The produce of the river has sometimes given name to the stream. Braddan, in the Isle of Man, is known as Kirk Salmon, being situated on a river abounding with that fish two miles from Douglas, where it falls into the sea and forms the harbour, one of the best in the Irish Channel. In America the river Salmon is one of the branches of the Connecticut, the largest river in New England.

Salm, the German word for salmon, is the name of several seignories of the empire on the borders of the river Salm, one of the tributaries of the Moselle. Salmon are here borne as territorial ensigns in reference to the name of the fief. Gules, semée of cross crosslets or, two salmon addorsed argent, are the arms, and two salmon addorsed, tails upward, argent, are borne as a crest by the Princes of Upper Salm, in Lorraine, descended from the Wildgraves and Rhingraves of Daun and Kyrburg, feudal titles, which attest the antiquity of German families.

The Wildgraves were Counts of the forest of Ardennes; the Rhingraves were Counts of seignories on the banks of the Rhine, whose territories differing in extent, they equally, within their demesnes, exercised the rights of sovereignty. In reference to this feudal constitution of the empire, Charles V. remarked that in other dominions he was obeyed by subjects, but in Ger

many he commanded kings. A similar expression had been previously applied to Charles Martel, from whom the Carlovinian, or second race of kings of France, derive their descent.

C'est ce Martel, le Prince de Francois,

Non Roy de nom, mais le maister des Roys.

The Princes of Salm are descended from Philip Otto, who was made a Prince of the Empire in 1623, and claim alliance with the royal family of England through the grand-daughter of Frederic, the Elector Palatine, and the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King James I.

The same arms and crest⁕ are borne by the Counts of Lower Salm, or Salm Reifferschied, lineally descended from Loherus, Duke of the Moselle, and the Dukes of Limburg, whose ancient castle at Salm crowns the summit of a hill.

In France salmon are borne in heraldry as a play upon the personal designation. Sable, fretty argent, on a chief gules a salmon naiant or, are the arms of Salmon. Another French family of the same name bear, azure, a chevron or, between three salmon hauriant.

The name of Salmon is not uncommon in England, and almost every one of that name, from early periods and entitled to bear arms, assumed the fish as a family device. John Salmon, Prior of Ely, afterwards Lord Chancellor to King Edward II. and Bishop of Norwich, built the episcopal palace about 1320, and also a chapel at the west end of the cathedral at Norwich. He died at Folkstone in 1325. Thomas Salmon, Abbot of Cerne in Dorsetshire, rebuilt the gatehouse of that abbey in 1509, which is enriched with his arms, the arms of the abbey, and with the royal badges of the house of Tudor.

Sable, three salmon hauriant argent, are the arms of the family of Salmon of Finningley, in Nottinghamshire. The same arms are upon a monument in the church of Leigh in Essex, in memory of Robert Salmon, one of the Masters of the Trinity House, who died in 1641; also on a mural tablet in the chancel of Wadhurst church in Sussex, in memory of the Rev. William Salmon, who died in 1830. The family of Salmon of Willaston Hall, Nantwich, in Cheshire, bear the fish gold; that of Salmon, in Yorkshire, bear the field red and the fish

* Sibmacher's Wapenbuch, 1605.

white and other families of the same name bear only two fish hauriant.

Thomas Salmon, M.A. Rector of Meppershall in Bedfordshire, was the father of Thomas, the author of an historical account of St. George and the Order of the Garter in 1704, and of Nathaniel Salmon, the historian of Hertfordshire.

The family of Salmond retains the fish only in the crest, a salmon naiant or; that of Salmine bears for arms, gules, two salmon hauriant addorsed argent.

Azure, on a fess or, three roses gules between three salmon hauriant argent; crest, an arm erect, vested bendy or and azure, holding in the hand a demi-fish azure, are the arms of the family of Knight of the city of Gloucester.

Sable, a chevron ermine between three salmon hauriant argent, are the arms of the family of Cater of Kempston, in Bedfordshire, and that of Cater of Papworth Agnes, in Huntingdonshire.

A Cater is a purveyor; and, in allusion to the name, salmon were possibly chosen for arms, as forming an important part of a great entertainment. A Roman tessera, bearing two fish in saltier, an invitation ticket to a feast, is engraved in Montfaucon's Antiquities. Salmon chines boiled, was one of the dishes in the first course, consisting of fish, at Archbishop Nevile's dinner.

⁕ Vol. iii.

One dish in each course was the standard; and at a fish feast to knights, clerks, and esquires, during Lent, in the thirteenth century, the standard was half a salmon with the chine. Other dishes at the same feast were, a fresh conger, three fat pikes, five fat eels, and twenty-seven fat roaches, half a hundred lamprouns, and oysters. Sometimes the standard was only an ornament; St. George, the griffin, &c. are named as standards; and it may be remarked that the painted temples decorated with sweetmeats, which still make their appearance at city feasts, are the successors to the standard at the tables of our ancestors.⁕

Gules, two salmon hauriant argent, are the arms of the family of Sammes; and azure, three salmon naiant in pale argent, are the arms of that of Sambrooke.

Sir Jeremy Sambrooke having married Judith the sister of Sir Nicholas Vanacker, Baronet, of Erith in Kent, succeeded to the Baronetcy, according to the terms of the patent granted by King William III. in 1700. His son, Sir Jeremy Sambrooke, Bart, of Gobions, in Hertfordshire, died in 1754, when the title became extinct. Several monuments of this family are in the church of North Mims.

The Earl of Lichfield bears the arms of Sambrooke, azure, three salmon naiant argent, quartered with those of Anson, argent, three bends gules, to show his descent from this family. Sambrooke Adams, Esq. of Sambrooke, in Shropshire, on the borders of Staffordshire, married Janette, sister of the distinguished Admiral Lord Anson; and on the death of his lordship's brother Thomas in 1770, their estate devolved to his nephew,

* The daily expences of a person of rank in the thirteenth century, printed by the Rev. Joseph Hunter, F.S.A. in the Retrospective Review.

George Anson, Esq. the father of Thomas Viscount Anson, whose son, Thomas William Viscount Anson, was created Earl of Lichfield in 1831.

Argent, three fish naiant in pale sable, are the arms of the family of Welsh; and, gules, two fish in saltier argent, are the arms of the family of Sevington. These fish are probably intended for sewins, which are slightly dissimilar to salmon, and are abundant in the streams of the southern part of Wales, whence they are commonly termed Welsh salmon.⁕

An offering of fish was claimed and allowed to the Abbot of St. Peter's Westminster, for several centuries, on the plea that St. Peter had granted the tithe of all salmon caught in the Thames at the time he consecrated the church. The extent of this claim over the river, made by the abbot on the part of the convent, was equal to that of the present jurisdiction of the Lord Mayor, from Yantlet creek to Staines bridge; and among many causes assigned for the scarcity of salmon in the Thames in more modern times, it was believed that the fishermen not having made their customary offering to St. Peter was the principal.t

In the arms of the city of Glasgow, and in those of the ancient see, a salmon with a ring in its mouth is said to record a miracle of St. Kentigern, the founder of the see, and the first Bishop of Glasgow. On the reverse of Bishop Wishart's seal in the reign of Edward II, this supposed allusion to the legendary story of St. Kentigern appears for the first time.‡

Some of the early Bishops of Glasgow displayed the figure of

* Hansard's Trout and Salmon fishing in Wales, p. 18.

+ Brayley's History of Westminster Abbey.

Ancient Burgh Records of Glasgow, 1832.