripl. p. 10; the actual whirlpool is a completely local phenoCharien, Plin. vi. 4. s. 4), a river of Colchis, flow-menon, and is situated, as described by Strabo, a ing into the Euxine Sea, 90 stadia north of the Phasis. Whether it is the same river as the CHARES (Xápns) of Strabo (xi. p. 499) is doubtful. CHARINDA (Xapívdas, Ptol. vi. 2. § 2; Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6), a small river on the western boundary of Hyrcania, which flowed into the Caspian Sea. By Ptolemy and Ammianus it is reckoned to be a river of Northern Media or Atropatene. A people are met with who are called CHRENDI (Xpvdo, Ptol. vi. 9. § 5). These ought probably to be called Charindi, from the river. [V.] CHARI'SIA. [ARCADIA, p. 193, a.] CHARMANDE (Xapuávồn, Xen. Anab. i. 5. § 10; Steph. B. s. v.), a large and prosperous town according to Xenophon, between the river Mascas and the northern boundary of Babylonia, on the edge of the desert. Xenophon mentions that the soldiers of Cyrus crossed the Euphrates to it, on skins stuffed with light hay, and bought there palm, wine, and corn. [V.] CHARU'DES (Xapoûdes), a tribe mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 11. § 12) among the inhabitants of the Chersonesus Cimbrica. They are no doubt the same as the Chariides mentioned in the Monum. Ancyr. (Suet. vol. ii. p. 375, ed. Wolf.) It is not equally certain as to whether they were the same as the Harudes who served in the army of Ariovistus (Caes. B. G. i. 31, 37, 51). [L.S.] CHARYBDIS (Xápudis), a celebrated whirlpool in the Sicilian Straits, between Messana and Rhegium, but much nearer to the former. The prominent part which it assumes (together with the rock of Scylla on the opposite coast) in the Homeric nar short distance from the town of Messana, just outside the low tongue of land that forms the harbour of that city. It is now called the Galofaro. (Strab. vi. p. 268; Smyth's Sicily, l. c.) Homer indeed appears to describe the two dangers of Scylla and Charybdis as lying immediately opposite one another, on the two sides of the actual strait, and on this account some writers have supposed that the whirlpool was in ancient times situated near Cape Pelorus, or the Faro Point, which is full 9 miles from Messana. Local accuracy on such a point is certainly not to be expected from Homer, or the poets who have adopted his description. But it is not impossible that there was really some foundation for this view. Cluver, who made careful inquiries on the spot, and has given a very accurate description of the Galofaro, off the port of Messina, adds that there existed another vortex immediately on the S. side of Cape Pelorus, which had been known to produce similar effects. (Cluver, Sicil. p. 70.) It is evident, however, that Strabo knew only of the whirlpool off Messana, and this seems to be much the most considerable and permanent phenomenon of the kind: and must therefore be regarded as the true Charybdis. Strabo supposed its fluctuations to be periodical, and connected with the tides (the influence of which is strongly felt in the Straits), and that Homer only erred in describing them as occurring three times a day instead of twice (Strab. i. pp. 43, 44): but this is erroneous. The action of the whirlpool depends much more upon the wind than the tides, and is very irregular and uncertain. Seneca alludes to its intervals of tranquillity when not agitated by the CHASTIEIS [ATTICA, p. 329, b.] CHASUARI (XaTTováρioi, Kaσovápio, Strab. p. 291; Ptol. ii. 11. § 22), or as Velleius (ii. 105) and Ammianus Marcellinus (xx. 10) call them, ATTUARII, were a German tribe, which, to judge from its name, seems to have been connected with the Chatti. According to Tacitus (Germ. 34), they dwelt behind, that is, to the east of the Bructeri. This statement, however, and still more the passage of Ptolemy, render it extremely difficult to determine to what part of Germany the Chasuari ought to be assigned. Latham places them in the country between the rivers Ruhr, Lippe, and Rhine; while others consider the Chasuari and the Chattuarii to be two different people. The latter hypothesis, however, does not remove the difficulties. Notwithstanding the apparent affinity with the Chatti, the Chasuari never appear in alliance with them, but with the Cherusci, the enemies of the Chatti. The most probable supposition as to the original abode of the Chasuari is that of Wilhelm | (German. p. 189, foll.), who places them to the north of the Chatti, and to the west of the Chamavi and the river Weser, a supposition which removes to some extent the difficulty of Ptolemy's account, who places them south of the Suevi (for we must read with all the MSS. ὑπὸ τοὺς Σουήβους, instead of inép), and north-west of the Chatti, about the sources of the river Ems. At a later period the same people appear in a different country, the neighbourhood of Geldern, between the Rhine and the Meuse, where they formed part of the confederacy of the Franks. (Amm. Marc. 1. c.) In that district their name occurs even in the middle ages, in the pagus Kattuariorum. (Comp. Wilhelm, Germ. p. 181, foll.; Latham's Tacit. Germ. Epileg. p. lxvii. &c.) [L. S.] CHATENI, an Arab tribe inhabiting the Sinus Capenus, which Pliny places on the west side of the Persian Gulf, and a little north of the Sinus Gerraicus (vi. 28. s. 32): "the Sinus Capenus is at once identified with Chat, or Katiff Bay, by the mention of its inhabitants, the Chateni." (Forster, Arabia, vol. ii. p. 216.) [G. W.] CHATRAMIS (Xarpaμls), a country of Arabia Felix, mentioned by Dionysius Per. (957), and Chaldamis, and opposite to the coast of Persia. It, CHATRIAEI. [INDIA.] CHATTI or CATTI (Χάττοι, Χάτται), one of the great tribes of Germany, which rose to great importance after the decay of the power of the Cherusci. Their name is still preserved in Hessen (Hassen). They were the chief tribe of the Hermiones (Plin. iv. 28), and are described by Caesar (B. G. iv. 19, vi. 10) as belonging to the Suevi, although Tacitus (Germ. 30, 31) clearly distinguishes them, and that justly, for no German tribe remained in its original locality more permanently than the Chatti. We first meet with their name in the campaigns of Drusus, when they acquired celebrity by their wars against the Romans, and against the Cheruscans who were their mortal enemies. (Tac. Germ. 36, Ann. i. 55, xii. 27, 28; Dion Cass. liv. 33, 36, lv. 1, lxvii. 4, 5; Tac. Hist. iv. 37, Agr. 39, 41; Flor. iv. 12; Liv. Epit. 140; Suet. Domit. 6; Frontin. Strat. i. 1; Plin. Paneg. 20.) The Romans gained, indeed, many advantages over them, and under Germanicus even destroyed Mattium, their capital (Tac. Ann. i. 56), but never succeeded in reducing them to permanent submission. In the time of the war against the Marcomannians, they made predatory incursions into Upper Germany and Rhaetia (Capitol. M. Anton. 8). The last time they are mentioned is towards the end of the fourth century. (Greg. Tur. ii. 9; Claud. Bell. Get. 419.) After this they disappear among the Franks. Their original habitations appear to have extended from the Westerwald in the west to the Saale in Franconia, and from the river Main in the south as far as the sources of the Elison and the Weser, so that they occupied exactly the modern country of Hessen, including, perhaps, a portion of the northwest of Bavaria. Ptolemy (ii. 11. § 22) places them more eastward, perhaps in consequence of their victories over the Cheruscans. The Batavi are said to have been a branch of the Chatti, who emigrated into Gaul. Some have supposed that the Cenni (Kévvo), with whom the Romans were at war under Caracalla, were no others than the Chatti (Dion Cass. lxxvii. 14); but this is more than doubtful. (Comp. Zeuss, Die Deutschen u die Nachbarstämme, p. 327, foll.; Wilhelm, German. p. 181, foll.; Latham, Tac. Germ. p. 105, foll.) [L. S.] CHAUCI, CAUCHI, CAUCI, CAYCI (Kaixo, Kaûxo), a German tribe in the east of the Frisians, between the rivers Ems and Elbe. (Plin. iv. 28, xvi. 2; Suet. Claud. 24; Tac. Germ. 35, Ann. xi. 18; Dion Cass. liv. 62, lxiii. 30; Vell. Pat. ii. 106; Strab. p. 291; Lucan. i. 463; Claud. in Eutrop. i. 379, de Laud. Stil. i. 225.) In the east their country bordered on that of the Saxones, in the north on that of the Angrivarii, so that the modern Oldenburg and Hanover pretty nearly represent the country of the Chauci. It was traversed by the river Visurgis, which divided the Chauci into Majores and Minores; the former occupying the western bank of the river, and the latter the eastern. (Tac. Germ 35.) The Chauci are described by Tacitus as the most illustrious tribe among the Germans, and he adds that they were as distinguished for their love of justice and peace, as for their valour in case of need. Pliny (xvi. 2), on the other hand, who had himself been in their country, describes them as a poor and pitiable people, who, their country being almost constantly overflown by the sea, were obliged to build their habitations on natural or artificial eminences, who lived upon fish, and had only rain-water to drink, which they kept in cisterns. This latter description can be true only if limited to that portion of the Chauci who dwelt on the sea coast, but cannot apply to those who lived further inland. The Chauci were distinguished as navigators, but also carried on piracy, in pursuit of which they sailed south as far as the coast of Gaul. (Tac. Ann. xi. 18; Dion Cass. lx. 30.) They were subdued by Tiberius (Vell. Pat. ii. 106), and for a time they, like the Frisians, were faithful friends of the Romans (Tac. Ann. ii. 8, 17, 21), until the latter exasperated them by their insolence. The consequence was, that the Romans were driven from their country, and although Gabinius Secundus gained some advantages over them, to which he even owed the honourable surname of Chaucius (Dion Cass. lx. 8; Suet. Claud. 24), and although Corbulo continued the war against them, yet the Romans were unable to reconquer them. (Tac. Ann. xi. 19, 20; Dion Cass. lx. 30.) The Chauci are mentioned in history for the last time in the third century, when in the reign of Didius Julianus, they ravaged the coasts of Gaul. (Spart. Did. Jul. i.) | At that time they belonged to the confederacy of the Saxons, and were one of the most warlike nations of Germany (Julian. Opera, pp. 34, 56, ed. Spanh.; Zosim. iii. 6); they had, moreover, extended so far south and west, that they are mentioned as living on the banks of the Rhine. (Claud. de Laud. Stil. i. 225.) [L. S.] CHAULOTAEI (Xavλoraîoi, Eratosth. ap. Strab. xvi. p. 767), an Arab tribe at the NW. of the Persian Gulf, mentioned by Eratosthenes. Dr. Wells, following Bochart and othe authorities, has observed of this quarter: "In these parts by Eratosthenes are placed the Chaulothaei; by Festus Avienus the Chaulosii; by Dionysius Periegetes, the Chablasii; and by Pliny, the (Chauclei or) Chavelaei; all retaining, in their name, most of the radical letters of the word Chavilah" (cited by Forster, Arabia, vol. i. p. 41). This identification of the names of the classical geographers with the Scripture Havilah is proved and illustrated by Mr. Forster with much research (1. c. et seq.). [G. W.] CHAUS. The Roman general Cn. Manlius marched from Tabae in Pisidia in three days, or perhaps not three whole days to the river Chaus. (Liv. Xxxviii. 14.) His line of march was to Thabusion on the Indus, and thence to Cibyra. The Chaus must have been one of the upper branches of the indus (Dalamon Tchy). [G. L.] CHAZE'NE (Xaný, Strab. xvi. p. 736), one of the districts into which Strabo divides the plain country of Assyria, round Ninus (Nineveh). The other two divisions were named Dolomene and Calachene. [V.] CHEIMARRHUS. [ARGOLIS, p. 201, a.] CHEIME'RIUM (Xeuépiov), a promontory and harbour of Thesprotia in Epeirus, between the rivers Acheron and Thyamis, and opposite the southern point of Corcyra. In the two naval engagements between the Corcyraeans and Corinthians just before the Peloponnesian war, Cheimerium was the station of the Corinthian fleet. Leake supposes the promontory of Cheimerium to be C. Varlúm, and the harbour that of Arpítza. (Thuc. i. 30, 46; Strab. vii. p. 324; Paus. viii. 7. § 2; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 5.) CHELAE (Xλai), a place on the coast of Bithynia, marked in the Table. Arrian (p. 13) places it 20 stadia east of the island Thynias, and 180 west of the mouth of the Sangarius. It is generally identified with a cape named Kefken in the maps. [G.L.] CHELENO'PHAGI. [AETHIOPIA, p. 58, a.] CHELIDO'NIA. This name occurs in Strabo (p. 663) in the genitive XeAidoviwv, as the name of a town in Phrygia. Nothing is known of the place. It has been proposed to correct the reading to iÀounλíov. (See Groskurd, Transl. Strab. vol. iii. p. 63.) [G. L.] CHELIDO'NIAE INSULAE (Xeλidóviai), two rocks (Steph. B. s. v. Xeλidóvioi), according to Phavorinus, one called Corudela, and the other Melanippeia; but the position is not mentioned. Scylax also mentions only two. According to Strabo (p. 520), the Taurus first attains a great elevation opposite to the Chelidoniae, which are islands situated at the commencement of the sea-coast of Pamphylia, or on the borders of Lycia and Pamphylia (p. 651). They were off the Hiera Acra, three in number, rugged, and of the same extent, distant about five stadia from one another, and six stadia from the coast; one of them has an anchorage or port (p. 666). Pliny (v. 33), who places these islands opposite to the " Tauri promontorium," mentions three, and observes that they are dangerous to navigators; but no dangers were discovered by Beaufort. There are five islands off the Hiera Acra, which is now Cape Khelidonia: "two of these islands are from four to five hundred feet high; the other three are small and barren." (Beaufort, Karamania, p. 38.) The Greeks still call them Chelidoniae, of which the Italian sailors made Celidoni; and the Turks have adopted the Italian name, and call them Shelidan. Livy (xxxiii. 41) names the Hiera Acra, or the Sacred Promontory which is opposite to the Chelidoniae, Chelidonium promontorium. [G. L.] CHELONATAS (Xeλwvάtas), a promontory of Achaia, and the most westerly point of the Peloponnesus, distant, according to Pliny, two miles from Cyllene. (Strab. viii. pp. 335, 338, 342; Paus. i. 2. § 4; Agathem. i. 5; Plin. iv. 5. s. 6; Mel. ii. 3.) It has been disputed whether Chelonatas corresponds to C. Glaréntza (Klaréntza) or to C. Tornése, both of them being promontories of the peninsula of Khlemútzi. There can be little doubt, however, that C. Tornése, the most southerly of the two, is the ancient Chelonatas, both because there is near it the small island mentioned by Strabo (p. 338), and because it is distant two miles from Glarentza, the ancient Cyllene. It is probable, however, that the name Chelonatas was originally given to the whole peninsula of Khlemútzi, from its supposed resemblance to a tortoise. (Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 210.) CHELO'NIDES LACUS (ai Xeλovides Aluva), | a series of lakes (apparently three), formed by the river Geir in Lybia Interior, the middle one being placed by Ptolemy in 49° long., and 20° N. lat. They seem to correspond to the three lakes of Bushashim, Mahalu or Hadiba, and Fittre, the last and largest of which lies E. of Lake Tchad, and the other two in a line to the NE. of Fittre. (Ptol. iv. 6. §13; comp. GEIR and LIBYA.) [P. S.] CHEMMIS (Xéuus), the chief town of the Chemmite Nome in the Thebaid, and one of the most ancient cities in Egypt, stood upon the eastern bank of the Nile, opposite to a river-island of similar name. Chemmis subsequently became Panopolis, under which title it is more particularly described. [PANOPOLIS.] From the Chemmite nome, and city of the Thebaid, must be distinguished the Chemmite or Chembite nome, and floating island Chemmis or Chembis, near the city of Buto in the Delta. [BUTO.] The ethnic word Cham or Ham, and also the Coptic appellation of the Nile ValleyEl Chemi or the Black Earth,-are apparently contained in the name of Chemmis; and the city was ancient enough to have been nearly contemporary with the aborigines of the Thebaid. [W. B. D.] CHEN or CHENAE (Xiv, Steph. B. s.v.; Xiva, Paus., Diod.: Eth. Xnveús, Xnvieus), the birthplace of Myson, whom Plato and others mention as one of the Seven Sages of Greece. (Plat. Protag. p. 343, a.) There was a dispute among the ancients respecting this place, some placing it in Thessaly at the foot of Mt. Oeta, and others in Laconia (Diog. Laërt. i. 106); but the balance of authorities is in favour of the former of these two situations. Pausanias (x. 24. § 1) calls it a village on Mt. Oeta; and Diodorus (Excerpt. de Virt. et Vit. p. 235) describes Myson as a Malian, who dwelt in the village of Chenae. Stephanus B., on the other hand, places Chen in Laconia. It has been conjectured that this confusion may have arisen from the colony which the Lacedaemonians founded in the district of Oeta. (Thuc. iii. 92.) Cheren was about mid-way between Alexandreia and Hermopolis, being about 20 or 24 miles from either. The name, however, is comparatively of recent date, and seems to be a purely Coptic appellation, answering to the Hellenic Exedia, or Packetboat. Chereu, according to the above-cited scholiast on Nicander, was near to Schedia (comp. Strab. xvii. p. 800), and seems in Roman tunes to have superseded it, such mutations in places of anchorage being common in rivers which, like the Nile, bringing down great volumes of alluvial soil periodically, change the approach to their banks. At Schedia or Chereu, was stationed a general ferry-boat, of which the toll formed part of the revenues of the Hermopolite nome. [W. B. D.] CHENOBO'SCIA, or CHENOBO'SCIUM (Xnvosoσkía, Ptol. iv. 5. § 72; Steph. B. s. v.; Itin Anton. p. 166; Xnvо6оσкlov, Not. Imp.: Eth. Xпvoboσkiάτns), or the Goose-pens, was a district of the Thebaid in Egypt, on the eastern side of the Nile, 40 miles NW. of Coptos, and in lat. 26° 3' N. It lay nearly opposite the cities of Diospolis Parva, and Lepidôton Polis, and contained a city, or hamlet, also denominated Chenoboscia. The name of the Goose-pen indicates the purpose to which this tract of water-meadows was appropriated, although, indeed, a geographer cited by Stephanus Byz. (s. v.) denies the existence of goose-pastures at Chenoboscia, and says that, on the contrary, the meadows served as a pen, or preserve of crocodiles. But when it is remembered that the goose was a favourite viand of the Egyptian priests (Herod. ii. 37), that the bird was sacred to Isis, and is frequently depicted on the monumental records of Egyptian domestic life (Rosellini, M. C. iv., lxix., &c. &c.), and that its quills were used in writing, it seems not unlikely that some districts in the Nile Valley should have been appropriated to the rearing of geese. [W. B. D.] CHEREU (Xepéov, or Xaipéov, Schol. in Nicand. Theriac. p. 623; It. Anton. p. 154-5; Greg. Nazianz. Or. 21. p. 391, Bened. ed.; Athanas. Vit. S. Anton. p. 860), supposed to be the modern village of Keriún in the Delta o Egypt. According to CHERITH (Xoppá, LXX.), a brook mentioned only in the history of Elijah (1 Kings, xvii. 3-7) without any further notice of its situation than that it was "before Jordan," an expression which might either signify east of the Jordan, or on the way to the Jordan. No value whatever can be attached to Dr. Robinson's attempt to identify it with Wady Kelt (Bib. Res. vol. ii. p. 288), a small stream which runs through a rocky valley immediately to the north of the road between Jerusalem and Jericho, and which is mentioned in the borders of Judah and Benjamin. (Josh. xv. 7.) [G. W.] CHERSONE'SUS (Xepoóvnoos), a name borne by three places in Crete. 1. A point on the W. coast, identified with Keronisi, near Ponto di Corbo (Ptol. iii. 17. § 2; Hoeck, Kreta, vol. i. p. 379.) 2. (Ptol. iii. 17. § 5; Stadiasm. § 331, 332, Hierocl.), the haven of Lyctus, with a temple of Britomartis (Strab. x. p. 479), 16 M. P. from Cnossus. (Peut. Tab.) Mr. Pashley (Trav. vol. i. p. 268) found ruins close to a little port on the shore, and the actual names of the villages Khersónesos and Episcopianó, indicate that here is to be found what was once the ancient port of Lyctus, and afterwards became an Episcopal city. (Hoeck, vol. i. p. 408.) 3. Strabo (xvii. p. 838) describes the great harbour of Cyrenaica near the promontory of Ardanaxes as lying opposite to Chersonesus of Crete; the same author (x. p. 479) places Praesus between the Samonian promontory and Chersonesus. There must have been, therefore, a point to the S of the island bearing this name, the position of which is not known. (Hoeck, vol. i. p. 432; Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 307.) [E. B. J.] CHERSONESUS AUREA. [AUREA.] CHERSONE'SUS CIMBRICA (Xepoórnoos Kiuspikh: Jutland), the large peninsula terminating on the N. in the promontorium Cimbrorum, between the German Ocean on the W. and the sinus Lagnus and Codanus on the E. (Ptol. ii. 11. §2; Strab. p. 293.) Strabo is the first ancient authority mentioning this peninsula, for it was only during CHERSONE'SUS MAGNA (Xeppóvnσos &кpa, Strab. xvii. p. 838; Xe σóvnños μeydan, Ptol. iv. 5. § 2; also called Xéppoupa, Eth. Xeppoúpios, Steph. B. s. v. Xepoóvnños: Ras-et-Tin, vulg. Raxatin), one of the chief promontories of N. Africa, forming the NE. headland of the great convex projection of the Cyrenaic coast, but reckoned as belonging to Marmarica. It had a city and harbour. It was called Great in contradistinction to the Chersonesus Parva on the coast of Egypt, half a degree W. of Alexandria. (Ptol. iv. 5. § 9; Barth, Wanderungen, &c. pp. 501, 547.) [P. S.] and the bours. iv. 12.) Germany, that the Romans heard of its existence. | Chatti the western, the Hermunduri the southern, According to Pliny (iv. 27), its native name was Silingi and Semnones their eastern neighCartris, which is otherwise unknown. Its common (Comp. Caes. L.c.; Dion Cass. lv. 1.; Flor. name is derived from its inhabitants, the Cimbri, After the time of Caesar, they appear to who continued to inhabit it in the time of the have been on good terms with the Romans; but Roman emperors. Comp. CIMBRI. [L. S.] when the latter had already subdued several of CHERSONE'SUS HERACLEOTICA or PAR- the most powerful German tribes, and had made VA. [TAURICA Chersonesus.] such progress as to be able to take their winter quarters in Germany, the imprudence and tyranny of Varus, the Roman commander, brought about a change in the relation between the Romans and Cheruscans; for the latter, under their chief Arminius, formed a confederation with many smaller tribes, and in A. D. 9 completely defeated the Romans in the famous battle of the Teutoburg forest. (Dion Cass. Ivi. 18; Tac. Ann. ii. 9; Vell. Pat. ii. 118; Suet. Aug. 49; Strab. vii. p. 291.) After this, Germanicus waged war against them to blot out the stain which the German barbarians had cast upon the Roman name; but the Romans were unsuccessful (Tac. Ann. i. 57, foll., ii. 8, foll.), and it was only owing to the internal disputes and feuds among the Germans themselves, that they were conquered by the Chatti (Tac. Germ. 36), so that Ptolemy (ii. 11. § 19) knew them only as a small tribe on the south of the HARZ mountain, though it is possible also that several tribes which he mentions in their neighbourhood under different names, were only branches of the great Cheruscan nation. At a later period, in the beginning of the 4th century, the Cheruscans again appear in the confederation of the Franks. (Nazar. Paneg. Const. 18; Claudian, de IV. Cons. Hon. 450, de Bell. Get. 419; comp. Plin. iv. 28; Liv. Epit. 138; Zeuss, Dia Deutsch. pp. 105, 383, foll.; Wilhelm, Germ. p. 190, foll.; Latham, on Tac. Germ. p. 129, foll.) [L. S.] CHE'SINUS. [SARMATIA EUROPAEA.] CHESIUS. [SAMOS.] CHERSONE'SUS TAURICA. [TAURICA CHER SONESUS.] CHERSONE'SUS THRA'CICA (Xepoóvnoos Opakía), the peninsula extending in a south-westerly direction into the Aegean, between the Hellespont and the bay of Melas. Near Agora it was protected by a wall running across it against incursions from the mainland. (Xenoph. Hell. iii. 2. § 10; Diod. xvi. 38; Plin. iv. 18; Agath. 5. p. 108; Plut. Per. 19.) The isthmus traversed by the wall was only 36 stadia in breadth (Herod. vi. 36; comp. Scyl. p. 28; Xenoph. l. c.); but the length of the peninsula from this wall to its southern extremity, cape Mastusia, was 420 stadia (Herod. l. c.). It is now called the peninsula of the Dardanelles, or of Gallipoli. It was originally inhabited by Thracians, but was colonised by the Greeks, especially Athenians, at a very early period. (Herod. vi. 34, foil.; Nepos, Milt. 1.) During the Persian wars it was occupied by the Persians, and after their expulsion it was, for a time, ruled over by Athens and Sparta, until it fell into the hands of the Macedonians, and became the object of contention among the successors of Alexander. The Romans at length conquered it from Antiochus. Its principal towns were, CARDIA, Pactya, CalLIPOLIS, ALOPECONNESUS, SESTOS, MADYTUS, and ELAEUS. [L. S.] CHERSONE'SI PROMONTORIUM (Xepoóvn σos apα), placed by Ptolemy (vi. 7) towards the north-eastern extremity of the Persian Gulf, in the country of the Leaniti. It apparently formed the southern promontory of the Leanites Sinus mentioned by the same geographer, and is identified by Forster with Ras-el-Char. (Arabia, vol. ii. p. 215, comp. vol. i. p. 48.) [G. W.] CHERUSCI (Χέρουσκοι, Χηρούσκοι, οι Χαιpovokol), the most celebrated of all the German tribes, and mentioned even by Caesar (B. G. vi. 10) as a people of the same importance as the Suevi, from whom they were separated by the Silva Bacenis. It is somewhat difficult to define the exact part of Germany occupied by them, as the ancients do not always distinguish between the Cheruscans proper, and those tribes which only belonged to the confederation of the Cheruscans But we are probably not far wrong in saying that their country extended from the Visurgis in the W. to the Albis in the E, and from Melibocus in the N. to the neighbourhood of the Sudeti in the S., so that the Chamavi and Langobardi were their northern neighbours, the CHESULOTH (Χασελωθαίθ, Χασαλώθ, LΧΧ. Josh. xix. 12, 18), a town near Mount Tabor, in the borders of Zabulon and Issachar. Dr. Robinson conjectures that the modern village of Iksal may represent this ancient site. It is situated in the plain at the western foot of Mount Tabor, between Little Hermon, and the northern hills that form the boundary of the great plain. He writes "It is probably the Chesulloth and Chisloth-Tabor of the Book of Joshua; the Chasalus of Eusebius and Jerome in the plain near Tabor; and the Xaloth of Josephus, situated in the great plain." (Bib. Res. vol. iii. p. 182.) [G. W.] CHILIOCOMON (Χιλιόκωμον πεδίον). [ΑΜΑSIA, p. 118.] CHIMAERA (Xíμaipa), a mountain in Lycia, in the territory of Phaselis, where there was a flame burning on a rock continually. Pliny (ii. 106; v. 27) quotes Ctesias as his authority, and the passage of Ctesias is also preserved by Photius (Cod. 72). Ctesias adds, that water did not extinguish the flame, but increased it. The flame was examined by Beaufort (Karamania, p. 47, &c.), who is the modern discoverer of it. This Yanar, as it is called, is situated on the coast of Lycia, south of the great mountains of Solyma and of Phaselis (Tekrova). According to Spratt's Lycia (vol. ii. p. 181), near Adratchan, not far from the ruins of Olympus, "a number of rounded serpentine hills rise among the limestone, and some of them bear up masses of that rock: at the junction of one of these masses of scaglia with the serpentine is the Yanar, famous as the Chimaera of the ancients: it |