Roman Amphitheatre, Nimes.

Roman Amphitheatre, Arles.

222

Roman Amphitheatre, Verona.

Amphora

Congo-snake, and is feared by the negroes, but is harmless. See Cope, Batrachia of N. America, Bull. 34, U. S. National Museum,

1889.

Amphora, a large, double-handled Roman vessel, of reddishyellow coarse clay, for holding liquids. Two forms were common (a) nearly spherical and short-necked, pointed at the base for setting in the earth; (b) semioval and leng-necked. Very similar vessels were used to contain the ashes of the dead.

Amplitude, the horizontal distance of a heavenly body from the east or west point. Its measure is the angle intercepted between the prime vertical and the vertical circle passing through the object, and it is thus complementary to the azimuth, which is measured from the north or south point.

Ampthill, ODO WII LIAM LEOPOLD RUSSELL, FIRST BARON (1029-84), British diplomatist, bern at Florence. From 1850-2 he was employed at the Foreign Cffice, whence he passed_successively to the embassies at Paris, Vienna, Constantinople, and Washington. From 1858-70 he was secretary of legation at Florence, and at the same time the official representative of Britain at the Vatican. In 1371 he was sent as ambassador to Berlin, where he remained until his death, at Potsdam, in 1884. He took part in the Congress of Berlin (1878), and was raised to the peerage in 1881.

Ampulla, an ancient Roman vessel made of glass or carthenware, with wide body and narrow mouth, used for holding oil and other liquids.

Amputation is the operation of cutting away a portion of the body, generally a limb, for the safety of the patient or to prevent the spread of disease. The aim is to remove all diseased, dead, or useless tissue, at the same time saving as much as possible, and, in the case of a limb, leaving a useful stump, which will be serviceable alone, or which can have an artificial limb fitted to it. Amputations of limbs are broadly divided into the 'flap' and the 'circular' operation, modified to meet the necessities of the case. The flap operation is the most favored, but choice depends upon the site of operation. Both have for their object the provision of a serviceable pad for the end of the stump, and it is obvious that more is needed in the case of a leg than in that of a finger or an arm. The circular amputation is achieved with the help of an assistant, who grasps and retracts the soft parts as far as possible before the surgeon makes his circular sweeping incision. Thus

Amraoti

the soft parts are left longer than the bone. In the flap operation the knife transfixes the soft parts close to the bone, and is then brought downwards and outwards, thus separating flesh from bone in a flap of the necessary length. The knife then transfixes the limb on the opposite side of the bone, and a second flap is formed. The bone is sawn through on a level with the base of the flaps, which can then be easily joined over the end. Care is taken to make the flaps of a size which fully allows for shrinkage and for muscular contraction, and that no splinter of bone be left to irritate the covering tissues. All ends of vessels are then tied with ligatures and the flaps are stitched together. The dressing is then applied over the stump.

Amraoti, tn., cap. of the dist. of the same name, Berar, India, 108 m. s.w. of Nagpur, an important centre of the cotton trade, and celebrated for its temples. Pop. (1901) of dist. 630,118; of tn. 34,216.

(1.)

Amritsar, or UMRITSAR. An important commercial city, cap. of the dist. of the same name, in the Punjab, India, 32 m. E. of Lahore, is the religious capital of the Sikhs; founded (1574) by Guru Ram Das, who excavated a sacred tank, which gives the city its name (lit. 'pool of immortality'), and in the midst of which is the chief temple of the Sikhs. Noted for the manufacture of cashmere shawls and silks. Pop. (1901) 162,548. (2.) District; area, 1,601 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 1,023,

902.

Amru, Ibn-el-Aas (2600-663 A.D.), an Arab general, who at first opposed Mohammed, but later became a convert, joining the prophet in his refuge at Medina. Under Abu-Bekr he conquered Syria (634), and in the caliphate of Omar served in Palestine, capturing Cæsarea in 638. In 639 he invaded Egypt, took Misrah (the ancient Memphis), and Alexandria (641). He is credited with having projected a canal between the Mediterranean and Red Seas and

with causing the destruction of the famous library of Alexandria, but this charge is probably unfounded, as it was not made until the 13th century.

Amsler, SAMUEL (1791-1849), engraver, born at Schinznach, Switzerland. In 1829 he became professor of engraving at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, where he died. His works are best represented by the Triumphal March of Alexander the Great, after Thorwaldsen; the Triumph of Religion in the Arts, after Overbeck; and several Virgins, after Raphael.

Amstelodamum, the Latin name of Amsterdam, used in all

223

Latin books issued from the Amsterdam press.

Amsterdam, seapt. and largest city, Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, stands at the mouth of the Amstel, on the Ij bay at the s.w. corner of the Zuider Zee, and is connected with the North Sea, 15 m. to the w., by the North Sea Canal, which gives access to the largest vessels. Although its shipping trade is less than that of Rotterdam, Amsterdam is the commercial capital of the Netherlands. It is the headquarters of Dutch finance and of the shipowning interest, and the principal market for the produce of the Dutch E. Indies, especially rice, coffee, sugar, tobacco, tin, and spices. The city is intersected in every direction by canals. In the older central parts of the town the more conspicuous buildings are constructed of brick, in the Dutch style of the 16th and 17th centuries. On the s. bank of the Ij are the docks and quays, and in the midst of these the central railway station (1889). Southwards from the central harbor are the church of St. Nicholas (1885-6); the old church (c. 1300); the new exchange (1900); the new church, a cruciform basilica in the Late Gothic style; the royal palace (1648-55), converted into a royal residence for Louis Bonaparte in 1808; the university (1754), attended by about 600 students; the Royal Academy of Sciences; and the arsenal. Farther south are three large museums. One of these, the National Museum, erected 1877-85, is the most important art depository in the Netherlands. It includes a valuable picture gallery containing works by the most famous Dutch artists of all periods; also antiquarian collections, a library, engravings, porcelain, glass, industrial art, ecclesiastical shrines, a marine museum, armory, and a colonial collection. The others are the Museum Fodor (1860) and the Museum Suasso (1892-5), both containing paintings by modern Dutch artists. In the same quarter is the Vondel Park, and the Palace for National Industry (1855-64), used principally as a 'people's palace.' Amsterdam also possesses zoological and botanical gardens. Prominent industries are diamond cutting and polishing, sugar-refining, the manufacture of tobacco and cigars, rice-husking, sawmills, ship building, brewing, engineering, the preparation of cobalt, borax, and camphor, and the man facture of chocolate, glass, por elain, jewelry, cottons, woollens, leather, liqueurs, etc. In addition to the E. Indian goods already mentioned, Amsterdam imports tea, indigo, cocoa, hides and skins, cereals, timber, petroleum, rape

Amu Daria

seed, linseed and other oil seeds, and coal; and exports butter, cheese, margarine, and pork. Pop. (1854) 243,304; (1884) 361,314: (1905) 557,614. In the 13th century Amsterdam was merely a fishing village, but rapidly grew in importance, especially after the middle of the 16th century, when the United Provinces shook off the Spanish yoke. Its commercial supremacy is in great part owing to the foundation of the Dutch E. India Company in 1602, and the Bank of Amsterdam (1609-1796). In 1808 the city was chosen as the capital of the Netherlands by Louis Bonaparte. The present epoch of prosperity dates from the opening of the North Sea Canal (1876). Distinguished natives are Spinoza (1632), Swammerdam (1637), and the poet Bilderdijk (1750). See Baedeker's Guide to Holland and Belgium.

Amsterdam, city, Montgomery co., New York, situated on the Mohawk R., Erie Canal and N. Y. C. and H. R. R. R., 33 m. N.W. of Albany. It has manufactures of woollen and knit goods, carpets, steel springs, brooms, and foundry and machine shop products, etc. Here is located St. Mary's Catholic Institute, and there is also a hospital. Pop. (1910) 31,267.

Amuck, or AмOK, also called mataglap, is a Malay term denoting a sudden frenzy which seizes an individual, sometimes as a result of intoxicants, but often unaccountably. Only the Malay peoples appear to be thus affected. It has compared to the 'madness' of the ancient Norse Berserker, but the latter was essentially a frenzy of rage or valor in war. (See Metzger, in Globus, 1887.) In Malaysia, as soon as a man is known to be 'running amok,' alarm gongs are sounded, and every effort is made to check his career.

Amu Daria, or JIHUN, a river in Russian Central Asia, formed by two streams which rise on the Little Pamir near the Indian frontier (1) the Ak-su ('white water'), from which, perhaps, the ancient name Oxus is derived, which issues from the Gaz Kul, and is called lower down the Ak-tash and then the Murghab; and (2) the Panj, the sources of which flow from the glaciers of the Hindu-Kush, N.W. of the Kitik Pass. After the confluence of these, the river emerges into the Aralo-Caspian plain. then flows N.W. At Charjui it is 14 m. broad and 7 to 10 ft deep, with a current of 3 m. an hour; in some places it expands to 4 m. and forms islands. Having skirted the N. boundary of the Khiva khanate, it enters the Sea of Aral by a large delta 327 ft. above sealevel, after a course of some 1,400 Steam navigation extends from Charjui up to Faizabad-kala

m.

It

Amulet

(370 m.), and down to Kungrad in the delta (350 m.).

Amulet. (1.) Any object worn suspended or attached to the person, as a charm against disease, or as the medium of good fortune. The ancient Chaldæans and Egyptians wore these charms in divers forms, and they were frequently inscribed with magic letters or signs. The Jews' phylactery was essentially an amulet. Curative amulets, often consisting of texts from the Koran written on strips of paper, are worn by Mussulmans. The old Norsemen were fond of wearing an image of Thor as an amulet. In ancient Etruria special heed was given to waxen phalli. Italian peasants carry amulets in the form of pigs, mice, bulls, and crosses of oak twigs. Lamaists carry an image of Bud-' dha (burkhan), generally of terra cotta, worn in a case (gavo) round the neck. The serpent amulet is all but universal; nails symbolic ally inscribed were widely used; while pebbles, certain seeds and crystal balls were common in Brit ain. (2.) In architecture, a ring like moulding on a column. (3.) In decorative art, a band painted in relief round a vase or similar object. (4.) In heraldry, a ring borne as a charge, being a mark of cadency. See King, History of Precious Stones and Gems (1873).

Amun. See AMMON.

Amundsen, ROALD (1870), Nor wegian navigator; born in Chris tiania; received a public school education and became a sailor at an early age; was a member of the Belgica antarctic expedition in 1897-99; on return planned an expedition for the discovery of the Northwest Passage and the loca tion of the magnetic pole; designed and fitted out the 60-ton schooner Gjoa, on which he sailed from Christiania on June 1, 1903; located the magnetic pole near Boothia Felix, the extreme N. end of the North American continent; was the first to make the passage Europe to Alaska; and reached Fort Egbert, Alaska, on Dec. 5, 1905. See his narrative, The Northwest Passage (1908).

Amur, a province of E. Siberia lying between the Amur R. and the Stanovoi range on the N. The country slopes S.E. to the Maritime Province from a height of nearly 1,500 ft., and is crossed by spurs of the Stanovoi range and by the Great and Little Khingan. The greater part of the country is mountainous and covered with forest, and the broader valleys are marshy. The wet summer and cold winter, without snow, are unfavorable to farming. The mean winter temperature is -9° F., and the summer 66° F. Gold is extracted, chiefly by convicts, on the Jalinda and other riv ers in the basin of the Upper

224

Amur, in the basins of the Zeya, Silinja, and Bureya, and in the Little Khingan. Of the inhabi tants of the province, 88 per cent. are Russians; the remainder is made up of Manchus and of Tungus nomads who live by the chase. The conquest of the Amur was commenced in 1650 by the Cos sack Khabarov; but the country was ceded by China to Russia only in 1858, by the treaty of Aigun. It is a province administered by a military governor at Blagoveshchensk, subordinate to the governor-general of the Amur region. Area, 172,840 sq. m. Pop.(1897) 118,510. See Schrenck's Reisen und Forschungen im AmurLande (1858-92); Shirnkievitch's 'Reisen bei den Amur-Völkern' in Globus (pt. lxxiv. 1898); also works cited under CHINA and MANCHURIA.

Amurath, or MURAD, name of several Sultans of Turkey.

Amurnath, or HAMARNATH, a cave in the mountains of N.E. Kashmir, is the reputed abode of the god Siva, and a resort of Hindu pilgrims.

Ancient

Amur Petroglyphs. conventionalized etchings of animals and human beings on a series of boulders at the mouth of the Orda, a tributary of the Amur river.

It is

Amur River, one of the most important rivers of Asia; also named the He-lung-Kiang, or Black Dragon R., by the Chinese, and the Sakhalinula, or Black Water, by the Manchus. formed by the union of the Shilka and the Argun, the former rising on the N. flank, and the latter on the s. side, of the Khan-ula range. The total length is about 2,760 m. On its course the Amur breaks through the Great Khingan and Little Khingan ranges, and from the mouth of the Usuri is forced northwards by the Sikhota-alin Mts., entering the sea at Nikolaievsk, not far from the N. end of Sakhalin I. The fall is slight and the current moderate, but the river is wide and full of islands, except where it crosses the Little Khingan. At its mouth there is a bar with shallow water outside, and the lower section is much encumbered with sandbanks, so that the traffic from the interior is diverted along the Usuri, and so to the coast at Vladivostok. Steamers ply regularly during the season of navigation, May to October, up to Strictensk on the Shilka, the depth of water in this river being on an average 4 to 5 ft. Occasionally barges are towed 100 m. farther up. The great tributary, the Sungari, rising in the Chang-pai-shan, or Ever-White Mountain, drains with its affluents the greater part of Manchuria, and affords navigable water-ways 1,300 m. in

Amyot

length. The Usuri gives access also by the Sungacha to Lake Khanka, 3,070 sq. m. in area; and other tributaries of the Amur, the Zeya, Bureya, and Amgun, are navigable for short distances. The total length of navigable water-ways is nearly 8,400 m.

a

Amycle, anc. tn., 2 m. s.E. of Sparta, chief town of the Achæans; it remained unsubdued long after the Dorian conquest. It was said to be the birthplace of Castor and Pollux. Its early prosperity has been proved by the discovery of a splendid tomb belonging to its princes, which contained, among other treasures, two magnificent gold cups, the finest specimens of Mycenaean art. Amygdalin (C20H27NO11), glucoside occurring in the bitter almond, in laurel leaves, and in the kernels of the peach, apple, and pear. Bitter almonds are crushed, the pressed cake is boiled with alcohol, and the clear liquid concentrated; ether is then added, and amygdalin is precipitated in the form of white crystalline scales. Amygdalin is decomposed by emulsion (also present in almonds), into benzaldehyde, glucose, and prussic acid.

Amygdalitis, synonym for acute tonsilitis or quinsy.

Amygdaloid, a name given to igneous rocks, usually old lava flows, full of almond-shaped cavities which have been filled up with secondary minerals, such as calcite, agate, or the zeolites. These cavities vary in size up to several inches across, and were formed by the expanding of steam bubbles while the rock was still fluid and in motion. Amygdaloidal cavities are limited in occurrence to the upper and lower portions of the lava sheet. Amygdaloidal rocks are chiefly noted in America for their occurrence at Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior, where the cavities are filled with native copper and are important as a source of that metal.

Amyl (CH), an alkyl or radical in a number of organic compounds. Of these, amyl alcohol occurs in fusel oil; amyl nitrite is a powerful poison, with a specific action on heart and blood-vessels, and is inhaled in small doses in certain diseases of the heart and in asthma; amyl acetate is used as a flavor and solvent, etc.

Amyloid. See WAXY OR AMYLOID DISEASE.

Amylopsin, the diastatic ferment in the pancreatic secretion See PANCREAS; DIGESTION.

Amyntor, GERHARDT VON, pseudonym of Dagobert von Gerhardt.

Amyot, JACQUES (1513-93), translator of Plutarch (his version has become one of the classical works of French literature), grand almoner of France, bishop

Amyraut

of Auxerre, was born at Melun, of humble origin; made by Marguerite of Navarre professor of Greek and Latin at Bourges University. There he translated the Ethiopica (1547) of Heliodorus and some of Plutarch's Lives. He attended the Council of Trent, and on his return became tutor to Charles and Henry, the sons of Henry II. It is to the latter that the Vies de Plutarque (1559) are dedicated. In 1570 he was created bishop of Auxerre. The Euvres Morales de Plutarque appeared in 1572 and furnished the basis of North's version employed by Shakespeare. His other works include versions of Diodorus Siculus (1554), and of Daphnis and Chloë (1559). Reprints of his Plutarch: 1783-7 (22 vols.); 1801-6 (25 vols.); 1818-21 (25 vols.). See A. de Blignières Essais sur Amyot (1851); Sainte-Beuve's Causeries du Lundi, vol. iv.

Amyraut, or AMYRALDUS, MOSES (1596-1664), Protestant theologian. A pupil of Calvin, his Traité de la Prédestination (1634) caused him to be twice tried (and acquitted) for heresy and stirred up a great controversy by its theory of hypothetical

iversalism, i.e. that salvation is freely offered to all under the condition of faith. He also wrote a Traité des Religions (1631), and many other books. He made the University of Saumur the principal school of Protestantism in France. See Fraissinet's Essai sur la Morale d'Amyraut (1889).

Anabaptists, from Gk. anabaptizein, 'to baptize again,' strictly, those who, rejecting the validity of infant baptism, rebaptize in mature life; as commonly used, the name of the adherents of a movement which appeared in many parts of Europe, particularly in Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, during the Reformation. In the general ferment and disorder of the time, these Anabaptists preached a new social organization with absolute equality and community of goods-doctrines which they sometimes extended to their domestic relations as well. They rejected infant baptism, and repudiated all connection between Church and State, even declaring that a Christian can not hold office -none the less, they were highly exclusive and intolerant toward those who differed from them. Their history was brief but eventful. They first came prominently forward in 1521 at Zwickau, in Saxony, under Thomas Münzer and others, who styled themselves the Prophets of Zwickau. Luther spoke strongly against them, urging the princes in whose states they appeared to suppress them. Munzer travelled through Bohemia, Thuringia, Switzerland, etc.,

VOL. I.-15

225

preaching his theories with great success. In 1525 he adroitly fomented the deep dissatisfaction of the peasants of the south and middle of Germany, wo were in revolt against their lords in what is known as the Peasants' war. The peasants were completely defeated at Frankenhausen (May 15, 1525), and Münzer and other leaders were executed; but the movement was continued by propagandists throughout Germany and elsewhere. In Switzerland the course of the movement was more peaceful; the leaders were men of a better type and their followers for the most part harmless fanatics, who injured themselves more than others. The Anabaptists gained considerable power in Münster, Westphalia, where, under the leadership of Jan Matthys, a Haarlem baker, and Johann Bockhold, a tailor of Leyden, better known as John of Leyden, they secured possession of the town in 1533, and founded a new theocratic state. John of Leyden,, who called himself prophet and king of the New Zion, ruled here absolutely, and made preparations for the conquest of the world. The town was besieged by several princes, and after an obstinate resistance was taken on June 24, 1535, John of Leyden and other leaders were executed, and the movement gradually died out. See PEASANTS' WAR; also Hase's Neue Propheten (3rd. ed. 1893); Cornelius's Geschichte des Münsterschen Aufruhrs (2 vols. 1855-60); Heath's Anabaptism from its Rise at Zwickau io its Fall at Münster (1895); Tumbült's Die Wiedertaufer (1899); Newman's Church History, ii (1903), 148ff.

Anabasis of Cyrus, a historical account by Xenophon of the campaign of the younger Cyrus against Artaxerxes, and of his own famous retreat with the Ten Thousand.-The ANABASIS OF ALEXANDER, the story of Alexander the Great by Arrian.

Anableps. See FOUR-EYED

FISH.

Anabolism. See METABOLISM. Anacardium. See CASHEW

NUT.

Anacharis. See PONDWEED.

Anacharsis, a noble Scythian who visited Greece about 590 B.C., and gained much admiration by his manner of life and acute obserHe vations on Greek society. was acquainted with Solon. Letters attributed to him, but cerSee tainly forgeries, are extant. Herodotus, bk. iv.; and compare Barthélemy's sociological novel, Voyage du Jeune Anacharsis en Grèce (1788).

Anachronism (Gr. ana, 'back'; chronos, 'time'), the reference of a circumstance, custom, or mode

Anaconda

of speech to a wrong date. The exact significance of an anachronism depends on the intention of the writer in whom it is found. The English and Spanish dramatists are full of anachronisms, but as they make no pretence of preserving local color or historic truth, these errors can scarcely be counted as artistic faults. Calde

ron, in his Virgin del Sagrario, introduces a bishop who is supposed to live three hundred years before the discovery of the New World, yet who quotes Herodotus as an authority on America; while it is not uncommon in Spanish religious plays to find Adam, the prophets, and Christ all on the stage at once. Shakespeare's own liberties in the same direction are well known. He transports all our modern customs and usages, the observance of May day, and the institution of nunneries, to the court of Duke Theseus (Midsummer-Night's Dream). So, too, in Julius Casar we have a reference to clocks striking the hour. These slips are of little consequence, however, for the avoidance of them is no part of the author's artistic theory. But when Agamemnon, in Troilus and Cressida, quotes Aristotle, the anachronism becomes a positive fault, because the poet is evidently trying to produce an effect by an appeal to the historic sense. In the case of historical novelists it is almost impossible to avoid an occasional transposition of events-as where Scott, for example, quotes in Kenilworth from the Midsummer-Night's Dream, in a scene dated several years before the writing of that drama. Such an error as this, however, is immaterial so long as the general effect is true to the spirit of the age, and is much less serious than the procedure of the modern French romantic dramatists, with Victor Hugo at their head, who have elevated historic truth of fact into an absolute law of the drama, but who do not scruple to commit the graver anachronism of attributing to their characters sentiments and ideas utterly foreign to the age the, lived in. Anachronisms have in almost all ages been perpetrated by painters of sacred Christian subjects-Dutch, German, etc., peasants being depicted as disciples of Jesus.

Anacoluthon (Gr. an, 'not'; akolouthos, following'), a want of grammatical sequence, produced by a sudden change of construction in the middle of a sentence; e.g. 'Whoso desireth to live hap pily let him make virtue his friend.'

Anaconda, a very large boa of aquatic habits; specifically the Brazilian sucuriu water-boa (Eunectes murinus), which haunts

Anaconda

river-banks and spends a large part of its time in the water. It may reach thirty feet long, and is rich brown with rounded blotches and ringed markings. See BOA.

Anaconda, tn. and co. seat of Deer Lodge county, Montana, 65 m. s.w. of Helena, on the Northern Pacific, Great Northern, and Butte, Anaconda and Pacific R. Rs. Its principal industry is copper smelting, and the daily capacity of its reduction works is some 5,500 tons of ore. The town was founded in 1884 and now contains active industrial interests such as railroad shops, foundries, machine shops and brick-yards. Pop. (1900) 9,453 (1910) 10,134.

Anacreon of Teos (c. 560-478 B.C.), celebrated lyric poet; removed to Abdera in Thrace about 544 B.C.; afterwards lived with Polycrates, despot of Samos and then with Hipparchus at Athens. He was a poet of pleasure, love, and wine. There are few genuine fragments; though a great body of poems, most of which are of much later date, bear his name. Moore's imitations give an idea of their spirit. Both they and the genuine fragments are included in Bergk's Porte Lyrici Græci, vol. iii. (1843). Short lyrical poems in praise of love or wine are called ANACREONTIC-e.g. the Anacreontic and Bacchanalian division of Herrick's Hesperides (1648).

Anadiplosis (Gr.), the rhetorical figure of simple repetitione.g. 'O earth, earth, earth,' etc. Anadyomene, an epithet of APHRODITE.

Anadyr, riv. in E. Siberia, rises in Stanovoi Mts., flows through an uninhabited région, and after a course of 460 m. falls into the Gulf of Anadyr, in Bering Sea.

are

Anæmia (Gr. 'want of blood'), a deficiency or poverty of blood, mainly due to changes in the red blood corpuscles. (See BLOOD.) Symptoms are: pallor of skin and mucous membranes, weakness and lassitude, breathlessness, headache, dizziness, neuralgia, dyspepsia, palpitation of the heart. The conjunctivæ white, and there is often oedema of the lower eyelids and the feet and ankles. The heart is often dilated, with systolic murmurs, and a humming may be heard in the veins of the neck. There is generally little loss of weight; the patient is often plump. Anæmia often follows bleeding from any cause or disease. Insufficient or indigestible food, internal parasites, the strain of lactation, bad hygienic conditions, cardiac diseases, tuberculosis, Bright's disease, cancer, malaria, lead poisoning, or diabetes commonly cause secondary anæmia. But there are also anæmias called primary or Dernicious anæmia, probably due

226

to disease of the blood-forming organs, namely, the spleen, the marrow of the long bones and the lymph glands. Since secondary anæmia is only a symptom, its treatment depends on the disease which causes it. In all cases, treatment includes physical and mental rest, healthy and cheerful surroundings, and careful attention to diet. Transfusion of blood is resorted to in dangerous cases. Arsenic, iron and manganese are the most reliable drugs. Intestinal antiseptics, such as salol, naphthol, and salicylate of bismuth, are useful. The administration of bone marrow has proved beneficial in some cases. See CHLOROSIS.

on

Anæsthesia (Gr. 'want of sensation'), a word coined by Oliver Wendell Holmes to indicate the local or general absence of sensibility to external impression. See SENSATION. General anææsthetics act on the central nervous system; local anesthetics act nerve-endings, leaving the central system usually unaffected. For the former, see CHLOROFORM, ETHER, NITROUS OXIDE (laughing gas'), and ETHYL CHLORIDE; HYPNOTISM. For local anæsthetics, see COCAINE, EUCAINE, and HOLOCAINE. Laudanum and similar anodynes are not properly anæsthetics. The hypodermic injection of water produces a certain amount of local anesthesia; and a tight ligature has the same effect. Suprarenal extract has lately been recommended as a local anesthetic, hypodermically injected, or applied to mucous membranes.

Anagni, tn., prov. Rome, Italy, 46 m. by rail S.E. of Rome, has been an episcopal see since the 5th century. Large portions of the ancient walls remain. It was the birthplace of four popes. The cathedral dates from the 11th century. Pop. (1901) 9,612.

Anagram (Gr. ana, 'back'; gramma, 'a letter'), a new word or phrase formed" from an old one by the transposition of its letters. In the middle ages a mysterious power of divination was supposed to reside in the anagram; and thus, from the letters of Pilate's question, Quid est veritas? (What is truth?), the monkish anagrammatists produced the answer, Est vir `qui adest (It is the man before you). The anagram is often employed in the manufacture of pseudonyms. The name Voltaire, for example, is formed from the letters of 'Arouet (e) j(eune)'; and Barry Cornwall is an imperfect anagram formed from Bryan Waller Proctor. Out of Horatio Nelson Dr. Burney fashioned Honor est a Nilo. dison classes the anagram and the acrostic together as species of 'false wit,' adding trenchantly,

Ad

Analogy

"It is impossible to decide whether the inventor of the one or the other were the greater blockhead' (Spectator, No. 60). See Wheatley, On Anagrams (1862); and Dobson's Literary Frivolities (1880).

Anaheim, tn., Orange co., Cal., 27 m. s.E. of Los Angeles, on the Santa Ana river and the Southern California R. R. It is situated in a productive region where many activities are at work in fruit canning and the manufacture of wines and brandies. The town was settled in 1857 and its affairs were conducted on cooperative principles. It was incorporated in 1878. See Nordhoff's Communistic Societies of the U. S. (N. Y., 1875). Pop. (1910) 2,628.

Anahuac, the great central table-land of Mexico extending from the valley of Mexico to El Paso, on the Rio Grande del Norte. The name ('amid the waters') referred originally to the coast-lands of Mexico; but since the end of the 16th century has been applied to the central tableland, because of the numerous lakes in the valley of Mexico. With an average elevation of 7,500 ft., the plateau slopes from the capital to El Paso (1,225 m.). It is cut by barrancas or cañons formed by streams.

Anakim, or SONS OF ANAK, a race of giants mentioned in Scripture (Josh. 11:21 f.; Num. 13:33) who occupied the mountains about Hebron, and were also found to the north, near the Mediterranean. They were conquered by Joshua and Caleb.

Analecta, or ANALECT (Gr. 'things gathered'), a literary collection or anthology.

Analogy. (1.) In logic, a form of proof and instrument of investigation. If two objects, X and Y, resemble each other in a number of characteristics obed, and x has the further characteristic e, then it is a matter of more or less probable nference that y has this characteristic also; such an inference is called inference by analogy. The presence of e in Y is inferred from the presumed connection of e with the common characters, or common structure, abcd. But inasmuch as this connection is not shown to be neces

sary, but only presumed on the strength of its actual occurrence in x, the analogical inference is only probable, and, if the conjunction of e with abcd be only accidental, may be mistaken. It is sometimes said that the value of an analogical inference depends on the proportion of the known resemblances between x and y to the known differences between them, and, again, to the total number of their respective qualities. But any such quasi-numerical statements are misleading. The real