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Alberta

ready but rather uncertain means of livelihood to the rapidly diminishing number of these men. This portion of Alberta is one of the breeding places of the migratory birds which have made their way north. These include vast numbers of geese, ducks, partridges, and many varieties of song birds.

FORESTRY. The forests of Alberta are owned by the Dominion Government, so that the province has no control over them. The forest area consists of a narrow belt of timber, running in a northwesterly direction through the northern part of the province. There are also scattered patches of trees throughout the rest of the province, to say nothing of the valuable and heavily timbered area on the eastern slopes of the Rockies. The Dominion Government has reserved 18,564 square miles of this forested portion, in order to regulate and preserve the water supply of the important rivers whose sources are found there. The lumber cut in 1910 was 45,127,000 feet B. M.

-

FISHERIES. The fishing industry in Alberta is not important, owing largely to the fact that the northern part of the province is still thinly populated; and it is there that the sources of supply are most promising. Whitefish, pickerel, and pike are found in almost all the rivers and lakes. Athabasca River and Lake abound in whitefish of excellent quality, and it is only a question of time when the fishing industry in that part of Alberta will take its place as an important source of wealth. Close seasons have been established; but the Indians are allowed to catch fish at any time, if they are used for domestic consumption. During the fiscal year ending March 31, 1909, the value of fish and fish products was $82,562. Of this amount, $47,083 was obtained from the sale of whitefish; $24,116 from the sale of pike.

MINING. The province is very rich in coal deposits. Lignite is found in large quantities over an extensive part of the western portion. Bituminous coal is mined in the Rockies from the international boundary north to the Yellowhead Pass. At Anthracite and Bankhead so-called anthracite coal is mined. Low carbon bituminous varieties are found at Lethbridge, Taber, Burmis, and Lundbreck. The principal collieries of the bituminous kinds are situated at Coleman, Frank, Lille, Byron Creek, Hillcrest, Bellevue, Passburg, and Canmore. In 1910 there VOL. I.-Mar. '13

137 A

were more than 120 collieries in operation. Important areas have recently been found near the headwaters of the Embarras and Pembina Rivers. Highergrade coal is present in the Brazeau Range district.

Gold is found in the banks and bars of most of the great rivers, but not, as a rule, in paying quantities. Natural gas is abundant, and is used extensively, especially in the vicinity of Medicine Hat. There are indications of petroleum in the Athabasca region.

The value of the mineral production in 1907 was $4,657,524; in 1910 it was $8,996,210. The output of coal in 1910 was 878,011 tons of lignite, 1,896,961 tons of bituminous, and 261,785 tons of anthracite. The value of the coal output for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1911, was $3,933,958.

AGRICULTURE.-For agricultural purposes the province may be divided into three parts. The southern part, extending from the international boundary to Red River, north of Calgary, and including the basin of the South Saskatchewan River, is practically all rolling prairie, with little timber, and an average altitude of 2,500 feet. The rainfall is light, and irrigation is necessary for mixed farming and spring wheat. The valley of the Bow River contains the largest amount of irrigated lands in the province. Here wheat is fairly successful without irrigation, but the yield is greatly increased by it.

Central Alberta extends from the Red River north to the height of land separating the drainage basin of the North Saskatchewan from that of the

Athabasca River. This is open prairie country, interspersed with stretches of poplar and spruce, and is suitable for mixed farming, though all grain crops yield abundantly. Clover and tim

othy are grown here.

Northern Alberta was for a long time considered quite unsuitable for agricultural purposes; but this opinion has been greatly modified in recent years. In this portion of the province the isothermal lines run north of northwest; and although the winters are very cold, the summers are almost as hot and prolonged as in the southern part of the province. Northern Alberta, especially the Peace River Valley, is being settled rapidly, even in advance of transportation facilities; while experience has shown that the farther north wheat and barley can be grown, the heavier is the yield, other

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The output of creameries in 1910 was 2,315,000 pounds of butter, of the value of $575,000. For the same year the production of cheese factories was 220,000 pounds, valued at $27,500.

STOCK RAISING.-The ranges of Southern Alberta have long been famous for the low cost at which cattle can be raised, and the excellence of the beef produced. Usually, the cattle require no shelter in winter; and it is possible to leave them out of doors for the entire year, even in the Peace River district -and this with but trifling loss. However, they now receive much better care, especially in the winter, than was profitable or possible in the old ranching days. In the south, buffalo and bunch grass is cured on the ground, and this forms a very nutritive food for the cattle. The industry is gradually being driven farther north, as the south is being used more for agricultural purposes with the introduction of irrigation facilities.

The live stock in the province in 1911 was as follows: horses, 317,000; cattle, 1,100,000; sheep, 179,200; swine, 149,400-making a total of 1,735,900 (as compared with 1,569,353 in 1908).

The shipments of live stock during the year were as follows: cattle, 154,000; horses, 25,000; sheep, 60,000; swine, 50,000-a total of 289,000 (as compared with 195,000 in 1905). During the year the Canadian West consumed by far the larger part of these shipments.

TRANSPORTATION.-Many of the larger rivers-such as the North and South Saskatchewan and the Athabasca-are used for transportation purposes, but generally for local and restricted areas. It is possible that their usefulness may be increased in the future by dredging; but railways will continue to be more and more important as instru

Alberta

ments of transportation. The
official railway figures for the
year ending June 30, 1912, give
a mileage of 1,897 in the prov-
ince an increase of 402 during
the year. The Canadian Pacific
Railway owns 1,390 miles; the
Canadian Northern 395; and the
Alberta Railway and Irrigation
Company (now a part of the
Canadian Pacific) 112 miles. It
will be noticed that the Grand
Trunk Pacific is not credited
with any mileage, although it is
actually operating many miles
of line within the province. This
is because its system is still re-
garded as 'under construction.'
In addition to the 1,897 miles
referred to above, there were in
actual operation in the province
401 miles; 718 miles more were
completed; 796 miles were under
contract; and 700 miles were
surveyed.

That part of the country which
is most in need of railway com-
munication at the present time
is the Peace River district, and
the lines of steel are slowly but
surely reaching out north from
Edmonton.

The province was
unfortunate in the attempt made
some time ago to solve this prob-
lem; but both the government
and private railways are now
doing their best to make up for
the time lost.

MANUFACTURES.-The growth
of manufactures in the province
is shown by a comparison of the
figures for 1910 and 1905. In
1910 there were 290 industrial
establishments, with $29,518,346
capital, and
6,980 employees,
$5,116,782 in

137 B

bridge, 8,048; Medicine Hat, 5,572.

en

EDUCATION.-In 1910 there were 1,195 schools, with 1,610 55,307 departments, and rolled pupils. The amount expended on school buildings was $1,062,986; on teachers' salaries, $908,045. Certain privileges are granted to Roman Catholics in the education of their children. The University of Alberta (q. v.) is in Edmonton. Sectarian colleges are located there and in Calgary.

which paid out salaries and wages; the total value of products was $18,788,826. In 1905 there were 120 industrial establishments, with $5,545,821 capital, and 2,045 employees, which paid out $1,167,107 in salaries and wages; the total value of products was

$4,365,661.

The values of the imports for

the fiscal years were $5,948,225 and $9,094,726, 1910 and 1911 respectively.

FINANCE. For 1911 the government receipts were $3,446,744, and the expenditures $3,

418,070. The

with bridges and public buildings included, were $7,733,579; the liabilities, including loans,

assets for 1912,

were $7,293,333.

301,641, or

the

The

GOVERNMENT.-The Legislative Assembly consists of 41 members (1913). The executive authority is vested in a LieutenantGovernor, with a responsible ministry. The Dominion Government retains control of the public lands, and pays an annual allowance to the provincial government in consideration thereof. The province is represented in the Dominion Senate by 4 members, and in the House of Commons by 7 members.

The

RECENT LEGISLATION. provincial government has acquired and now operates the entire telephone system throughout Alberta, being the first province in the Dominion to undertake the public operation of the telephones. A Department of Railways and Telephones and a Department of Municipal Affairs have been established. An act has been passed permitting the exemption of improvements in cities and towns from taxation-the socalled Single-Tax' Act. The provincial government may facilitate railway construction in the Peace River District by the guarantee of the bonds of the railway companies.

POPULATION.-In 1901 population was 73,022; in 1911 it was 374,366-an increase of increase in the rural population 413 per cent. was 180,327; in the urban population, 121,314. The population of the principal towns in 1911 was: Calgary, 43,736; Edmonton (capital), 24,882; Leth

VOL. I.-Mar. '13

HISTORY.-Alberta was first discovered and partially explored and colonized by the French. Fort La Jonquière, near the present site of Calgary, was established by them in 1752.

Alberti

Pass, being the first white man to cross Canada from ocean to ocean. The district of Alberta, which formed part of the present province of Alberta, was organized in 1875. Alberta was proclaimed a province by the Dominion of Canada on Sept. 1, 1905. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Consult Sir

The Northwest Company of Montreal, the great rival of the Hudson Bay Company, established trading posts in Alberta, and built Fort Athabasca in 1778. Fort Chippewyan was founded in 1788. This aroused the antagonism of the Hudson Bay Company, which looked upon Northern Alberta as within its sphere of influence, although the company had done little to develop its fur-trading possibilities.

W. F. Butler's The Wild North Land and The Great Lone Land; A. G. Cameron's The New North; A. C. Laut's Pathfinders of the West; Willson's The Great Company; The Province of Alberta (in Porter's 'Progress of the Nations' series).

Alberta, University of, a provincial, non-sectarian university, founded and supported by the government of Alberta, Canada. It is beautifully situated on the North Saskatchewan River, in the Strathcona section of the city of Edmonton. The Faculty of Arts and Sciences was opened for lectures in September, 1908. A tract of 258 acres has been acquired for the site, and extensive building operations were started in 1909. In 1912 the institution had 310 students, 34 of whom were women. Two residence halls have been completed, and a third one is in course of construction, as well as one of the main teaching buildings of the University. There is a teaching staff of 25 New professors and lecturers. departments are being constantly added.

Somewhat later, Alexander Mackenzie, after following up the course of the North Saskatchewan River to the height of land, explored the river which now bears his name. He also succeeded in reaching the Pacific Coast through the Peace River

Albert Edward Nyanza (now known as EDWARD NYANZA), a lake in the upper part of the Nile basin, Central Africa, of nearly circular form, lying just south of the Equator, about 2,900 feet above sea level, between Ankole (Uganda Protectorate) and the Congo. It has a circuit of 140 miles and a diameter of 45 miles; drains the southern slopes of Mount Ruwenzori through the Wami and Mpanga Rivers; and sends its overflow through the Semliki north to the Albert Nyanza. First discovered by Henry M. Stanley in 1876, it was explored by him on a second journey in 1889, and named after the then Prince of Wales.

On most maps the Edward Nyanza is shown projecting northeast some distance beyond the Equator; but this sheet of water, formerly supposed to form part of that inland sea, and named Beatrice Gulf, is now known to occupy an independent basin of crater-like formation, Lake Rusango or Ruisamba, separated from the Edward Nyanza by a tongue of land, and without any outflow.

Alberti, LEONE BATTISTA DEGLI (1404-72), Italian writer,

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1. An Alberta Ranch with 4,000 Sheep. 2. Cattle Range Near Lethbridge.

Albertine Line

architect, sculptor, painter, and scholar, was born in Venice. He spent most of his life at Rome, where from 1432 to 1472 he was papal abbreviator. Buildings at Florence and Mantua testify to his architectural skill, his constant endeavor being to revive the classical style. His work, De Re Edificatoria (1485), appeared in numerous editions, and in 1565 was translated into Italian. He also wrote on painting and sculpture. His great work in literature is Della Famiglia (1437-41), which contains a picture of Italian life at the time of the Renaissance.

Other important
works are the Teogenio and Della
Tranquillità dell' Anima. He
also wrote in Latin, and imitated
classical models so skilfully that
his comedy of Philodoxius was
long held to be the work of an
ancient writer. He is accredited
with the invention of the cam-
era obscura. Consult Mancini's
Vita de Leon Battista Alberti.

Albertine Line, the younger
of the two dynasties of the Ger-
man (Saxon) family of Wettin.
It was founded in 1485; gained
the electoral dignity in 1547; as-
cended the throne of Poland in
1697, but lost it in 1763; and
since its foundation has ruled in
what is now the kingdom (since
1806) of Saxony.
branch is known as the Ernest-
The elder
ine line, and now rules several
of the small Thuringian (Saxon)
states of Germany.
NESTINE LINE.
See ER-

Albertinelli, MARIOTTO (1474-
1515), Florentine painter, ap-
prenticed to
He was the friend and assistant
Cosimo. Rosselli.
of Fra Bartolommeo, whose work
his paintings closely resemble.
The National Gallery, London.
has a Virgin and Child attributed
to him. His
paintings are in Florence, the
most important
Louvre in Paris, and Munich.
Albertite,
black in color, and with a bril-
solid bitumen,
liant lustre, found in Albert
County, New Brunswick, Can-

ada.

a

It is slightly soluble in ether and carbon bisulphide, and about 30 per cent. will dissolve in turpentine. When heated, it

puffs up and emits gas, but does not melt. It occurs in true vein deposits in a narrow belt about 50 miles long, in five distinct horizons, from the Cambrian up to the Lower Carboniferous. It is believed to have originated from infiltrations of petroleum from animal sources. is nearly allied to Gilsonite and Albertite Grahamite.

Albert Lea, city, Minnesota, county seat of Freeborn county, on the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific, the Chicago, Milwaukee,

VOL. I.-Mar. '13

137 D

and St. Paul, the Minneapolis and St. Louis, and other railroads. It manufactures flour, bricks, wagons, ploughs, woollens, and iron goods. Here is the Albert Lea College for women. The city is picturesquely situated

on

Albert Lea and Fountain Lakes. Pop. (1900) 4,500; (1910) 6,192.

Albert Nyanza, a lake in British East Africa, Uganda Protectorate, in the basin of the Nile, extending northeast to southwest from about 2° 20′ to 1° 10′ N. lat. It is about 110 miles long by about 20 to 25 miles broad. Together with Tanganyika and Edward Nyanza, it occupies the western rift-valley of Eastern Equatorial Africa, at an altitude of 2,200 feet. At its southwest end it receives the Semliki River, and at its northeast end the Somerset Nile; while at its extreme north its waters find an outlet in the White Nile. On the east and west the lake is hemmed in by high escarpments. Tne south end of the lake is occupied by impenetrable ambash forest. Discovered by Sir S. Baker (1864)-although its existence had been previously announced by Speke it was circumnavigated by Romolo Gessi (1876).

Albertus Magnus (1193–1280), known also as the Universal Doctor,' came of a Swabian family. He became a Dominican monk, and afterward (1260) archbishop of Ratisbon. Не was a celebrated teacher of science, theology, and philosophy in the University of Paris (1230), and also at Cologne, where he died. His vast knowledge of science brought on him the accusation of wizardry and black magic.

Albertype Process. See PROCESS WORK.

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Albertville, town, department Savoie, France, on the River Arly, close to its junction with the Isère; 50 miles northeast of Grenoble. It has trade in slates, earthenware, and tiles. Pop. (1911) 6,276.

Albertville, station, Congo Free State, on Lake Ta ganyika, on the opposite shore: 30 miles southwest of Ujiji.

Albi (ancient ALBIC), town, capital of department Tarn, France, on the River Tarn; 40 miles northeast of Toulouse. It is the seat of an archbishop, and has trade in aniseed and wines. The town suffered greatly in the early thirteenth-century against the reforming Albigenses, who derive their name from it. Pop. (1901) 22,571; (1911) 25,100.

wars

Albia, city, Iowa, county seat of Monroe county, on the Chi

Albinism

cago, Burlington, and Quincy, the Wabash, and other railroads; 25 miles west of Ottumwa. It is in a coal region, and exports agricultural products. Pop. (1900) 2,889; (1910) 4,969.

Albicore, or ALBACORE, a species of tunny (q. v.) found in the West Indies.

Albigenses, a name applied, from the end of the twelfth century, to a sect of heretics living in the south of France; probably derived from the town Albi, where it is said the heresy first appeared. They professed the views same religious as the Cathari, the Patarenes, and similar sects, which originated in the eleventh century among the Slavs in the Balkan peninsula. Thence they spread to Italy, the south of France, Germany, and Flanders. They believed in the existence of two principles, good and evil, equally eternal; and they denied the incarnation, passion, and resurrection of our Lord. Their morality was pure, even to asceticism; they condemned the procreation of children.

The Albigenses were destroyed by the so-called crusade against them promoted by Innocent III.. which was headed by Simon de Montfort. It was directed principally against Raymond VI., Count of Toulouse, in whose dominions the heretics were numerous. These unfortunate people were slaughtered without pity; whole towns were destroyed, including Béziers, where 20,000 perished at one time; and that part of France was utterly devastated. The struggle lasted twenty years (1209-29), and was concluded only by the complete submission of Raymond VII. (who succeeded his father in 1222) to the conditions of the king of France, who, after the death of Simon de Montfort, carried on the crusade. The Albigenses were utterly rooted out, except a few who fled to Piedmont; and the Inquisition was established at Toulouse. Consult Donais' Les Albigeois; Peyrat's Histoire des Albigeois.

Albinism, the absence of pigment in man or animals; sometimes occurring in patches, which gives a piebald appearance; often affecting the whole body, and, in the true albino, even the iris and choroid membrane of the eye. In the human albino the skin is transparent, white and pink; the hair white as in old age; the iris a pinkish gray, or, in negroes, blue; the pupil contracted and bright red; and the eye painfully sensitive to light-the albino being, consequently, short-sighted by day, and seeing best at dusk.

Albion

Albinism is believed to originate in the chance sexual union of two germ cells, both of which lack the normal pigment factor. The theory of a hereditary taint is not proven, as albinos appear in families where no previous examples were recorded. However, the progeny of two albinic parents are always albinos. Albinism has been found to conform to Mendel's law of heredity, and to exhibit the recessive character. White mice, white rabbits, white crows, white elephants, etc., are albinos.

The appearance of white flowers upon a plant bearing normally colored flowers is attributed to plant albinism. In the case of some flowers, it has become specific.

Albion, an ancient name, in use (probably) among the early Celtic inhabitants for Britain. In the form Alban or Albany it is restricted to Scotland, and especially to the Highlands of Scotland. Its origin is conjecturally connected with Gaelic alp, a hill,' and Latin albus, 'white.'

Albion, city, Calhoun county, Michigan, on the Kalamazoo River, and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern and the Michigan Central Railroads; 39 miles southwest of Lansing. There are manufactures of farming tools, harness, windmills, and iron goods. Albion College (q. v.) is located here. Pop. (1900) 4,519; (1910) 5,833.

Albion, village, New York, county seat of Orleans county, on the Erie Canal, and the Rochester and Niagara Falls Railroad; 52 miles northeast of Buffalo. There are stone quarries and manufactures of iron goods. Here is the Western House of Refuge for Women. Pop. (1900) 4,477; (1910) 5,016.

Albion College, a Methodist Episcopal co-educational institution, located at Albion, Mich. In 1843 the institution was opened as the Wesleyan Seminary of Albion, and in 1849 its name was changed to the Wesleyan Seminary and Female Collegiate Insti te. In 1861 it was organized daer its present title. Besides the regular College of Liberal Arts, there are a preparatory department, schools of music, oratory, and the fine arts, a normal course, and a commercial course. In 1912 it had 512 students and 27 instructors. The library contained 21,600 volumes; the productive funds amounted to $350,000; and the total income was $59,253.

Albion, New, the name given to the northwest coast of America by Sir Francis Drake on his VOL. I.-Mar. '13

138

voyage of exploration in 1579. Humboldt held that this designation applied only to the district between the Columbia River and the Bay of San Francisco.

Albite, a soda feldspar, consisting of soda, alumina, and silica; and occurring in colorless or white, transparent crystals. It is a frequent constituent of acidic crystalline rocks, and is especially found in granite, gneiss, and in some of the crystalline schists. An opalescent, pearly variety is known as moonstone (q. v.). See FELDSPAR.

Albocarbon, a name for naphthalene, CoHg, when used to enrich coal gas. See NAPHTHA

LENE.

Alboin (reigned 561-572 or 574), the Lombard conqueror of Italy. He succeeded his father, Audoin, in the kingship of the tribe while they were yet settled in Pannonia. He twice defeated the Gepida (551 and 566)—on the second occasion slaying their king, Kunimond, whose daughter, Rosamond, he then made his queen. In 568 the Lombards left Pannonia, and descended upon Italy by the plain between Venice and the Carnic Alps. Alboin took Milan (569) and Pavia, which he made his capital. His rule was wise and moderate. But having made his wife drink, at a feast in Verona, from a wine cup made of her father's skull, he was slain by the court chamberlain, her paramour. The

story has been much used by dramatists, from the Rosmunda of Rucellai (1525) through Bandello to the Elizabethan stage. Later versions are Davenant's first play, The Tragedy of Albovine, Alfieri's Rosmunda, and Swinburne's Rosamund, Queen of the Lombards.

Albona, town, Austria, on the east side of Istria; 20 miles northeast of Pola; near lignite mines. Pop. (1911) 11,991.

Alboni, MARIETTA (1823-94), celebrated contralto vocalist, was born in Cesena. She became a pupil of Bertolotti and Rossini, and made her début at Bologna and Milan when only fifteen years old. She attained remarkable success in London, Paris, and the United States, where she visited in 1852. She was married to Count Pepoli in 1854, and retired from the stage in 1866. Her voice had a range of two and a half octaves.

Albornoz, ÆGIDIUS (c. 130067), Spanish prelate, was born in Cuença, Spain. He was created (1339) archbishop of Toledo by Alfonso XI. of Castile; fought against the Moors; led the siege of Algeciras; and was made a

Albula Pass

knight. On account of his denunciation of Peter the Cruel he had to flee to Avignon, where he was received by Pope Clement VI. and made a cardinal (1350). He restored the papal authority in Rome after the death of Rienzi (1354), and prepared the way for the Pope's return. He drafted a code of laws for the Papal States, known as the Ægidian Constitutions.

Albox, town, province Almeria, Spain; 30 miles southwest of Lorca. It manufactures textiles, and has two notable fairs each year in May and November. Pop. 10,000.

Albrecht. See ALBERT.

Albret, JEANNE D' (1528-72), only daughter of Henry II. of Navarre and Margaret of Valois, sister of Francis 1. of France. She took an active part in the defence of the Protestants in times of persecution. She married Antony of Bourbon, and after his death (1562) became ruler of Navarre, where she governed wisely, and introduced the Reformation. Her son was Henry of Navarre, later Henry IV., king of France. Consult Freer's Life.

Albright Brethren. See EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION.

Albrizzi, ISABELLA THEOTOKI, COUNTESS OF (1770-1836), called by Byron the 'Mme. de Staël of Venice,' was born in Corfu. She married Joseph d'Albrizzi, state inquisitor. Her beauty and talents brought her the friendship of Alfieri, Canova, and Byron; and her circle was frequented by many artists and savants. She left Ritratti (1807), a series of portraits of the distinguished Italian men of her time; and Opere di Plastica di Canova (1822), a study of this artist's sculptures. A collection of her letters was published by Barozzi.

Albrun Pass (7,907 ft.) leads from the Swiss valley of Binn (a tributary of the Upper Rhône Valley in the canton Valais) to the Italian glen of Devero, which joins the Tosa valley above Domo d'Ossola (on the Simplon road). It is a very easy pass, and has been much used by smugglers.

Albuera, village, province Badajoz, Spain; 15 miles from Badajoz. Here was fought the battle, on May 16, 1811, in which the Anglo-Spanish forces_under Beresford defeated the French under Soult. Pop. 800.

Albugo. See LEUCOMA.

Albula Pass (7,595 feet) leads from Bergün (at the head of an affluent of the Hinter Rhine, in the Swiss canton Grisons) to Ponte, in the Upper Engadine. It has a carriage road, and a

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