WORKS BY SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER. HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-1642. 10 vols. crown 8vo. 6s. each. A HISTORY OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR, 1642-1649. (3 vols.) Vol. I. 1642-1644. With 24 Maps. 8vo. 21s. Vol. II. 1644-1647. With 21 Maps. 8vo. 245. Vol. III. 1647-1649. 8vo. 235. A STUDENT'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. From the Vol. I. (B.C. 55-A.D. 1509.) With 173 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s. Edited A SCHOOL ATLAS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. by SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, M.A. LL.D. With 66 Coloured Maps and 22 Plans of Battles and Sieges. Fcp. 4to. 5s. This Atlas is intended to serve as a companion to Mr. S. R. Gardiner's Student's History of England.' In addition to the historical maps of the British Isles, in whole or in part, are others of Continental countries or districts which were the scenes of events connected more or less closely with English History. Indian and Colonial development also obtain due recognition. THE FIRST TWO STUARTS AND THE PURITAN REVOLUTION, 1603-1660. 4 Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR, 1618-1648. With a Map. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. OUTLINE OF ENGLISH HISTORY, B.C. 55-A.D. 1886. With 67 Woodcuts and 17 Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1795. London: LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. By Mrs. FELLOW OF ALL SOULS; HONORARY STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH; FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE MEMBER OF THE ROYAL BOHEMIAN SOCIETY OF SCIENCES, And of THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SCIENCES OF COPENHAGEN VOL. III. 1647-1649 LONDON LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. AND NEW YORK: 15 EAST 16th STREET 1891 All rights reserved PREFACE. IN my preface to the second volume of this work I stated my belief that the crucial year of Cromwell's career' was 1647, and that belief has been fully borne out by subsequent investigation. After watching him narrowly through the period when his conduct was most open to attack, I have little fear that any inquiry into his later proceedings will substantially affect the conclusions at which I have arrived. In forming a judgment on Cromwell it is absolutely necessary to take Carlyle's monumental work As a starting point. Every satisfactory effort to understand the character of a man must be based on his own spoken and written words, though it is always possible to throw in further light and shade from other sources. To one seeking further knowledge two lines of inquiry present themselves-first the examination of new evidence, and secondly the critical sifting of evidence which has long been before the world. With respect to the material falling under the first head, pre-eminent importance belongs to The Clarke Papers, of which the first volume has recently been edited. by my friend Mr. Firth for the Camden Society. Of |