Abbey

Morning (1890). In 1896 he was
elected A.R.A., in the year of his
fine picture Richard III. and
Lady Anne (etching by M. L.
Flameng); and R.A. in 1898, his
diploma picture being A Lute
Player. Abbey is best known to
Americans for the frescoes-
fifteen panels telling the story of
the Holy Grail-in the Boston
Public Library (1901), and for
the eight immense paintings in
the dome of the Pennsylvania
capitol at Harrisburg (1908);
and to the English for the pic-
ture of King Edward's coro-
nation (1904), now in Windsor
Castle. Other paintings are
Hamlet (1897); King Lear's
Daughters (1898); Crusaders
Sighting Jerusalem (1901); Co-
lumbus in the New World (1906).

In general, Abbey's works are
story pictures, and show remark-
able ability to enter into and
interpret the conceptions of
other minds and bygone ages.
It was this fineness of dramatic
imagination that made him such
a good illustrator. His ideal fig-
ures are characterized by great
purity of feeling, as well as by
delicacy of drawing; while the
compositions abound in histori-
cally accurate detail, and
rich in masses of vivid color.

are

Abbiategrasso, town, prov-
ince Milan, Italy, 17 m. south-
west of Milan, on the Naviglio
Grande Canal. It has a castle, a
convent, and a hospital. There
is considerable trade in rice.
Pop. 14,000.

Abbot, the head of a monas-
tery. The name was first given
as a title of honor to any monk,
then to aged or distinguished
monks, finally to the superior
alone. In the East the corre-
sponding title is archimandrite or
hegumenos. In the West, in
orders founded after the eleventh
century, superiors are known,
not as abbots, but as priors,
guardians, rectors, provosts, etc.
An abbot may be chosen for life
or for three years; must be at
least twenty-five years old, and a
priest; the choice is made by the
professed monks who are in holy
orders, and confirmed by the
bishop, or, in case of exempt
monasteries, by the superior ab-
bot or by the Pope; must, as a
rule, receive solemn benediction
for his office at the hands of a
bishop; he may empower priests
to absolve his subjects, etc.; in
important cases he must obtain
the consent of the community.
He may preside over one house,
or over many; he may be exempt
from episcopal jurisdiction, and
be subject directly to the Pope; he
may possess quasi-episcopal juris-
diction over a whole district; he

14

may be mitred-i.e., have the
right to wear the insignia of a
bishop; he may hold political
rank, like the prince-abbots of
Germany, or the twenty-eight
English abbots who sat in the
House of Lords before the disso-
lution of the monasteries.

Commendatory abbots are per-
sons who enjoy the revenues of
an abbey without necessarily
being monks. Originally ap-
pointed for the protection of the
monasteries in troublous times,
they were afterward appointed
as a mark of royal favor. Hence
the French courtesy title of abbé
or the Italian abbate, given to
secular unbeneficed clerics."

Abbot, BENJAMIN (1762-
1849), American educator, was
born in Andover, Mass., and was
educated at Harvard University.
For fifty years he was a teacher,
most of the time being principal
of Exeter Academy at Exeter,
N. H., where he numbered among
his pupils Bancroft, Edward and
Alexander H. Everett, Jared
Sparks, and Daniel Webster.

Abbot, CHARLES. See COL-
CHESTER, LORD.

Abbot, EZRA (1819-84), Bib-
lical scholar, was born in Jackson,
Me., and educated at Bowdoin.
From 1872 to 1884 he was Bussey
professor of New Testament
criticism at the Harvard Divin-
ity School. He edited Hudson's
New Testament Concordance
(1870), and assisted the Amer-
ican committee for New Testa-
ment revision (1871-81). He
edited Smith's Bible Dictionary
(1867-70); wrote Literature of the
Doctrine of a Future Life (1864)
and Authorship of the Fourth
Gospel, and revised Schaff's Com-
panion to the New Testament
(1883) and Mitchell's Critical
Handbook to the New Testament
(1881). Consult Barrows' Life.

Abbot, FRANCIS ELLINGWOOD
(1836-1903), American religious
and philosophical writer, was born
in Boston, Mass., and was edu-
cated at Harvard University and
Meadville Theological School.
He had charge of several Uni-
tarian churches and was instruc-
tor of philosophy at Harvard
(1887-8). He also edited The
Index, a religious liberal weekly.
He was the author of Scientific
Theism (1886); The Way Out of
Agnosticism (1890); Syllogistic
Philosophy (1906).

Abbot, GEORGE (1562-1633),
archbishop of Canterbury, was
born in Guilford. He gained a
fellowship at Oxford (1583), and
became master of University
College, dean of Winchester, and
vice-chancellor (1600) of Oxford.
He was bishop of Coventry and
Lichfield (1609), then of London

Abbot

(1610), succeeding Bancroft as
archbishop in 1611. As president
of the Essex Divorce Commis-
sion, he incurred the king's dis-
pleasure by opposing the peti-
tion (1613). Ill-health and the
accession of Charles I. (who fa-
vored Laud) crippled his influ-
ence, and in 1627 he was deprived
of authority. An ardent Calvin-
ist, he did not scruple to employ
torture and the stake. He as-
sisted in the translation of the
Bible. Consult Hook's Lives of
the Archbishops of Canterbury.

Abbot, HENRY LARCOM(1831),
American engineer officer, was
born in Beverly, Mass. He
received his military education
at West Point, Under General
Humphreys he took part in the
hydrographic survey of the Mis-
sissippi delta, of which he wrote
(with Humphreys) an elaborate
report, Physics and Hydraulics
of the Mississippi River. During
the Civil War he saw service in
the Manassas campaign; was
wounded at Bull Run, and took
part in constructing the defences
of Washington. He also served
in the Virginia Peninsula Cam-
paign (1862), and in the opera-
tions before Richmond in 1864-5.
In 1865 he was chief of artillery
in the operations before Fort
Fisher, and in the Department of
Virginia. He attained the rank
of brigadier-general. After the
war he was engaged in the mili-
tary and scientific duties of the
Corps of Engineers, until his
retirement from active service in
1895. He received the degree
of LL.D. from Harvard in 1886.
He was a member of the Board..
of Consulting Engineers which
formed, in 1896, the adopted
plan of the Panama Canal.

Abbot, JOSEPH HALE (1802-
73), American educator, was born
in Wilton, N. H., and was edu-
cated at Bowdoin College. He
taught mathematics and modern
languages at Phillips Academy,
Exeter, and was a frequent con-
tributor to the Transactions of
the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences. He was one of the
editorial staff in the compilation
of Worcester's Dictionary of the
English Language (1860).

Abbot, SAMUEL (1732-1812),
American merchant and philan-
thropist, was born in Andover,
Mass. He was one of the founders
of Andover Theological Seminary,
and its generous friend. He gave
the institution $20,000 in his
lifetime, and left it $100,000 by
his will.

Abbot, WILLIS JOHN (1863),
formerly editor of The Pilgrim,
and writer of story books for the
young, was born in New Haven,
Conn, and was educated at

Abbot

the Univ. of Michigan. In the nineties, he was on the editorial staff of the Chicago Times and the New York Journal. He wrote the Blue Jackets series, Battle Fields and Camp Fires, Battle Fields and Victory, and Battle Fields of 1861.

Abbot of Unreason, also LORD OF MISRULE, the master of the revels at the season of Christmas, the former being his title in Scotland, the latter in England. At Oxford and Cambridge the part was filled by a Master of Arts, who superintended the annual representation of Latin plays by the students, and took charge of their Christmas diversions. His 'reign' lasted from All-Hallows Eve to Candlemas Day. The revels of the London Inns of Court (e.g., Inner Temple and Gray's Inn) were presided over by a Lord of Misrule.

Abbotsford, the home of Sir Walter Scott from 1812-32, is an estate on the r. bk. of the Tweed, 3 m. from Melrose. In 1811 Scott bought a farm of 110 acres, called Cartleyhole (not Clartyhole, as Lockhart calls it), and named it Abbotsford. In 1813 he added the hilly tract from the Roman road near Turnagain to Cauldshiels Loch; in 1815, Kaeside, a large lump of wild land'; and, in 1817, the lands of Toftfield, which he bought for £10,000. The house stands on a terrace between the river and the road from Melrose to Selkirk. It is a picturesque, irregular building in the Scottish baronial style. Abbotsford, completed only in 1825, was involved in the collapse of 1826, and was not liberated till 1847, on the death of Scott's son. The Scott Collection of books, paintings, and relics is held in trust by the Dean and Council of the Faculty of Advocates, who leave it in the keeping of Scott's representatives. See Scott's Familiar Letters (1894); Lockhart's Life; Washington Irving's Abbotsford; Scott's Journal (1890); Jeffrey's Hist. of Roxburghshire (1864), vol. iv.; Ornsby's Memoirs of J. R. Hope-Scott (1884); Hannay's Glimpses of the Land of Scott, illust. by MacWhirter (1888); Mrs. Maxwell Scott's Abbotsford, illust. by W. Gibb (1893), and Making of Abbotsford (1897); Napier's Homes and Haunts of Sir Walter Scott (1897). See SCOTT.

Abbott, AUSTIN (1831-96), American lawyer, instructor, and legal writer, was born in Boston, Mass., and educated in New York. The son of Jacob Abbott, the well-known Congregational clergyman, and brother to Lyman and Benjamin Vaughan Abbott, Austin Abbott attained eminence in his profession, and in 1891 was appointed dean of the faculty of

Abbott

chief published writings include Primitive Industry (1881); Cyclopædia of Natural History (1886); Days Out of Doors (1889;) Recent Rambles (1892); When the Century was New (1897); Clear Skies and Cloudy (1898); In Nature's Realm (1900).

Abbott, EDWARD (1841-1908), American P. E. clergyman (formerly a Congregationalist), 4th son of Jacob Abbott, and brother of the Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott, was born at Farmington, Me., educated at the Univ. of N. Y., and studied theology at Andover. He was editor of The Congregationalist and of The Literary World, Boston; and in 1879 became rector of St. James's Church, Cambridge, Mass. His works include a Memoir of Phillips Brooks (1900) and one of his father, Jacob Abbott (1882); a Paragraph History of the United States (1875) and a Paragraph History of the American Revolution (1876).

Abbott, EDWIN ABBOTT (1838), English theologian; born in London; taught at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and at Clifton College; headmaster of the City of London School (1865-89). His scholarly publications include Through Nature to Christ (1877); Shakespearian Grammar (1870); Latin Prose (1873); Francis Bacon (1885); Anglican Career of Newman (1892); St. Thomas of Canterbury (1898); Clue: a Guide through Greek to Hebrew Scripture (1900).

Abbott, EMMA (1849-91), American opera singer of considerable fame in her day in Europe and the U. S., was born at Chicago, Ill. Attracting the notice of Clara Louise Kellogg, Miss Abbott became, under her patron's influence, leading soprano singer in the Church of the Divine Paternity, New York city, after which she went to Paris to pursue her musical education under Mme. Marchesi. She made her début in London, and, returning to the United States, she organized the Emma Abbott Opera Co.,' which proved highly successful. On a professional tour in 1891 she was taken seriously ill, and died at Salt Lake City, Utah.

Abbott, FRANK FROST (1860), American educator and writer, and professor of Latin, Univ. of Chicago, was born at Redding, Conn., and educated at Yale. For several years he was professor of Latin at the American School of Classical Studies, Rome. He wrote a History of Roman Political Institutions (1901).

Abbott, JACOB (1803-79), Congregational clergyman and prolific writer of popular stories for the young, was born at Hallowell,

16

Maine. After graduating at Bowdoin College, he was a professor of mathematics in Amherst College, and afterward studied for the ministry at Andover, and for a time was in charge of a church at Roxbury, Mass. He subsequently made his home in New York. Among the best known of his works are his American Histories for Youth (8 vols.), The Franconia Stories (10 vols.), Harper's Story Books (36 vols.), The Rollo Books (36 vols.), Histories for the Young (19 vols.), and Marco Polo's Adventures (6 vols.).

Abbott, SIR JOHN JOSEPH CALDWELL (1821-93), Canadian statesman, was born at St. Andrews, P. Q., and was educated at McGill University, Montreal, after which he studied law. In 1847 he was admitted to the bar, and twelve years afterward he was elected a member of the Canadian Assembly. He was an ardent politician as well as an able commercial lawyer, and held, on repeated occasions, high responsible trust as a statesman and administrator. On the death, in June, 1891, of Sir J. A. Macdonald, long at the head of the Canadian government, Mr. Abbott, who had been knighted for his patriotic services to the Dominion, became premier, a post he held until November, 1892, when he resigned because of ill-health, but became a minister without portfolio in the cabinet of his successor, Sir John Thomson.

Abbott, JOHN STEVENS CABOT (1805-77), American writer, was born at Brunswick, Me., and eduIcated at Bowdoin. In 1830 he was ordained a Congregational clergyman, and afterward held pastorates in Mass. He published Mother at Home (1833, and later translated into many languages); Hist. of Napoleon Bonaparte (1868); Hist. of the Civil War in America (1863); American Pioneers (12 vols.). He wrote entertainingly, but his historical matter is uncritical and often inaccurate, this being especially true of his highly eulogistic biography of Napoleon.

Abbott, LYMAN (1835), son of Jacob Abbott; born at Roxbury, Mass., and educated at the New York University. In 1860 he took charge of a church at Terre Haute, Ind., and in 1865 he became pastor of the New England church in New York city. Afterward he was associate of Henry Ward Beecher, at Plymouth church, Brooklyn, N. Y., and was pastor of that church from 1888 to 1899, when he resigned to devote himself entirely to the editing of the Outlook. With his brothers, Benjamin and Austin, he published legal works and novels, under the pseudonym

Abdication

'Benauly,' and he has written many books on religious subjects

-e.g. a Dict. of Religious Knowledge (1872), Evolution of Christianity (1892), Life and Literature of the Ancient Hebrews (1891), and a Life of Beecher (1883).

Abbreviatio Placitorum (Lat. abstract of pleas). An early English law book containing brief reports of cases decided in the court of Kings Bench in the 12th century.

Abbreviations are distributed throughout this work in alphabetical order. See also PALEOGRAPHY.

Abbreviators, the draughtsmen of papal bulls, etc. See BULL.

Abd (Ar. 'slave,' 'servant,' 'worshipper'), in Mohammedan countries, forms, in composition with Allah (God) and with other names or attributes of deity, many of the common Arabic personal names-e. g. Abdullah, Abd-elKader.

Abd-el-Kader, or ABDULKADIR, EMIR (1807-83), Algerian patriot, was the son of a marabout of Mascara, with whom he twice performed the hajj, and visited the shrine of Sidi AbdulKadir at Bagdad. Preaching a jihad (holy war) against the French, he opened the campaign at Oran in 1833. Concluding a treaty with the French, he was recognized as emir in 1834; but war was soon resumed, and Abdel-Kader fled to Morocco in 1843. In 1847 he gave himself up to General Lamoricière, and was sent to Toulon. Released by Louis Napoleon in 1852, he received a pension of 100,000 francs (1863), and finally resided at Damascus. He wrote a work on the Consolations of Philosophy (translated in 1858 into French under the title Rappel à l'Intelligent: Avis à l'Indifférent), and contributed commentaries to Les Chevaux du Sahara of E. Daumas (trans. by J. Hutton, 1863). See Lives by Churchill (1867) and Pichon (1899).

Abdera, tn., Thrace, on the Egean Sea. It was the birthplace of Democritus and Protagoras; but its inhabitants had a reputation for stupidity, and‘Abderite' or ' Abderian' was a term of reproach, similar to Gothamite.'

Abdication, the surrender, properly the voluntary surrender, of an office of trust, especially of the office of king or head of the state. An abdication, however, is generally a forced resignation -a surrender of power due to stress of political circumstances. Among the most noteworthy instances are the following, in anci ent history: Ptolemy Soter in 285 B.C., Sulla in 79 B.C., and Diocle tian in 305 A.D. In modern his