Analysis point is the degree of probability attaching to the connection of e with abcd. In a sphere of abstract necessity, such as mathematics, analogical proof has no place. See J. S. Mill's System of Logic, bk. iii. ch. 20; and Bosanquet's Logic, bk. ii. ch. 3 (1888). (2.) In biology, analogy is morphological concep tion, distinguished from homology. When two organs fulfil the same function, they are said to be analogous, whether they are_or are not structurally similar. For example, the wings of butterfly and bird are analogous organs; but they are not homologous, for their development and structure are strikingly different. 227 on the laws cf definite proportions (sce ATOMIC THEORY), and on the fact that all chemical compounds, however produced, have a fixed and definite composition. In qualitative analysis there are dry reactions, performed on the solid at a high temperature, and wet reactions, where the substance is in solution. Compounds which have reactions in common are grouped together, and by systematic methods all the ingredients of a complex mixture can be detected. Quantitative analysis is divided into many branches. Gravimetric methods are those in which the reaction forms an insoluble compound. By filtration, washing, and ignition these compounds are obtained pure, and are weighed. In volumetric methods solutions of known strength are used, the end of the reaction being made known by the use of an indicator, such as litmus, etc. In commercial analysis only those substances which give value to the product are determined: in manures, the phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and potash; in bleaching powder, the available chlorine; in coal, its calorific value. The microscope, spectroscope, and polariscope are used in special cases; and some substances are decomposed, and one or more of the ingredients estimated, by the use of the electric current. Assaying, gas analysis, water analysis, and organic analysis are all branches of the same subject, and invclve special theoretical and practical training. See ASSAYING; and Fresenius's Qualitative Analysis (1897), also his Quantitative Analysis (1876); Sutt n's Volumetric Analysis (1896); Hempel's Gas Analysis (1902); Blyth's Foods: Composition and Analysis (4th ed. 1896); Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis (2 vols. 1896–1901). Analysis. (1.) In logic. A clear distinction must be kept between the analysis which consists in resolving a datum into its elements, and the analysis which is a logical method for finding the premises by which a conclusion can be established. Examples of the former kind are the chemical analysis of a given substance into its elements, the grammatical analysis of a sentence into its several parts, and the logical analysis of an inference into premises and conclusion. Analysis as a logical method is most easily illustrated from geometry. If we are required to prove a th orem A, we may begin by supposing it true, and try to deduce some consequence B which, if true, implies in turn the truth of A, and similarly proceed from B to c. When we have thus arrived at some proposition (say D) which we know to be true, the analytic process is complete, and we can then deduce the truth of A synthetically from the known truth of D, through the intermediate steps C and B. The logical process of induction by hypothesis (see INDUCTION) is similar. (2.) In mathematics, essentially analysis denotes the algel raical as contrasted with the geometrical treatment of the properties of figures. (3.) In chemistry analysis is the process of separating a compound body into its constituents. Proximate analysis is the separation of one or more compounds from a mixture. Milk contains water, fat, sugar, casein, and mineral salts; a separation of these from each other is a proximate analysis. Ult mate analysis is the further separation of these compounds into their elements. Analysis may be qualitative or quantitative. In the former we determine the various ingredients or elements, in the The qualitative analysis of inexact proportions. rganic substances is based on the fact that every element will, under suitable conditions, give a reaction which is characteristic. Quantitative methods are based latter their Analytical and SYNTHETICAL JUDGMENTS, in logic, a Kantian distinction which has been the subject of much controversy. The analytical or explicative judgment is one in which the predicate merely states explicitly some attribute already contained in the definition or notion of the subject-e.g. 'All bodies are extended'; whereas the synthetical or ampliative judgment adds an attribute not so contained-e.g. 'All bodies are heavy.' Anam. See ANNAM. Anamalai, or ANNAMALLY (Elephant Mts.'), is the part of the Sahyadri range, or Western Ghâts, which lies in the Coimbatore dist., Madras Presidency, and the Travancore State, India. The lower range (2,000 ft.) is well wooded with teak, blackwood, and bamboo. The higher range (6,000 to 8.000 ft.) consists of open grassy hills. Here is the peak Anarchism Anamudi (8,850 ft.), the highest in S. India. The climate is healthy and the scenery grand. Tea and coffee plantations are scattered over the hills. The elephant, bison, and ibex are numerous. Anamosa, tn. and county seat of Jones co., Ia., on the Wapsipinicon and Buffalo rivers, 55 m. s. w. of Dubuque. The Chic. and N. W., and the Chic., Milw. and St. Paul R. Rs. have stations here. It is the seat of a state penitentiary. Its industries include flour mills, foundries, and wagon and carriage works. Pop. (1910) 2,983. Ananas. See PINE-APPLE. Ananias. (1.) The husband of Sapphira (Acts 5:1-10). The pair, while pretending to surrender to the church treasury the whole proceeds of a possession which they had sold, retained a part-i.e. were guilty of falsehood and hypocrisy. Being rebuked by Peter, both fell down dead. (2.) A disciple at Damascus, who baptized Saul, and introduced him to the church (Acts 9:10-18). He is said to have been one of the Seventy, and to have died a martyr. (3.) The high priest before whom Paul was brought by Claudius Lysias, and to whom the apostle applied the term, 'thou whited wall. He was the son of Nebedaios, and was murdered at the siege of Jerusalem. See Schürer's Hist. of the Jewish People in the Time of Christ, I. ii. 188 f., II. i. 200ff. Ananyev, or ANANIEV, tn., Kherson gov., near the Black Sea, Russia. Grain is cultivated. Pop. (1897), 16,713. Anapa, a Russian port in the N. Caucasus, on the Black Sea. Originally a Turkish fortress, it was three times (1791, 1807, 1828) captured by the Russians, who destroyed its works in 1855. Pop. (1897) 6,676. Ananææst, a reversed dactyl; a metrical foot consisting of two short or unaccented (~) syllables followed by one long or accented (-) syllable. Tyrtæus used the anapæstic measure in his war songs; in later Greek the term became almost synonymous with satire. Mr. Swinburne has employed the anapast very extensively and with excellent effect in English-e.g. 'Ye are góds, and, behold, ye shall die, and the waves be upon you at lást' (Hymn to Proserpine). Anarchism, a political theory and propaganda demanding or awaiting the abolition of all institutions and instruments of government. Though opposition to all governmental power and authority is the common characteristic of the various groups of anarchists, the idea of order is not neglected, Proudhon, the father of modern anarchy, having main Anarchism tained that social order would naturally result from the ethical advancement of the race and the reabsorption of the political function in the industrial. External enforcement of order would then be unnecessary. Again, anarchy may, theoretically, aim either at the unfettered self-govenment of the individual or at the realization of its object in voluntary communistic association; while the practical propaganda may be either peaceful or based on force. Thus motives and means vary. Both in America and Europe there is a recognized distinction between those who accept the theory and those who assist in its revolutionary enforcement. In the United States the doctrines of anarchy are of comparatively recent appearance, not only because some severe economic conditions in Europe have been unknown here, but also on account of the lack of familiarity with such social units as the Russian mir, whose economic quasi-communism and partial want of gov ernment prepared thinkers like Kropotkin and Bakunin for the application of anarchistic principles to larger and more complex societies. The doctrines of theoretical anarchy have been expounded in the United States by Benjamin R. Tucker, of Boston, who defended many of Proudhon's views and emphasized their individualistic aspect, which has appealed to American sympathies more strongly than the communistic anarchy of Kropotkin. Johann Most, a former member of the German Reichstag, for some time published in New York city a newspaper, Die Freiheit, devoted to a very radical programme. The methods of 'terrorism, the propaganda of the deed,' however, have been the chief marks of anarchism, in popular estimation. In most European countries severe repressive measures have been taken since 1883; but in America and Great Britain comparatively little has been done beyond the application of the ordinary legal processes and the police supervision of suspects. In the U. S., however, after the assassination of President McKinley, the 'Anarchist Exclusion Act' was passed, providing that no person who disbelieves in or who is opposed to all organized government,' or who is affiliated with any organization opposed to organized government, or who advocates the killing of government officers, shall be permitted to enter the United States or any territory under its jurisdiction. A series of assassinations have been committed by Anarchists: (1) of President Carnot, of France, Ly Caserio, at Lyons, on June 24, 1894; (2) Cánovas del Castillo, the pre 228 mier of Spain, Aug. 8, 1897; (3) Empress Elizabeth of Austria, by Luccheni, at Geneva, Sept. 10, 1898; (4) King Humbert of Italy, by Bresci, at Monza, July 29, 1900; (5) President McKinley, by Czolgosz, at Buffalo, Sept. 6, 1901; (6) King Carlos 1. and Crown Prince Luiz Philippe, of Portugal, at Lisbon, Feb. 1, 1908. Besides An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793), by William Godwin, Du Principe Fédératif (1863) and What is Property? (1840), by Pierre J. Proudhon, and Evolution et Revolution, by Elisée Reclus, there are many other books on the subject. See Rae's Contemporary Socialism, cap. 8 (1891); Garin's L'Anarchie (1885); Lombroso's Anarchists: a Study in Criminal Psychology and Sociol ogy (Turin, 1894); Spencer's The Individual and the State (1885); Zenker's Anarchism (trans. 1898); Kropotkin's Anarchy (1897) and Memoirs of a Revolutionist (1900); Most's newspaper, Die Freiheit (New York), passim. Anasarca, a general diffusion of serous fluid into the subcutaneous connective tissues. See DROPSY. Anastasius, Sr., or ASTRIC (954-1044), the Apostle of the Hungarians,' a monk of Rouen who was made bishop of Coloeza by Duke Stephen of Hungary, for whom he obtained from the Pope the title of king. Anastasius I. (430-518 A.D.), Emperor of Constantinople. His reign was troubled with Hun and Slav invasions. He was an active and enlightened prince, but provoked papal censure by his patronage of Eutychian and Mani chæan heresies. Anastasius I. (d. 401), Pope, held the supreme office from 398. He was a strenuous opponent of the Manichæan heresy and of the doctrines of Origen. There were three other Popes of this nameviz. ANASTASIUS II. (496-8), ANASTASIUS III. (911-13), ANASTASIUS IV. (1153-4). Anastasius II., Emperor of Constantinople, was raised to the throne on the deposition of Philippicus (713), but deposed (715) in favor of Theodosius. With the assistance of Bulgaria he attempted to regain the empire, but was taken by the Emperor Leo and put to death (719). Anastasius Grün, pen-name of the Austrian poet, Count Anton Alexander von Auersperg. Anastomosis, the communication or inosculation of bloodvessels. When one such is tied, the circulation is kept up by others, forming what is described as a 'collateral' circulation. Anastomosis is particularly free around joints. Anathema (Gr. 'that which is set up'), at first an offering hung Anatomical Preparations up in a temple to a god; later it implied the devotion of a sacrificial victim, or, by analogy, of a person, to destruction (Rom. 9:3; Gal. 1:8, 9). For its ecclesiastical sense, see EXCOMMUNICATION. Anatidæ, the family of birds which includes the swans, geese and ducks, the typical freshwater ducks forming the subfamily Anatinæ. This family is characterized primarily by having a line of serrations along the margins of the beak; it is coextensive with the suborder Anseres, and forms, with the Palamedeidæ, or screamers (q.v.), the order Anseriformes. Anatolia. See ASIA MINOR. Anatomical Preparations. For the various methods of preserving skins and of reproducing external anatomical features, see TAXIDERMY. As regards the deeper parts, it is often desirable, for teaching and other purposes, to have a more permanent preparation than an ordinary dissection. In the case of the skeleton this may easily be secured. Boiling bones will remove nearly all their organic material, leaving only the earthy constituents. The bones may then be riveted or jointed with wire in their relative positions. The soft parts may be preserved in glass jars containing alcohol, weak formalin solution, bichromate of potash solution, or other transparent preservative fluid; or they may be dried, sterilized, and varnished. Both methods are open to objection. In the former, specimens become decolorized, and lose their characteristic fresh appearance. They cannot be handled, and they fail to impress the student so vividly as a recent dissection. Dried specimens soon decay, unless kept in glass cases sealed against air and moisture. Plaster of Paris casts (see PLASTER CASTING) may be taken; but it cannot be said that plaster lends itself to the representation of soft tissues, no matter how well it be painted. Much more useful and realistic is the result of casting in glycero-gelatin. In this process a mixture of 'No. 1' gelatin and clear glycerin, in the proportion of 1 oz. by weight of gelatin to 1 oz. by measure of glycerin, is employed. The gelatin is soaked in water till soft. It is then slowly dried until just pliable, and melted in a water bath along with the glycerin. While still hot, it may be made opaque by the addition of a thick paint of oxide of zinc rubbed up with glycerin. Other pigments, such as calamine or vermilion, may be added to color it as desired. All the ingredients must be thoroughly mixed. A plaster mould of the speci Index to Model of the Human Body I. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 1 Left ventricle 2 Right ventricle 3 Right auricle 4 Left auricle 5 Coronary vessels of the heart 6 Ascending portion of acrta 7 Descending portion of thoracic aorta 8 Diaphragm 9 Pulmonary artery 10 Descending vena cava 11 Ascending vena cava 12 Innominate artery 13 Common carotid artery 14 Subclavian artery 15 Axillary artery 16-Brachial artery 17 Radial artery 18 Ulnar artery 19 Interosseous artery 20 Abdominal aorta 21 Inferior diaphragmatic arteries 22 Superior mesenteric artery 23 Renal artery 24 Interior spermatic artery 25 Inferior me enteric artery 26 Common iliac artery 27 Femoral arteries 28 Deep femoral artery 29 Internal iliac artery 30 Superficial femoral artery 31 Innominate veins 32 Jugular vein 33 Subclavian veins 34 Axillary vein 35 Cephalic vein 36 Median basilic veins 37 Median and ulnar veins 38 Radial veins 39 Hepatic vein 40 Renal vein 41 Common iliac vein 31 Radialls internus 32 Palmaris longus 33 Flexor digitorum 34 Thenar 35 Extensor carpi radialis longus 36 Extensor carpi radialis brevis 37 Abductor pollicis longus 38 Extensor proprius indicis 39 Gluteus medius 40 Tensor vaginæ femoris 41 Pectineus 42 Abductor longus 43 Rectus femoris 44 Rectus femoris (internal head) 45 Rectus femoris (external head) 46 Sartorius 47 Gracilis 48 Abductor magnus III. SKELETON 1 Frontal bone 2 Parietal bone 3 Temporal bone 4 Orbits 5 Zygoma 6 Nasal bone 7 Superior maxilla 8 Na al cavity 9 Teeth 10 Inferior maxilla 11-14 Vertebræ 15 Clavicle 16 Manubrium of sternum 17 Gladiolus of sternum 18 Xyphoid appendix of sternum 19 Scapula (shoulder-blade) 20 Coracoid process of scapula 21 Head of humerus 22 Humerus 23 Trochlea of humerus 24 Radius 25 Ulna 26 Carpal bones 27 Metacarpal bones 28 Phalanges 29-40 Ribs 41-46 Vertebræ 47 Sacrum 48 Coccyx 49 Ilium 50 Crest of illum 51 Obturator foramen 52 Os pubis 53 Ischium 54 Head of femur 55 Neck of femur 56 Greater trochanter 57 Lesser trochanter 58 Femur IV. NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 Frontal nerve 2 Temporal nerve 3 Temporo-malar nerve 4 Facial nerve, with branches 5 Inferior maxillary nerves 6 Nasal nerves 7 Labial nerves 8 Cervical plexus 9 Median nerve 10 Brachial plexus 11 Ulnar nerve 12 Radial nerve 13 Internal cutaneous nerve of arm 14 Middle cutaneous nerve of arm 15 External cutaneous nerve of arm 16 Interco: tal nerves 17 Spiral cord 18 Sympathetic nerves 1 External maxillary artery 2 Superficial temporal artery 3 Facial veins 4 Frontal veins 5 Temporal veins 6 Larynx 7 Trachea 8 Thyroid gland 9 Right lung 10 Left lung 11 Blood vessels in lung 12 Bronchial tubes and branches 13 Section of larynx 14 Section of trachea 15 Right bronchus 16 Left bronchus 17 Dorsal surface of right lung 18 Dorsal surface of left lung 19 Right ventricle 20 Left ventricle 21 Right auricle 22 Section of right ventricle 26 Superior vena cava 30 Pulmonary artery 31 Po terior surface of heart 32 Anterior surface of liver 33 Cross section of liver 34 Dorsal surface of liver 35 Gall bladder 36 Esophagus 37 Anterior surface of stomach 38 Cross section of stomach (in |