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No. 238.

REVIEWS

Mémoires de Madame la Duchesse d'Abrantès, ou, Souvenirs Historiques sur Napoléon, la Révolution, le Directoire, le Consulat, l'Empire, et la Restauration. Troisième Livraison-containing volumes V. and VI. Paris, 1832. Ladvocat.

quired great and dreadful celebrity. This was Jourdan the Beheader.

"Born in Les Cevennes, this celebrated brigand was at first a smuggler, but, as he did not limit his prowess to the exercise of this dangerous profession, he was apprehended and sent to the prison at Valence in Dauphiné. Having made his escape, with six others, he dropped his real name of Jouve, and assumed that of Jourdan, crimes. Having again attracted the attention under which he perpetrated the most dreadful of the officers of Justice, he left off business, ceased to lay travellers under contribution upon the highway, and came to Paris. Here he worked as a journeyman blacksmith and farrier, and afterwards entered the service of the Duke of Orleans, but was soon turned away for stealing. A penchant for pilfering was too strongly

THE long-announced publication of this third
livraison has at length taken place, and the
volumes have reached us with all possible
dispatch. Although the work has arrived
after our editorial arrangements for the week
are completed, we shall, nevertheless, manage
to gratify our readers with a first notice of
these truly entertaining Memoirs. It must
not, however, be imagined, that we present
the following extracts as the brightest gems
of the work they have been chosen as
those best adapted to the peculiar circum-Gorgeot, with whom he had lived.
stances under which this hasty notice is writ-
ten-more time will enable us to do more
justice in future translations.

In these new volumes, Madame la Duchesse
is worthy of herself. The same graceful and
flowing style, the same ease of narration,
the same originality of thought, pervade this
third part of the most entertaining memoirs
which have appeared upon the French Revo-
lution; and perhaps the most important, em-
bracing, as they do, the consequences atten-
dant upon its progress through a lapse of
nearly thirty years. The Duchess of Abran-
tès is no ordinary woman. She thinks and
acts for herself; and in her opinions on the
most trivial matters, as on the most impor-
tant, will be found that independence of
thought and sentiment, which stamps the
master mind. Should we be thought a little
too enthusiastic in our praise, let it be re-
membered, that we have had many oppor-
tunities, besides the perusal of her writings,
of judging of her talents.

Our first extracts have reference to the horrible excesses committed at Avignon, early in the Revolution; and these details are the more valuable, because they are not recorded in any other work:

Jourdan the Beheader. "It is necessary to state, before relating this short history, that the delightful city of Avignon, so beautiful of itself, and so delightful as associated with the recollection of Petrarch and Laura, was, at the period of the revolution,

served the Duke of Orleans, he had been discharged for theft by a farrier of the Rue Clos

rooted in his heart to be resisted; and before he

"He now returned to Avignon, whither he carried fire and sword. Some persons at Avignon believed that he had acquired the ominous surname of the Beheader, from the circumstance of his having, on the day the Bastille was captured, cut off the head of M. de Launay, the governor of that fortress. But this is incorrect. Jourdan's crimes are sufficiently numerous, without imputing to him those of other people. He who mutilated the unfortunate De Launay, was a tall old man with a long white beard; and was so described on the 6th of October."

The Marquis d'Aulan.

"On the 10th of June, 1790, M. Demanez, Marquis d'Aulan, the most esteemed man at Avignon, and the most deserving of such esteem, from the good he did, and from the practice of every virtue, was carried by the crowd towards a gallows fifty feet high, raised upon the Place du Palais, and upon which the mob were about to hang the Marquis de Rochegude, the Abbé Offraye, and one Aubert, a silk-mercer, who possessed considerable property at Avignon. When M. d'Aulan saw his unhappy countrymen them to the most ferocious of wild beasts, he excited by a sanguinary frenzy, which assimilated spoke to them with that accent of truth and virtue, which was wont to calm the most furious. But on that fatal day of murder, his voice was lost; nothing was listened to, and nothing heard, save the cries of the victims. M. d'Aulan was not discouraged; but, with a perseverance and courage, which many others would not have shown to save even their own lives, succeeded in getting close to the gallows tree. rived, the executioner was struggling with a carrier belonging to the country, named Buffar

As he ar

a prey to the most atrocious and unheard ofdin, whom the people had condemned to be excrimes. Definitively united to France by a decree of the national assembly, the Venaissin county brought us hatred and vengeance, whose torch was lit by that of our own civil discords. Banditti, freed galley-slaves, and criminals of all descriptions from the coast of Italy and the Islands of the Mediterranean, assembled at Avignon, and spread murder, pillage, sacrilege, and devastation over the country. They acknowledged a chief, who afterwards ac

ecuted upon suspicion of monopolizing corn. The poor man was innocent, and M. d'Aulan knew it well.

"Ye are a herd of monsters,' he cried, as he flew to the assistance of the carrier, whom he helped to get rid of the hangman. Ye are worse than tigers. What has this unfortunate man done to you? Would you take his life? And what are to become of his wife and children -who is to provide for them? Thirst you still

for blood? Do you require another victim? If so, leave that man and take me, but on condition that I shall be the last.'

666

He is right! He is right!' cried the multitude. Among the latter, were many individuals who knew the worth of the Marquis d'Aulan, justly termed the father of the unfortunate. But their attempts to speak in his favour, were unsuccessful; their voices were drowned in the cries and vociferations of the wretches who surrounded the gallows.

"Yes! yes! they exclaimed: 'since he chooses to pay off the scores of the carrier, let him die!'

"And the noble-minded Marquis was immediately hanged."

The Tour de la Glacière. "What saved the city of Avignon on this fatal day, was the coolness and courage of the Chevalier d'Aymar, mayor of Orange, who, with his national guard, restored tranquillity,—for a time at least. It was on the 6th of October of the following year, that the horrible catastrophe of the Tour de la Glacière took place. A man of the name of L'Ecuyer, addressing the people in the church of the Cordeliers, was stabbed to death with scissors by a troop of women, or rather furies. They themselves carried the body in procession round the city, stating that it was the corpse of a victim, whose murder must be.. avenged. The people rose, broke open the prison, and tore from their asylum of grief, wretches who now feared to leave it, and clung with despair to the bars of their cells. Sixty-three individuals of all ages and both sexes, were precipitated into the Tour de la Glacière, into which quick lime had previously been thrown, but without water. The first who reached the bottom were suffoarchitect, and his son. They were found close cated; and among these were M. Lami, the to each other, the son kneeling before his father."

The following account of Cimarosa will be some relief to this dark tale of horrors, and we hope interesting to our musical readers :—

Cimarosa.

piness, and Cimarosa left the widowed father of a son. His grief was overwhelming: but he at length yielded to the entreaties of Madame Ballante to marry again. This lady had adopted and brought up an orphan girl as her child. She took her to Cimarosa: This, my friend,' she said, 'is my second daughter." Alas! happiness seemed not destined for a man so peculiarly qualified to enjoy it as Cimarosa. His second wife died very young, leaving him a son and a daughter.

"Cimarosa had a fine mind: his feelings were those of a being superior to the best of ordinary men. He had great powers of intellect, and an abundant store of general knowledge, independent of the fine spirituality of his transcendent genius. He sang better than the most celebrated artistes; and his manner of accompanying was beautiful beyond description. My brother, who was a passionate admirer of Cimarosa's compositions, as all must be who can feel music, told me that he once had a musical battle with this celebrated composer, which lasted a whole morning. It was who should first tire the other. Cimarosa was at the piano, and my brother at the harp. The former would give out a subject, and Albert would make variations upon it on his harp. Cimarosa would then sing it in every key, and in every measure, as barcarola, canzonna, polacca, romanza, &c. These were the most agreeable hours,' my brother has often said to me, that I ever spent.' The facility of improvisation is an extraordinary and enchanting gift of nature, which Cimarosa possessed in rare perfection; and when, at a party, he sang extemporaneously a delightful song, to which he improvised words with marvellous facility, it was impossible to avoid bestowing upon him the epithet of divine, of which my personal admiration of him justifies the use in this work. He was a lively, pleasant companion, fond of laughter; and he possessed, in the highest degree, that quality so generally the concomitant of superior genius,I mean, generosity. How many unfortunate emigrants were succoured by Cimarosa! Paris, when the beautiful finale of the Matrimonio, Pria che spunti,' or 'Quelle pupille tenere,' elicited almost frantic applause, it is well known that the profit of these immortal productions was devoted to assuage the misfortunes of many of our unhappy countrymen. But we were then living under a government unable to appreciate the virtue of such a man. Instead of a civic crown in the name of the admiring country, persecution, fetters, and torture were the rewards bestowed upon Parthenope's brightest glory, for having exercised the most noble philanthropy. It is well known that the persecutions which Cimarosa underwent were the cause of his premature death.

At

"Madame Ballante, also a victim of the troubles which divided their beautiful country, lost all her fortune. A mind like Cimarosa's could only utter accents pure and lovely as his thoughts. He had the happiness to receive his benefactress at his own house. 'You are mistress here,' said he; for is not everything I possess yours? Are you not my mother,nay, more than mother, my best and dearest benefactress ?'

"Cimarosa endeavoured to struggle against royal terrorism, but it was of no avail. Neapolitan terrorism was more exquisitely atrocious than any other, and its cruelty more permanently active; which is saying a great deal. The horrible crimes committed at Naples are generally unknown; but when the eye of historic research shall penetrate that page of iniquity

when it shall behold the murders, the judicial robberies, the religious persecutions -the mind of the honest historian will shrink back with horror. And when he afterwards learns that

cution of all these horrors, what will he then

feel?

Cimarosa, scarcely fifty years of age, died on the 10th of January, 1801. His name and works will be immortal."

Madame la Duchesse, in her account of the private theatricals at Malmaison, relates a laughable anecdote, which we here transcribe :

Isabey and the First Consul.

"I have already stated that our actors were very good. One of the best,-perhaps the very best, with the exception only of Hortense, was Isabey, the miniature-painter. Although useful to us, he suddenly ceased taking a part in our plays. This circumstance has been but obscurely explained: it originated in the following ludicrous cause.

"One day, the first Consul, having returned from his ride, crossed the small gallery next to the middle saloon at Malmaison, and stopped to look at a book of engravings placed upon a table at the end of the gallery looking into the park. Isabey, who had just left the theatre, entered through an opposite door. At this period the first Consul was very thin, and wore the uniform of the Guides or Chasseurs à Cheval, belonging to the body guard. Eugène Beauharnais was then colonel of that fine regiment. Isabey, who had not heard the first consul come in, seeing at the end of the gallery a short, slim personage, dressed in the uniform of the Guides, and wearing two epaulets, naturally concluded that it was Eugène Beauharnais, with whom he was very intimate, and whom he determined to surprise. Dextrous, light, and easy in his motions as a cat, he advanced softly without making the slightest noise, and, seizing a favourable opportunity, leaped with a single spring upon the shoulders of the first Consul, and sate astride upon his neck. Napoleon, who thought that the house was falling over his head, and that the devil had come to strangle him, was thrown down by the impetus of the demon. He rose,

got rid of his strange collar, which in his turn he threw with violence upon the ground, and presented to the stupified countenance of Isabey features which he certainly did not expect to behold at that moment.

"What means this joke?' said he, in a severe

tone.

666

I thought it was Eugène,' stammered the young artist.

"And if it had been Eugène,' replied the first Consul, was it necessary to dislocate his shoulder?' Saying this, he left the gallery.

"This story soon got wind, notwithstanding the care taken to prevent it. The first Consul had too much tact not to know that the laugh was not on his side. Isabey had the same perception of the ridicule that would fall upon Napoleon, and both would fain have covered the circumstance with the veil of silence. But whether the artist, in the first moment of his alarm, had related the circumstance to Eugène himself, or whether the first Consul had said something to Madame Bonaparte, certain it is, that the matter became known. Pains were afterwards taken to contradict the story. If this ridiculous circumstance were the cause of Isabey's departure, and his forced secession from our dramatic company, it was a palpable injustice, and one without object; for, to avoid laughing at the idea of Isabey thus scaling or escalading the first Consul, it was necessary to be descended in a direct line, and without mésalliance, from either Timon or Heraclitus."

poleon in an amiable light. The following places the character of Na

Anecdote of Napoleon and Junot. "A woman of high rank and fashion was

by the selfish thoughtlessness of a young hairbrained coxcomb, who asked her for an asylum. I forget whether it was in the affair of the infernal machine, or that of Chevalier; but it is certain, that the lady had no concern whatever with the plot, of which she was totally ignorant. The young man was a lieutenant in Colonel Fournier's regiment. He was deeply implicated; and instead of giving a candid explanation to the person to whom he applied for concealment, and whom his application might involve in serious difficulties, he concealed from her the political motive of his proscription. The gendarmerie, who traced him closely, soon found him Madame Montesson; for his benefactress was out, and took him from under the protection of no other than that distinguished lady. As soon as she knew the truth, she sent to request that Junot would come to her. The first Consul had the highest esteem and regard for this lady; Madame Bonaparte was much attached to her; she was herself deserving of the high consideration she enjoyed; and the idea of her name appearing in any judicial proceedings, was in the greatest degree painful to her. Junot immediately perceived that she was in no way to blame; the report was altered, and the name of Madame Montesson did not appear in it, because it was unnecessary. Some time after this, the first Consul said to Junot:

"In whose house was the young lieutenant of the twelfth arrested?'

"Junot was at first taken by surprise, but, soon recovering his presence of mind, he recollected that he had made the police officers put in the report, that the lieutenant was apprehended in the Champs-Elysées. He made the same statement to the first Consul; the latter began to 1.ugh.

666

Thy memory is none of the best, friend Junot,' he said, pulling Junot's ear. This caress, a strong voucher for the absence of angry feelings, tranquillized Junot. Thou hast forgotten: he was taken at Madame Montesson's.' Then looking serious, Napoleon added:

"My dear Junot, thou didst well to comply with Madame Montesson's request; for she is a woman for whom I entertain the highest respect. Thy conduct was, therefore, very proper, in causing her name to be omitted in the report; but thou shouldst have communicated it to me verbally.'

་་

Here we have a specimen of that peculiarity of Napoleon's temper, which made him desirous of knowing EVERYTHING, and evince displeasure at the least mystery. Junot begged to know the name of the secret informer-it was Fouché."

The following is an anecdote of the ancien régime.

Madame, wife of Monsieur, and M. de Crequi.

"Madame, the wife of Louis XVIII., being one day at Versailles, in her house of Montreuil, with M. de Crequi, whose acute and caustic wit was so well known, said to him in a complaining tone

"Can you imagine, M. de Crequi, that the Queen carries her enmity towards me so far, that she accuses me of being too fond of my gardener? See how blind hatred is! Why, the poor man is infirm, and eighty years old. Only look at him, and see how he walks.'

666

'Madame,' replied M. de Crequi, bowing low, Your Royal Highness is in too exalted a station to be injured by words. But I must rectify a mistake under which you appear to lie. It is not that lame and gouty old man whom report has made the hero of this calumny, but that handsome young man of five and twenty, whom I perceive further down, watering the flowers.""

Madame Recamier was the rival beauty of

with the fame of her exquisite loveliness. Several years have now elapsed since Madame Recamier, shining in the full splendour of matronly beauty, retired from the world to spend the remainder of her life in solitude and religious meditation. We think the amiable Duchess's account of this once leading star of beauty and fashion at Paris, may excite interest.

Madame Recamier.

"The first time I beheld Madame Recamier was at M. de Sprengporten's. I had often heard her mentioned; and I confess that my mother had, in some measure, influenced my judgment of her, by persuading me, after she had persuaded herself, that Madame Recamier was what is commonly called a wonder; that is to say, a person exaggerated beyond her just claims to celebrity. How then was I surprised when I caught the first glimpse of that lovely countenance-so blooming, so young, and so exquisitely beautiful. But how much greater was my astonishment when I perceived the painful timidity with which she supported her triumph! It could be seen, no doubt, that she was pleased and happy at being deemed the Queen of Beauty; but it was also evident, that she was pained and terrified at the angry glances of her humiliated rivals, whom certainly the disclosure of their envy did not render one jot more amiable, and who, for the sake of their own interest, should, like me, have contemplated with calm delight, her lovely features, and have exclaimed, as I did,' Heavens! how beautiful she is!'

"And, in truth, Madame Recamier deserved the epithet of beautiful, so rarely bestowed upon just grounds, and yet so prodigally lavished. Such praise is given to even ordinary women; and politeness and good-breeding think they have performed all that is required of them, when, of a woman who might pass through life without being remarked, although perhaps rather good-looking than otherwise, who must needs be praised because she has a large fortune and keeps open house, they say, 'She is a beautiful creature! Thus is the word destined to describe all that nature has produced most exquisitely perfect, rendered common-place, whilst it would certainly have been more proper to say, 'She is a fine woman!' Now, in my judgment, nothing is more vulgar than those faces with large eyes, a straight nose, a mouth adorned with pearly teeth and red lips, accompanied by handsome shoulders and a good leg and foot-I will even add, a finely-moulded hand and arm. Demand from those eyes one soul-kindling look-from that mouth one single smile conveying the sacred expression of intellect-that Grecian or Roman nose to diverge a hair's-breadth from its solemn right line, and show, by a slight motion of the nostrils, that there is a play of muscles in that face;-demand this, and you will get no answer; -you will find a statue in fine marble, but mute and cold.

"It is different with Madame Recamier. Her look beams intellect, her smile is lovely, her words full of benevolence, and her accent 'sweet music.' The first time I saw her, she made a profound impression upon me. I admired her with that sensation which we experience in contemplating a perfect work; and I have since endeavoured to account for my feelings. I attribute them as much to the perfection of her mind as of her person. She was a compound of ingenuous gracefulness, talent and goodness, harmonized by that delicacy which alone forms the charm of loveliness. I have often discovered a resemblance between her and the Madonnas of the pious Italian painters; but this resemblance was purely intellectual. It proceeded not from regularity of

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features, but from that soul which animated her eyes and beamed forth from under her long eyelashes, and from the high and intellectual forehead, blushing under its fillet of leno, the only head-dress with which, for many years, she

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set off the charms of her countenance. the smile which so often separated her lips of rose, you might perceive the innocent joy of a young and ravishing creature, happy to please and be loved-who saw nothing but bliss in nature, and answered the salutation of love which met her on all sides, by an expression of silent benevolence. She was grateful to life for being so beauteous and joyful.

"In England, Madame Recamier encountered the same enthusiasm. There was always a crowd wherever she passed. The charm, whose power I have before expressed, has the same magic influence among all nations. There is in beauty and goodress an authority which is exercised without appeal.

"When I first met Madame Recamier at M. de Sprengporten's, she was in the bloom of beauty, and the spring-time of her brilliant existence. M. Recamier was at the head of one of the greatest banking-houses at Paris. His reverses were unexpected-they could not be foreseen;-for how could it be believed that one of the most respected and useful members of French commerce would be allowed to encounter

singly, and without aid, the brunt of disasters such as M. Recamier suffered? He could, therefore, at the period I am speaking of, afford to lavish upon his young and lovely wife every enjoyment of luxury and opulence, and thus repay, though inadequately, the affectionate attentions, and the happiness with which she embellished his life. His house, fitted up by Bertaut, was a delightful place of residence; and nothing could be compared to the parties he gave to the foreigners recommended to him, and whom certainly the desire of seeing Madame Recamier had influenced in selecting him for their banker. Curiosity first attracted them to his house, and they were fixed there by a charm, operating upon the aged as upon the youthful,-upon women as upon men."

MANUFACTURES,

Being an Article under that Title, from the Pen of Mr. Babbage, in Parts 22 and 33 of the Encyclopædia Metropolitana.'

That pins are cheaper and neater, for passing through the hands of many, we admit is true, and it is true that they are cheaper and neater still, when they are made by a machine driven by a man-or a mill-horse. But people work at these extreme "divisionof-labour" branches from their very infancy; there is a mind sacrificed. and for every pair of hands thus employed, "N'importe,'

says the political economist, "pins are excellent and cheap." Be it so: Chacun à son goût. "Slavery" is an ugly term; but a slave in the open fields, with the shining sun and the springing plants to look at, is happy, compared to him who turns a wheel his grave. The additional argument, stated and holds a piece of wire, from his cradle to by Mr. Babbage in favour of the division of labour, is a good one. It is, in substance, that a judicious division of the processes among a number of hands, enables the master to set each to the work for which he is best fitted, and thus to have no unemployed human power. In the application of that principle, there remains much to be done; but there is one great obstacle in the waychildren go to their employments before loped. If half the money which has been either their strength or their talents be develaid out upon infant schools had been laid out for the prevention of infant labour, the effect upon the moral and physical health and efficiency of the population would have been most beneficial.

The illustrations which Mr. Babbage gives of this point, are clear; and the analysis which he recommends of the processes of manufactures, is judicious. The pin-making, and the comparison of the hand-making with the machine, are amusing.

[Second Notice.]