(Laus) to the headland called Capo Suvero, about 14 miles south of Amantea, which constitutes in fact the northern boundary of the gulf of Hipponium, and is probably the Lampetes of Lycophron. [E. H. B.] CLANIS or GLANIS (KAávis, Strab.; rλávis, App.: Chiana), a river of Etruria, flowing through the territory of Clusium, and falling into the Tiber about 14 miles below Tuder. It is mentioned by several ancient writers as one of the principal tributaries of the Tiber (Strab. v. p. 235; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Tac. Ann. i. 79; Sil. Ital. viii. 455): but we learn from Tacitus that as early as A. D. 15, the project was formed of turning aside its waters into the Arnus. The Clanis is in fact the natural outlet that drains the remarkable valley now called the Val di Chiana, which extends for above 30 miles in length from N. to S., from the neighbourhood of Arezzo to beyond Chiusi, and is almost perfectly level, so that the waters which descend into it from the hills on both sides would flow indifferently in either direction. In ancient times they appear to have held their course entirely towards the S., so that Pliny considers the river as proceeding from Arretium, and calls it “Glanis Arretinus:" it formed, as it still does, a considerable lake near Clusium (Strab. v. p. 226), now called the Lago di Chiusi, and had from thence a course of about 30 miles to the Tiber. But repeated inundations having rendered the Val di Chiana marshy and unhealthy, its waters are now carried off by artificial channels; some, as before, into the lake of Chiusi, others to the N. towards the Arno, which they join a few miles from Arezzo. The two arms thus formed are called the Chiana Toscana and Chiana Romana. The latter falls into a stream called the Paglia, about 5 miles above its confluence with the Tiber. So slight is the difference of level, that it is even supposed that at one time a part of the waters of the Arnus itself quitted the main stream near Arretium, and flowed through the Val di Chiana to join the Tiber. [ARNUS.] It is, however, improbable that this was the case in historical times. (Fossombroni, Mem. sopra la Val di Chiana, 8vo. 1835; Rampoldi, Corogr. dell' Italia, vol. i. p. 656.)

Appian mentions that in B. C. 82, a battle was fought between Sulla and Carbo, on the banks of the Clanis, near Clusium, in which the former was victorious (B. C. i. 89). [E. H. B.]

CLA'NIUS (гxávis, Dionys.: il Lagno), a river of Campania, which rises in the Apennines near Abella, and traverses the whole plain of Campania, falling into the sea about 4 miles S. of the Vulturnus. In the early part of its course it flowed by the town of Acerrae, which frequently suffered severely from the ravages of its waters during floods (vacuis Clanius non aequus Acerris, Virg. G. ii. 225; Sil. Ital. viii. 537.). At other times their stagnation rendered the country unhealthy; hence in modern times the stream has been diverted into a canal or artificial course, called il regio Lagno, and sometimes by corruption l'Agno. This is divided into two streams near its mouth, the one of which flows direct into the sea, and is known as Foce dei Lagni, the other takes a more southerly direction, and joins, or rather forms, a marshy lake called the Lago di Patria (the ancient Literna Palus), the outlet of which into the sea, about 7 miles S. of the former branch, is now called the Foce di Patria. This is evidently the same which was known in ancient times as the river Liternus (Liv. xxxii. 29; Strab. v. p. 243), and appears to have been then the principal, if not the only outlet

of the Clanius, as Strabo, who describes the coast of Campania minutely, does not notice the latter river. (Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 496; Rampoldi, Corogr. vol. i. p 37, vol. ii. p. 363). Dionysius, who mentions the Clanius on occasion of the siege of Cumae in B.C. 524, writes the name гλávis, as does also Lycophron, who, with his usual vagueness and inaccuracy, would seem to place the city of Neapolis at its mouth (Alex. 718). [E. H. B.]

CLANOVENTA, in Britain. The ninth Itinerary is A Clanoventa Mediolano M.P. cl. Another reading is Clamoventa. Of the nine stations herein given, Mancunium, the seventh on the list, is the only one identified with sufficient safety to serve as a basis of criticism. Mancunium is Manchester. The direction of the line is evidently from north to south. This places Clanoventum somewhere on the Scottish border, and it has been variously identified with Lan-chester, in Durham, and with Cockermouth, in Cumberland. [R. G. L.]

CLANUDDA. [BLAUNDUS.]

CLANUM, a place marked in the Antonine Itin. between Agedincum (Sens) and Augustobona (Troyes), but the site is not determined. [G. L.] CLA'RIUS (KAάpios), a small stream in Cyprus which ran near the town of Aepeia. (Plut. Sol. 26; Steph. B. s. v. Alñeia.) [E. B. J.]

CLARUS (Kλápos: Eth. Kλápios), a place in Ionia, near Colophon, where there was a temple of Apollo, and an oracle of high antiquity. (Paus. vii. 3. § 1.) Claros is mentioned in the so-called Homeric hymns (i. 40, viii. 5), and by the Latin poets. (Ovid. Met. i. 515; Virg. Aen. iii. 359.) There was an old story that Calchas, on his return from Troy, came to Clarus, and died of vexation on finding that Mopsus, the grandson of Tiresias, was a better seer than himself. (Strab. p. 642.) When Germanicus was on his way to the East, he consulted the Clarian oracle, which foretold his speedy death. The priest was selected from certain families, and generally brought from Miletus. It was only necessary to tell him the number and names of those who consulted the oracle, on which he went into a cave, drank of the water of the secret fountain, and then delivered in verse an answer to what each had in his thoughts: his answers, as usual with oracles, were ambiguous. (Tac. Ann. ii. 54; Plin. ii. 103.)

Chandler (Asia Minor, c. 31) supposes that he discovered the site of Clarus at a place called Zillé, where he found a spring of water, with marble steps that led down to it; and he considers that this is the sacred fountain. Aiasaluck, the site of Ephesus, may be seen from this spot, with the plain of Ephesus and the town of Scala Nova. He saw also a confused mass of ruins of a large temple, and remains of Christian churches. Pausanias, who wrote in the second century of the Christian aera, speaks of an unfinished temple of Apollo at Clarus. The French editors of Chandler suggest that the ruins at Zillé may be those of Notium. On the coins of Clarus from the time of Domitian to Gallienus, there is Apollo Clarius and Diana Claria. [G. L.]

CLASTIDIUM (Kλaσrídiov: Casteggio), a town of Cisalpine Gaul, situated on the borders of Liguria, about 7 miles S. of the Padus. It was on the high road from Placentia to Dertona, about 18 miles from the latter city (Strab. v. p. 217). Its name is chiefly celebrated on account of the victory gained under its walls in B. C. 222 by Marcellus over the Insubrians and their allies the Gaesatae, in which Virdomarus, king of the latter tribe, was slain by the Romar

Consul with his own hand. (Pol. ii. 34; Plut. Marc. 6; Val. Max. iii. 2. § 5, Čic. Tusc. iv. 22.) On this occasion the Gauls had laid siege to Clastidium, which thus appears to have been already a place of strength and importance. At the commencement of the Second Punic War it was selected by the Romans as a fortress in which they deposited large stores of corn, but the commander of the garrison, a native of Brundusium, betrayed it into the hands of Hannibal, who made it his place of arms for his operations on the Trebia. (Pol. iii. 69; Liv. xxi. 48.) Its name is afterwards repeatedly mentioned during the wars of the Romans with the Cispadane Gauls and their Ligurian allies, and appears to have been one of the most considerable places in this part of Italy. (Liv. Xxxii. 29, 31.) In one passage Livy terms it a Ligurian city, but it seems certain that it was properly a Gaulish one: Polybius tells us that it was in the territory of the Andri (ii. 34), but this naine is probably a corruption of Anamari or Ananes. (Schweigh, ad loc.) After the Roman conquest it seems to have fallen into insignificance, and though noticed by Strabo as still existing in his time, is not mentioned by any later writer, and is not found in the Itineraries. There can however be no doubt that the modern town of Casteggio or Chiasteggio retains the ancient site as well as name. [E. H. B.]

CLATERNA (Kλάtepva: Quaderna), a town of Gallia Cispadana, situated on the Via Aemilia, between Bononia and Forum Cornelii. The Itineraries place it 10 M. P. from the former and 13 from the latter city. (Itin. Ant. p. 287; Itin. Hier. p. 616; Tab. Peut.) It is mentioned in history during the operations which preceded the battle of Mutina B. C. 43, on which occasion it was occupied with a garrison by Antonius, but this was afterwards expelled, and the place taken by Hirtius. (Cic. Phil. viii. 2, ad Fam. xii. 5.) Under the Roman empire it appears to have been a considerable municipal town, and as late as the 4th century is still mentioned in the Jerusalem Itinerary as a "civitas." (Strab. v. p. 216; Plin. iii. 15. s. 20; Ptol. iii. 1. § 46; Itin. Hier. l. c.) St. Ambrose however speaks of it as much decayed in his time (Epist. xxxix. 3). The period of its final decline or destruction is unknown, but it is almost the only town on the Aemilian Way which has not preserved its existence as such in modern times: the name (slightly altered into Quaderna) however retained by a small stream which crosses the road about 9 miles from Bologna, and an old church with a few houses adjoining it, about a mile to the N. of the road, is still called Sta Maria di Quaderna. The ancient town was however certainly situated on the high road. [E. H. B.]

CLAUDA (Kлaúdn, Act. Apost. xxvii. 16; Kλaudos, Ptol. iii. 17. § 11), also called GAUDOS (Mel. ii. 7; Plin. iv. 12. s. 20), now Gozza, a small island off the SW. coast of Crete.

CLAUDIA, a town in the northern part of Noricum (Plin. iii. 27), and perhaps the same as Claudivium (Kλavdioútov or Kλavdóviov) mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 14. § 3). [L. S.]

CLAUDIO'POLIS (Kλaudiówoλis). 1. Ammianus (xiv. 25) mer.tions Seleucia and Claudiopolis as cities of Cilicia, or of the country drained by the Caly. cadnus; and Claudiopolis was a colony of Claudius Caesar. It is described by Theophanes as situated in a plain between the two Tauri, a description which exactly corresponds to the position of the basin of the Calycadnus. [CILICIA, p. 617.] Claudiopolis may therefore be represented by Mout, which is

higher up the valley than Seleucia, and near the junction of the northern and western branches of the Calycadnus. It is also the place to which the pass over the northern Taurus leads from Laranda (Leake, Asia Minor, pp. 117, 319.) Pliny (v. 24) mentions a Claudiopolis of Cappadocia, and Ptolemy (v. 7) has a Claudiopolis in Cataonia. Both these passages and those of Ammianus and Theophanes are cited by Forbiger to prove that there is a Claudiopolis in Cataonia, though it is manifest that the passage in Ammianus at least can only apply to a town in the valley of the Calycadnus in Cilicia Trachea. The two Tauri of Theophanes might mean the Taurus and Antitaurus. But Hierocles places Claudiopolis in Isauria, a description which cannot apply to the Claudiopolis of Pliny and Ptolemy. 2. A town of the Trocmi in Galatia; the site is unknown. (Ptol. v. 4.) 3. [BITHYNIUM.]

[G. L.] CLAUDIUS MONS, a mountain range in Pannonia, the eastern slope of which was inhabited by the Taurisci, and the western slope by the Scordisci. (Plin. iii. 28.) This range is probably the same as the mountains near Warasdin on the river Drave. [L. S.]

CLAUDI'VIUM. [CLAUDIA.]

CLAUSENTUM, in Britain, the first station of the seventh Itinerary between Regnum and Londinium, distant from the former 20 miles. Ten miles beyond Clausentum lay Venta Belgarum = Winchester. This places Clausentum in the neighbourhood of Southampton, and it has been identified with that town and also with Bishop's Waltham. [R.G.L.] CLAUSULA. [BARBANA.]

CLAUTINATII (Kλautivάtioi), a Vindelician tribe mentioned by Strabo (p. 206), and apparently the same as the Catenates in the inscription in Pliny (iii. 24). [L. S.]

CLAVENNA, a town of Rhaetia, but on the Italian side of the Alps, still called Chiavenna, was situated about 10 miles from the head of the Lacus Larius, at the foot of the pass which led from thence over the Splügen. The ancient name of this pass is not preserved to us, but we learn from the Itineraries that it was frequented in ancient times; as well as another, which separated from it at Clavenna, and led by a more circuitous route over the Mt. Septimer to Curia (Coire), where it rejoined the preceding road. (Itin. Ant. pp. 277, 278; Tab. Peut.; P. Diac. vi. 29.) It was by one or other of these passes that Stilicho crossed the Alps in mid-winter, an exploit celebrated by Claudian. (de B. Get. 320-358.) Clavenna probably derived some importance from its position at the junction of these two passes: as does the modern town of Chiavenna, which is the capital of the surrounding district. [E. H. B.]

CLAZOMENAE (Κλαζομεναί: Εth. Κλαζομέ vios: Kelisman), one of the cities of Iomia. Strabo (p. 644) fixes its position within certain limits accurately enough. Člazomenae occupied the northern side of an isthmus, of which the Teii had the southern part; and this isthmus is the neck of land that connects the peninsula on which Erythrae stands with the mainland. The Clazomenii had the Smyrnaei for their neighbours on the east, and the Erythraei on the west; and on the west side, at the point where the isthmus commenced, there was a rugged spot which was the boundary of the territories of Erythrae and Clazomenae. Between Erythrae, which was on the west coast of the peninsula, and this rugged boundary was the promontory of Mimas, a mountain

covered with forests. Close upon the boundary was a place called Chytrium, as it is in Strabo's text, which, he says, was the original site of Clazomenae; and next to it was the city of Clazomenae, as it existed in his time, with eight small islands in front of it, which were cultivated. Pliny (v. 31) names numerous islands in this part, and Thucydides (viii. 31) mentions three, which are in Pliny's list, Pele, Drymussa, and Marathussa. Chandler (Asia Minor, c. 24) could only count six, and all uncultivated. This name Chytrium is not mentioned by any writer except Strabo, but it is evidently the place which Stephanus (s. v. XUTóv) calls Chytum; and Aristotle (Pol. v. 3) Chytrum.

Clazomenae was on the south side of the bay of Smyrna, as Strabo's description shows. The original settlement was on the mainland, but the people through fear of the Persians passed over to the island (Paus. vii. 3. § 8). Alexander, as Pausanias says, intended to make Clazomenae a peninsula by uniting it to the mainland by a causeway. It appears that this was done, for Chandler found near Vourla, on the south side of the bay of Smyrna, a causeway about a quarter of a mile in length, and about 30 ft. wide, which connected the mainland with a small island. He estimated the length of the island at a mile, and the breadth at a quarter of a mile. The town was small, and the port was to the NNW. Near the sea Chandler found traces of the walls, and on a hill the remains of a theatre. It appears from this that the site of Clazomenae must have been very contracted, and the city inconsiderable.

mander arriving soon after hade those who were of the Athenian party, remove from Clazomenae to Daphnus, which they refused to do, and Astyochus failed in the attack that he made on Clazomenae, though it was unwalled (Thuc. viii. 31). Sane critics have argued that Polichne is not the name of a place, and that it is Daphnus; but this does not appear to be so. Xenophon (Hell. v. 1. § 28) speaks of Clazomenae as an island even after the close of the Peloponnesian War, and this is consistent with the story in Pausanias. The walls of the city may have been built after the construction of the causeway. for Thucydides speaks of Clazomenae as unwalled. Stephanus (s.v.Aduvos), on the authority of Ephorus, names Lampsus as a part of the territory of Clazo menae. Strabo (p. 646) also speaks of a temple of Apollo, and warm springs between Clazomenae and the bay of Smyrna, and he appears to place them in the territory of Clazomenae. These are the springs (Aourpa) mentioned by Pausanias (vii. 5. § 11); and those which Chandler visited on the road from Smyrna to Vourla, a place which is not far from the site of Clazomenae. He found the heat of the water "in the vein" to be 150 degrees (of Fahrenheit).

When the Romans settled the affairs of this part of Asia after their treaty with Antiochus (B.c. 188), they made the Clazomenii "immunes" or tax-free, and gave them the island Drymussa, one of the small islands near Clazomenae, not a very valuable present (Liv. xxxviii. 39; Polyb. xxii. 27). At the time when L. Sulla was in Asia, after bringing Mithridates to terms (B. C. 84), Clazomenae and other places on this coast were plundered by the pirates who infested the Aegean sea. (Appian, Mithrid. 63.) Clazomenae was included in the Roman province of Asia.

Clazomenae, it is said, did not exist before the Ionians settled in Asia. The greater part of the first settlers were not Ionians, but people from Cleonae and Phlius, who left these cities when the Dorians came into the Peloponnesus. These emigrants first occupied a place in the territory of Colophon, named Scyppium or Schyphia (Steph. s. v. Ekvpía), and finally they removed to the place called Clazomenae (Paus. vii. 3. § 8). This old town was on the mainland, and it successfully resisted the attacks of Alyattes king of Lydia (Hered. i. 16). The enterprise of the people is shown by an early attempt to colonise Abdera in Thrace, and by their trade with Egypt (Herod. i. 168, ii. 178). In the time of Croesus the Clazomenii had a treasury at Delphi (i. 51). Herodotus enumerates Clazomenae among the states of Ionia that were on the mainland, for the only insular states which he names are, Chios and Samos; and yet the city of Clazomenae was on the island in his time. But as the territory of the Clazomenii was on the mainland, and the city was merely their stronghold on a small island close to the main, it could not be properly called an insular state like Chios and Samos (Herod. i. 142). Otanes the Persian took Clazomenae soon after the commencement of the Ionian revolt (Herod. v. 123) and we must suppose that the city at that time was on the island.

Clazomenae became a dependency of Athens, but after the losses of the Athenians in Sicily, it revolted with Chios and Erythrae. The Clazomenii at the same time began to fortify Polichne on the main as a place of refuge, if it should be necessary. The Athenians took Polichne, and removed the people back to the island, except those who had been most active in the revolt; and they went off to a place called Daphnus (Thuc. viii. 14, 23). Clazomenae was now again in alliance with or dependence on Athens; but Astyochus the Lacedaemonian com.

Clazomenae was the birthplace of Anaxagoras (8 puoikós), who was one of the masters of Archelaus, and the dramatist Euripides. Hamilton (Researches, fc. vol. ii. p. 9) obtained a few coins of Clazomenae at Ritri (Erythrae), and accordingly not far from the site of the place to which they belonged. [G. L.]

COIN OF CLAZOMENAE.

CLEANDRIA. [RHODUS.]

CLEIDES (Keides), a group of small islands which lay off the NE. extremity of Cyprus. (Strab. xiv. p. 682.) They were four in number (Plin. v. 31; comp. Anthol. Graec. ed. Jacobs, vol. iii. p. 45). The name of these islands has been transferred to the Cape (Herod. v. 108), which Pliny (1. c.) calls Dinaretum, and Ptolemy (v. 14. § 3) BOOSURA (Palat. Kλeides). Strabo does not name this headland, but observes that above it was a mountain named Olympus, with a temple consecrated to Aphrodite Acraea from which women were excluded (comp. Claud. de Nupt. Honor. et Mar. 49). It is now called Sant' Andrea. There is an autonomous coin with the epigraph of Cleides. (Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 88; Engel, Kypros, vol. i. p. 88; Pococke, Trav. vol. ii. p. 219.) [E. B. J.]

CLEITOR (KAeíTwp; Clitorium, Plin. iv. 6. s. 10; Eth. Kλeiтópios), a town in Arcadia, the name

of which is derived by Müller, from its being situated in an enclosed plain (from κλeíw), while others conLect it with Clivia and Clusium. (Müller, Dorians, vol. ii. p. 444, transl.; Lobeck, Rhemat. 293.) It possessed a small territory called Cleitoria (KATopía, Polyb. iv. 10. § 6), bounded on the E. by the territory of Pheneus, on the W. by that of Psophis, on the N. by that of Cynaetha and Achaia, and on the S. by the territories of Caphyae, Tripolis, and Thelpusa. The lofty Aroanian mountains formed the NE. boundary of the territory of Cleitor, separating it from that of Pheneus. In these mountains the river Aroanius (Katzána) rises, which flowed through the territory of Cleitor from N. to S., and falls into the Ladon near the sources of the latter. The valley of this river opens out into two plains. In the upper plain, now called the plain of Sudhend, was situated Lusi, at one time an independent town, but at a later period a dependency of Cleitor. [LUSI.] In the lower plain, now called the plain of Katzána, or Katzánes, was the town of Cleitor itself.

Besides the valley of the Aroanius, the upper valley of the Ladon also formed part of the territory of Cleitor. The Ladon rose in this district, and flowed through the southern part of it in a south-westerly direction. The road from Caphyae to Psophis passed through the Cleitoria, and was traversed by Pausanias (viii. 23. §§ 8, 9). At the distance of seven stadia from Caphyae was Nasi, in the territory of the latter city; and 50 stadia beyond, the road crossed the Ladon, but Pausanias does not mention where the territory of Cleitor began. The road then entered a forest of oaks called Soron, and passed through Argeathae, Lycuntes, and Scotane, till it arrived at the ruins of Paus, situated at the end of the forest, and not far from Seirae, which was distant 30 stadia from Pso phis, and was the boundary between the Cleitorii and Psophidii. There are still some remains of this forest, which, in the time of Pausanias, contained bears and wild boars. The position of these places is uncertain; though Leake attempts to identify some of them. (Peloponnesiaca, p. 221.) Paus is also mentioned by Herodotus (Пalov, or Пάyou πóλs, vi. 127), who speaks of it as a town of Azania.

Cleitor was situated in the midst of the plain of Kátzana, upon a hill of moderate height between two rivulets. The more important of these streams, running S. of the town, was also called Cleitor, now Klitora. The other stream, now called the river of Karnesi, rises in the district of Lusi, and falls into the Klitora just beyond the remains of the ancient city. The Cleitor, after flowing rapidly through the plain, falls into the Aroanius, at the distance of seven stadia from the city of Cleitor, according to Pausanias; but the real distance is at least double. (Paus. viii. 21. § 1; "rapidus Clitor," Stat. Theb. iv. 289; Athen. v. iii. p.331, d.; κλEITÓEv üdWP TOTαuòs 'Аpradías, Hesych.) A little north of the junction of the river Cleitor with the Aroanius is the Kalyvia of Mázi upon a gentle elevation, in the neighbourhood of which Dodwell discovered the remains of a small Doric temple.

Cleitor is said to have been founded by a hero of the same name, the son of the Arcadian king Azan. (Paus. viii. 4. § 5, viii. 21. § 3.) The Cleitoria formed an important part of the Azanian district. The Cleitorian fountain, of which we shall speak presently, was regarded as one of the curiosities of Azania; and the Aroanian mountains, on the summits of which the daughters of Proetus wandered in

(Eudoxus, ap. Steph. s. v. 'AÇavía.) The Cleitorians were renowned among the Peloponnesians for their love of liberty (rò Kλeiтopíwv piλeλeÚÐepov kal yervalov), of which an instance is cited even from the mythical times, in the brave resistance they offered to Sous, king of Sparta. (Plut. Lyc. 2, Apophth. p. 234.) Their power was increased by the conquest of Lusi, Paus, and other towns in their neighbourhood. In commemoration of these conquests they dedicated at Olympia a brazen statue of Zeus, 18 feet in height, which was extant in the time of Pausanias, who has preserved the inscription upon it. (Paus. v. 23. § 7.) Cleitor seems to have occupied an important position among the Arcadian cities. In the Theban war it carried on hostilities against Orchomenus. (Xen. Hell. v. 4. § 36.) In the Social War it belonged to the Achaean League, and bravely repelled the assaults of the Aetolians, who attempted to scale the walls. (Polyb. iv. 18, 19, ix. 38.) It was sometimes used as the place of meeting of the Achaean League. (Polyb. xxiii. 5; Liv. xxxix. 5.) Strabo (viii. p. 388) mentions Cleitor among the Arcadian towns destroyed in his time, or of which scarcely any traces existed; but this is not correct, since it was not only in existence in the time of Pausanias, but it continued to coin money as late as the reign of Septimius Severus.

It

Pausanias gives only a brief description of Cleitor. He says that its three principal temples were those of Demeter, Asclepius, and Eileithyia; that at the distance of four stadia from the city the Cleitorians possessed a temple of the Dioscuri, whom they called the great gods; and that further on the summit of a mountain, at the distance of 30 stadia from the city, there was a temple of Athena Coria. (Paus. viii. 21. §3.) The ruins of Cleitor are now called Paleopoli, distant about three miles from a village which still bears the name of the ancient town. would seem, as Leake remarks, that the river, having preserved its name after the city had ceased to exist, at length gave that name to a village built at its sources. The walls of the ancient city may still be traced in nearly their full extent. They inclose an irregular oblong space, not more than a mile in circumference; they were about 15 feet in thickness, and were fortified with towers. But the space inclosed by these walls seems to have been properly the acropolis of the ancient city, since the whole plain between the river of Klitora and the river of Karnési is covered with stones and pottery, mixed with quadrangular blocks and remains of columns. There are remains of a theatre towards the western end of the hill.

In the territory of Cleitor was a celebrated fountain, of which those who drank lost for ever their taste for wine:

"Clitorio quicunque sitim de fonte levarit,

Vina fugit: gaudetque meris abstemius undis." (Ov. Met. xv. 322; comp. Phylarch. ap. Athen. ii. p. 43; Vitruv. viii. 3; Plin. xxxi. 2. s. 13.) A spring of water, gushing forth from the hill on which the ruins stand, is usually supposed to be this miraculous fountain; but Curtius places it in the territory of Lusi, because it is said to have been situated upon the confines of the Cleitoria, and is mentioned in connection with the purification of the daughters of Proetus by Melampus, which is said to have taken place at Lusi. (Eirikal nyǹ пaρà тoîs KλELTO píois, Hesych.; situated av' èo xarias KλeíTopos Vitruv. l. c.; èv Kλeiropi in Phylarch. ap. Athen.

Another marvel in the territory of Cleitor was the singing fish of the river Aroanius. These fish, which were called ToxiXiai, were said to sing like thrushes. Pausanias relates (viii. 21. §2) that he had seen these fish caught; but that he had never heard them sing, although he had remained for that purpose on the banks of the river till sunset, when they were supposed to be most vocal. These singing fish are also mentioned by Athenaeus and Pliny. The former writer cites three authorities in proof of their existence, of whom Philostephanos placed them on the Ladon, Mnaseas in the Cleitor, and the Peripatetic Clearchus in the Pheneatic Aroanius. (Athen. viii. pp. 331, 332.) Pliny improperly identifies them with the exocoetus or adonis, which was a sea-fish. (Plin. ix. 19.) The Tokikia was probably trout, and was so called from its spotted and many-coloured scales. The trout of the Aroanius are described by Dodwell as of a fine bright colour, and beautifully variegated." (Dodwell, Classical Tour, vol. ii. p. 442; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 257, seq.; Boblaye, Recherches, &c. p. 156; Curtius, Peloponnesiaca, p. 374. seq.)

CLEO'NAE (Κλεωναί: Eth. Κλεωναίος). 1. Α city in Peloponnesus, described by writers of the Roman period as a city of Argolis, but never included in the Argeia or territory of Argos, in the flourishing period of Greek history. Cleonae was situated on the road from Argos to Corinth, at the distance of 120 stadia from the former city, and 80 stadia from the latter. (Strab. viii. p. 377.) The narrow pass through the mountains, called Tretus, leading from Argos to Cleonae, is described elsewhere [p. 201,a.]. Cleonae stood in a small plain upon a river flowing into the Corinthian gulf a little westward of Lechaeum. This river is now called Longo: its ancient name appears to have been Langeia (Stat. Theb. iv. 51; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 391). In its territory was Mt. Apesas, now called Fuka, connected with the AcroCorinthus by a rugged range of hills. Both Strabo and Pausanias describe Cleonae as a small place; and the former writer, who saw it from the Acrocorinthus, says that it is situated upon a hill surrounded on all sides by buildings, and well walled, so as to deserve the epithet given to it by Homer (Il. ii. 570):-UKTI | Mévas Kewvás. Statius also speaks of "ingenti turritae mole Cleonae." (Theb. iv. 47.) The existing ruins, though scanty, justify these descriptions. They are found at a hamlet still called Klenes, not far from the village Kurtési. According to Dodwell, they occupy 'a circular and insulated hill, which seems to have been completely covered with buildings. On the side of the hill are six ancient terrace walls rising one above another, on which the houses and streets are situated."

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Cleonae possessed only a small territory. It de rived its chief importance from the Nemean games being celebrated in its territory, in the grove of Nemea, between Cleonae and Phlius. [NEMEA.] Hence the festival is called by Pindar ayav Kλewvaios (Nem. iv. 27). Hercules is said to have slain Eurytus and Cteatus, the sons of Actor, near Cleonae; and Diodorus mentions a temple of Hercules erected in the neighbourhood of the city in memory of that event. (Paus. v. 2. § 1, seq.; Pind. Ol. x. 36; Diod. iv. 33.)

Cleonae is said to have derived its name either from Cleones, the son of Pelops, or from Cleone, the daughter of the river-god Asopus. (Paus. ii. 15. § 1.) It was conquered by the Dorians, whereupon some of its inhabitants, together with those of the neig

bouring town of Phlius, are said to have founded Clazomenae in Asia Minor. (Paus. vii. 3. § 9.) In the Dorian conquest, Cleonae formed part of the lot of Temenus, and in early times was one of the confederated allies or subordinates of Argos. (Grote, History of Greece, vol. ii. p. 417.) Indeed in the historical period. Cleonae was for the most part closely connected with Argos. After the Persian wars, the Cleonaeans assisted the Argives in subduing Mycenae (Strab. viii. p. 377); and they fought as the allies of Argos at the battle of Mantineia, B. C. 418. (Thuc. v. 67.) Of their subsequent history nothing

known, though their city is occasionally mentioned down to the time of Ptolemy. (Xen. Hell. vii. 5. § 15; Polyb. ii. 52; Liv. xxxiii. 14, xxxiv. 25; Ov. Met. vi. 417; Paus. ii. 15; Plin. iv 6. s. 10; Ptol. iii. 16. § 20: Dodwell, Classical Tour, vol. ii. p. 206; Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 324, seq.; Boblaye, Recherches, &c., p. 41.)

2. A town of Chalcidice, in Macedonia, situated on the peninsula of Mt. Athos, and probably on the western coast, south of Thyssus. (Herod. vii. 22; Thuc. iv. 109; Seylax, p. 26; Strab. vii. p. 331; Mela, ii. 2; Plin. iv. 10. s. 17; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 149, seq.)

3. A town of Phocis. [HYAMPOLIS.]
CLEOPATRIS. [ARSINOE, No. 1.]
CLEPSYDRA FONS. [ATHENAE, p. 286.]
CLEVUM. [GLEVA.]

CLIMAX (Kiuag, steps, or a ladder), a name equivalent to the French Echelle and Italian Scala. It was used by the Greeks to signify a narrow and difficult pass.

1. On the east coast of Lycia the range of Taurus comes close upon the sea, and in the part between Phaselis and Olbia the pass is between the mountains and the sea. (Strab. p. 666.) Strabo describes it accurately: "about Phaselis is the narrow pass on the coast through which Alexander led his army; a mountain called Climax hangs over the Pamphylian sea, leaving a narrow passage along the beach, which is bare when there is no wind, and passable for travellers; but when the sea is swollen. it is for the most part covered by the waves; the road over the mountain is circuitous and steep, and people use the sea-road in fine weather. Alexander happened to be here in the winter season, and, trusting to his fortune, he set out before the waters had abated, and accordingly it happened that the men had to march all day in the water, up to the middle." Arrian (Anab. i. 26) says that Alexander made the passage easily, in consequence of the north wind having blown back the water which the south wind had brought upon the coast. He does not give any name to the pass. Mount Climax is that part of the coast which forms the eastern limit of Lycia, and the west side of the bay of Adalia. Beaufort observes (Karamania, p. 116): "the road along the coast is, however, interrupted in some places by projecting cliffs, which would have been difficult to surmount, but round which the men could readily pass by wading through the water."