Ancient Demesne

largest of all dicotyledonous leaves. The fruit is edible, with a flavor like that of mango; it is often pickled.

Lands

Ancient Demesne. which formed a part of the royal estates of the English crown under William the Conqueror and are enumerated as terræ regis in Domesday Book. The tenure of these lands was free from many of the burdens of ordinary feudal tenure and was attended with certain extraordinary privileges. Most of the lands have long since passed into private hands, but they retain some of the characteristics which attached to them while still the demesne lands of the crown. The tenure by which they are held is still known as tenure in ancient demesne. See CUSTOMARY FREEHOLD.

Ancient Lights. See LIGHT

and AIR.

Ancient Mariner, poem by S. T. Coleridge, published in Lyrical Ballads (1798). The idea appears to have been taken from Captain G. Shelvocke's Voyage Round the World (1757).

Ancillon, JOHANN PETER FRIEDRICH (1767-1837), Prussian statesman and author; born at Berlin; filled (1792) the chair of history in the military academy at Berlin; was elected (1803) a member of the Academy of Sciences, and appointed historiographer royal; rose to be (1832) Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1810 the education of the Crown Prince (afterwards King Friedrich Wilhelm IV.) was entrusted to him. He wrote on philosophy, history, and politics-e. g. Révolutions du Système Politique de l'Europe depuis le XV Siècle (4 vols., 1803).

Ancona. (1.) Province, Italy, in the Marches, between the Central Apennines and the Adriatic, with an area of 756 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 302,460. The people grow grain and fruit, breed silkworms, manufacture silk, paper, iron, sugar, flour, lime, bricks, and leather, and mine sulphur. Chief towns, Ancona, Jesi, and Senigallia. The railway from Bologna to Brindisi skirts the shore. (2.) Town and episc. see, cap. of above province, situated on the Adriatic, is the only good port between Venice and Brindisi. The harbor is enclosed by two fine piers, one of which was built by Trajan in 115 A.D. Extensions to the moles were agreed upon in 1903. The town is strongly fortified, and has a naval arsenal. Sulphur, silk, and eggs are exported. Iron and ship building works, and factories of sugar, soap, and tallow, represent the chief industries. There is a U. S. consular agency here. Pop. (1901) 55,408. Founded by Greeks from Syracuse (380 B.C.), Ancona was destroyed succes

231

sively by the Goths and the Longobards; later, it asserted its position as an independent republic, until it fell into the hands of Pope Clement VII. in 1532. In 1849 the Austrians captured it; and again in 1860 its papal defender, General Lamoricière, was compelled to capitulate to the Piedmontese.

Ancona, ALESSANDRO D' (1835), Italian man of letters and philologist; born at Pisa. He became one of the chief intermediaries between the Tuscan Liberals and Cavour. In 1859 he edited the newly founded journal, La Nazione; but having in the following year been elected to the chair of Italian literature in the University of Pisa, he devoted himself until 1900 to academic teaching and literary work. He has edited a number of early and rare Italian texts, written studies on the Italian drama - ·Sacre Rappresentazioni dei Secoli XIV., XV., et XVI. (1872); Origini del Teatro in Italia (2nd ed., 1891); and has treated of several subjects connected with Italian literature-I Precursori di Dante (1874); La Poesia Popolare Italiana (1878). Two collections of Studii appeared in 1880 and 1884.

Ancre, BARON DE LUSSIGNY, MARQUIS D' (d. 1617), whose real name was CONCINO CONCINI, a Florentine adventurer, accompanied Maria de' Medici to France in 1600, and rose to be marshal and chief minister of state, and acquired vast wealth. He was assassinated in April, 1617, at the instigation of Louis XIII. His corpse was treated with great indignity, and his wife was afterwards burned at the stake as a

Sorceress.

Ancren Riwle, or THE RULE OF NUNS, a manual of religious instruction and observance written about 1210 for a small society of three pious ladies and their lay sisters, established at Tarente (Tarrant - Kaines or Kingston) in Dosetshire. authorship has been attributed to Richard Poor, a native of Tarente, who was successively bishop of Chichester, Salisbury, and Durham. See Ancren Riwle, ed. Morton (Camden Society, 1853).

The

Ancrum, vil. and par., Roxburgshire, Scotland, 3 m. N.N.W. of Jedburgh; 2 m. from Ancrum Moor, where (Feb. 17. 1545) 5.000 English under Sir Ralph Evers and Sir Brian Latour were defeated by the Scots under the Earl of Angus and Scott of Buccleuch. The exploits of the Scottish maiden Lilliard (Lillyard) in this battle are commemorated by an inscribed monument.

Ancus Marcius, fourth king of Rome, said to have reigned 640-616 B.C.. and to have con

Andalusia

quered many Latin towns and transplanted their inhabitants to Rome. He is also the reputed founder of Ostia.

Ancylopoda, a suborder of primitive ungulate mammals, of large size and clumsy build, whose remains are found widely spread in the Miocene and earlier formations. Not much is known of their character or relationships; but they were shaped somewhat like hyenas, and had curiously clawed feet, upon the side of which they walked like an anteater, and teeth resembling those of the rhinoceros. See Osborn, Am. Naturalist, 1893.

Ancyra, anc. city of Galatia, Asia Minor; remembered chiefly for the fact that, when Augustus set up a record of the chief events of his life at Rome, its citizens had a copy of the inscription made, which still exists. The inscription (Monumentum Ancyranum) is in Greek and Latin, and has been edited by Mommsen (1883). See (modern) ANGORA.

Andalusia, or ANDALUCIA (corruption of Vandalusia, so called from the Vandal invasion), the largest of the ancient divisions of the s. of Spain, comprises the provinces of Almeria, Cadiz, Cordova, Granada, Huelva, Jaën, Malaga, and Seville, and is physically divided into Upper and Lower Andalusia. Its chief towns are Cordova, Seville, and Cadiz. It is one of the most fertile portions of Spain. It is drained by the Guadalquivir. Some of the highest mountains are above the snow-line, and from these to the low-lying valleys, which are extremely hot in summer, all varieties of climate are found. There are numerous gypsies (gitanos) scattered throughout the province, and a few descendants of the Moors still survive. The attire of the people is very picturesque, and the women are renowned for their grace and beauty. This province was visited in antiquity by the Phoenicians, who founded the colonies of Hispalis (Seville), Gades (Cadiz), etc.; afterwards by the Carthaginians; and after the second Punic war it became a Roman province. Here were born the poet Lucan, the emperor Trajan, the philosopher Seneca. In the 5th century it was invaded by the Alans, Vandals, and Visigoths, who conquered the whole of Spain. In 711 it was subdued by the Moors, after the battle of Xeres de la Frontera. Here they founded the caliphate of Cordova, which reached the height of its power under the Ommiades. During this period Andalusia was a flourishing and thickly-populated province. Cordova was one of the chief centres in Europe for the arts and sciences. But after

Andalusite

the extinction of the Ommiades (1031) it was divided between Seville, Cordova, and Jaën, which were conquered (1238-48) by Ferdinand III. of Castile. Area, 33,663 sq. m. Pop. (1900) 3,562,606. See SPAIN.

Andalusite, a mineral consisting of silicate of alumina, crystallizing in gray or pink rhombic prisms, usually coarse and nearly square in form. A variety known as chiastrolite is characterized by carbonaceous inclusions arranged along the axis of the crystal in structural lines, exhibiting a colored cross or tesselated-shaped figure in section. Some of the colored varieties show strong

232

Only a small proportion of the aborigines are civilized, and on many of the islands, especially the Nicobars, the inhabitants are still hostile to strangers. The natives of these two groups are quite distinct. Andamanese are typical negritoes; Nicobarese are mongoloid. The average height of the Andamanese men is 4 ft. 11 in.; of the women, 4 ft. 7 in. The Nicobarese men have an average height of 5 ft. 4 in.; the women, 5 ft. See E. Horace Man's Aborigines of the Andaman Is. (1885); A. de Quatrefages' Les Pygmées (Prof. Starr's Eng. trans. 1895); Dr. Mouatt's Andaman Islanders (1863); C. Boden Kloss's In the

Andersen

ought to indicate a slower degree of tempo; but the term is sometimes used to signify a degree of movement less slow than andante.

Andaqui, an Indian tribe in S. Colombia, almost extinct.

Anderlecht, tn., Belgium, prov. Brabant, 2 m. s.w. of Brussels. Large cotton mills. Pop. (1900) 47,929.

Andermatt, vil. in upper valley of the Reuss, canton Uri, Switzerland; alt. 4,738 ft.; at the junction of the roads over Furka, Oberalp, and St. Gothard passes; 3 m. from Goeschenen. Pop. (1900) 818.

Andernach (anc. Antunnacum),

pleochroism. It is a characteristic ingredient of metamorphic rocks, and is often found in argillaceous slates into which a granite has been injected in a greatly-heated condition, altering the surrounding masses, and developing new minerals in them. Andalusite is rarely transparent and well colored, but fine specimens come from Brazil, and are polished and used as gems. It is also found at Standish, Maine, and at Litchfield, Conn.

Andamans and Nicobars, two groups of British islands in the Bay of Bengal, about 400 m. E. of India. The area is estimated at 3,100 sq. m. Total pop. (1901) of Andamans, 18,000; of Nicobars, about 6,500. The capital, Port Blair, on S. Andaman, has a fine, well-sheltered harbor.

Andamans and Nicobars (1903); and The Indian Antiquary (vols. xxviii. and xxx.). In 1789 the East India Co. established a penal settlement for 'life' convicts at Port Blair. In 1901 these numbered, 11,947. Tea, coffee, cocoa, sugar-cane, rice, and oil seeds are grown, and a trade in timber is being developed. Lord Mayo, viceroy of India, was assassinated at Hopetown, on the main island, by a Punjabi fanatic, in 1872, while on an official tour of inspection.

Andante (It. 'going'), in musical score, the name of an individual composition or of a movement; also used as a time indication signifying a slow degree of tempo, but not so slow as larghetto ANDANTINO, being a diminutive of andante,

tn., prov. Rhineland, Prussia, on 1. bk. of the Rhine, 11 m. N.W. of Coblenz; has Roman and mediæval remains. Cigars and malt manufactured; trade in emery and lava. Pop. (1900) 7,889.

Andersen, HANS CHRISTIAN (1805-75), Danish author, son of a shoemaker at Odense, was sent to school and university by generous patrons. He then undertook, at the expense of the state, several continental tours, resulting in his brilliant travel-books-viz., Skyggebilder (1831); En Digters Bazar (1842), after a tour to Greece; I Sverrig (1849), after his visit to Sweden; I Spanien (1863), a book about Spain. first novels, all of which have been translated into English, were Improvisatoren (1835), O. T.

His

Hans Christian Andersen.

came out in 1835, the second series appeared in 1838-42, the third in 1845; and so they continued to appear, at irregular intervals, until the last Eventyr were published in 1871-2, by which time they had won a worldwide reputation. numerous plays and poems are inferior to his Tales. The 100th

Andersen's

anniversary (1905) of his birth was celebrated by several American and European literary societies, and his career was made the subject of many magazine articles of that time. His autobiography, Mit Livs Eventyr (1855-77), is of great interest, and perhaps the most naïve and subjective biography ever written. Other works are Billedbog uden Billeder (1840); Ahasuerus (1847); De to Baronesser (1847); At vaere eller ikke vaere (1857). Several English editions of the Fairy Tales have been published. See R. N. Bain's H. C. Andersen: a Biography (1895).

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Irawadi

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Martaban

Amherst

Preparie South Charrel

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Little Coco,

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Elphinstone

Anderson. (1.) City and co. seat of Madison co., Ind., on west fork of White R., about 40 m. N.E. of Indianapolis, and on the Chicago and Southeastern, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis and other R. Rs. Its chief industries are manufactures of iron, steel, brass, paper, machinery, glass, lumber, and wire nails. Besides the important railway connections above mentioned, it has a system of interurban electric railways. city owns and operates its electric light, gas and water-works plants. There are also a free library and parks. The historic mounds of the mound builders' are near the city. Pop. (1910) 22,476. (2.) Tn. and co. seat of Anderson co., S. C., 120 miles N.w. of Columbia, the state capital, on the Southern, the Blue Ridge, and the Charleston and W. Carolina

The

Andaman

Interview L Mid Andaman

ANDAMAN

BarrenL/Volano)

Henry Lawrence 1.
HavelockL

Port Blair ISLANDS
Rutland 1.

Mergui Archipelago

Perforated 1 Ta

Saver 1

Anderson

plates); Shakespeare's works (80 plates), and Webster's Spelling Book. See Life by Burr (1893).

Anderson, GALUSHA (1832-), American theologian and educa tor, was born at Clarendon, N. Y., and educated at Rochester Univ. He studied for the Baptist ministry at the Rochester Theolog. Seminary, and subsequently held pastorates at Janesville, Wis., St. Louis, Brooklyn, N. Y., and Chicago. From 1866 to 1873 he was professor at Newton Theol. Sem.; from 1878 to 1885 pres. of old Univ. of Chicago; from 1887 to 1890 pres. of Denison Univ., Ohio; from 1890 to 1892 professor in the Baptist Union Theological Seminary. In 1892 he took the chair of practical theology at the Divinity School, Univ. of Chicago, and became emeritus professor in 1904.

Anderson, JAMES (1739-1808), farmer and political economist; born near Edinburgh; was the inventor of the Scottish plough.' In his Recreations in Agriculture (a paper in monthly parts from 1797-1802) and his Inquiry into the Nature of the Corn Laws (1777) he anticipated Ricardo's theory of rent.

Anderson, JOHN (1726-96), founder of Anderson's College, Glasgow (1797), was professor of Oriental languages (1756) and of natural philosophy (1760) at Glasgow University, where he taught a class of physics for working men. His invention of a gun with pneumatic recoil, refused by the British government, was presented to the National Convention, Paris. His Institutes of Physics (1786) was for some time a standard text-book.

Anderson, JOHN JACOB (18211906), Amer. author and educa tor; born in N. Y. city and edu cated at the Normal School there. For thirty years he was engaged in teaching, and has since published many works of an historical character, including manuals of Ancient and Mediæval History, Histories of England, France, and the United States, Historical Readers, etc., historical textbooks for schools, including Pictorial School History of the U.S. (1863); A School History of England (1870), and manuals of general, medieval and modern history.

Anderson, MARTIN BREWER (1815-90), American educator, and for many years president of the Univ. of Rochester, N.Y., was born at Brunswick, Me., and educated at Colby Univ., where he taught Latin and Rhetoric. From 1850 to 1853 he was editor of The New York (Baptist) Recorder, and in 1853-88 was president of the University of Rochester. See Papers and Addresses, in 2 vols., issued in 1895.

234

Anderson, MARY (1859-), American actress, born at Sacramento, Cal. In 1875 she made her first appearance as Juliet at Louisville. Julia in The Hunchback (a favorite rôle) and Pauline in The Lady of Lyons were among her parts. In 1883 she entered upon an English career. Her most notable impersonations were Perdita Hermione, Galatea, Rosalind, Bianca, Pauline, and Juliet. In 1889 she retired from the stage, and in the same year married Antonio F. de Navarro, subsequently making her residence in England. In 1896 she published A Few Memories.

Anderson, MELVILLE BEST (1851), American educator; born in Kalamazoo, Mich.; was edu cated at Cornell, Göttingen, and Paris; professor of literature at Butler Univ., Knox Coll., Purdue Univ., and Iowa State Univ. in 1877-91; then took the similar chair in Stanford Univ., Cal. He was translator and editor of numerous classical works, and author of Representative Poets of the Nineteenth Century (1896).

Anderson, RASMUS BJORN (1846-), American author and educator of Scandinavian descent, was born at Albion, Wis., and educated at Luther Coll., Ia., and the Univ. of Wisconsin, where for eight years he was professor of Scandinavian language and literature. During Pres. Cleveland's first administration, Prof. Anderson was U. S. minister to Denmark, and later on he edited at Madison, Wis., a Norwegian neswspaper, Amerika. His published works are Norse Mythology; Viking Tales from the North (1877); The Younger Edda, and America not Discovered by Columbus (1874).

Anderson, RICHARD HENRY (1821-79), an American soldier in the Confederate service, was born near Statesburg, S. C., and educated at West Point. He served in the Mexican War, and at the outbreak of the Civil War entered the Confederate army. He took part in the bombardment of Fort Sumter, and distinguished himself in many battles, commanding a division at Gettysburg, and the fourth corps of Lee's army at the close of the struggle, with the rank of lieut.-general.

Anderson, ROBERT (1805-71), American soldier and military writer, was born near Louisville, Ky., and in 1825 graduated at West Point, where he was instructor in artillery (1835-37). He served in the Seminole and Mexican Wars. At the close of 1860 he was in command of Fort Moultrie, Charleston Harbor, but soon transferred his garrison to Fort Sumter. Here he withstood a bombardment by the Confederates on April 12-13, 1861, but

Andersson

was finally forced to evacuate the fort, his garrison (which had remained intact) being allowed to retire with the honors of war. For his defence of the place he received the nation's thanks, with appointment to the rank of majorgeneral. In 1863 ill-health compelled him to retire from active service, when he employed himself in translating military textbooks.

Anderson, RUFUS (1796-1880), American Congregational minister, and for more than forty years secretary of the Am. Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, was born in Maine, and educated at Bowdoin Coll. and Andover Theol. Seminary. His career was subsequently spent in the interest of foreign missions, travelling, lecturing, and writing on their behalf, as well as inspecting them in various countries. His writings include Observations upon the Peloponnesus and Greek Islands (1830) and A Heathen Nation Civilized (1870) -i.e. Hawaii.

Anderson, WILLIAM (18421900), surgeon, professor of anatomy and surgery at Tokyo (18731880), formed a large collection of Chinese and Japanese paintings and engravings, afterwards bequeathed to the British Museum. He was the author of The Pictorial Arts of Japan (1886); Japanese Wood Engraving (1895); Catalogue of Collection of Japanese and Chinese Pictures in the British Museum (1886).

Andersonville, vil., Sumter co., Ga., 62 miles s. of Macon. Here, from February, 1864, to the close of the Civil War, the Confederate Government maintained a military prison, overcrowded, chiefly because of the Federal Government's refusal to exchange prisoners, and lacking in many of the requisites both of food and sanitation. There was great loss of life, and at the close of the war the prison superintendent, Henry Wirz, was tried by a military commission for 'murder in violation of the laws of war,' found guilty, and hanged. The prison site and adjoining graveyard has since become a national cemetery. in which sleep about 14,000 Union soldiers. Of the graves, 12,789 were identified and marked with tablets.

Anderssen, ADOLF (1818-79), famous chess-player, born in Breslau, where he became (1847) master at the Lyceum. In 1851 he won the first prize at the international chess tournament held in London during the first International Exhibition. He won other international contests in London (1862) and Baden (1870). He published many valuable books about chess.

Andersson, KARL JOHAN

Andes

of ranges, among which runs the Alto Marañon, or Upper Amazon. The W. Cordillera, between lat. 23° and 7° 45' s., descends in a bold escarpment to the Pacific littoral, but it gradually decreases in height northwards. On entering Ecuador the Andes consist of a single broad chain, which bifurcates in the province of Loja; and thence to the borders of Colombia the system is again composed of two cordilleras, united by transverse ridges, and including lofty basins, 8,000 to 10,000 ft. above sea level. These cordilleras are continued in the Western and Central Cordilleras of Colombia, which include between them the great longitudinal valley of the Cauca R. The last-named range is the loftier, containing many peaks over 16,000 ft. in altitude. The long valley of the Atrato separates the W. Cordillera from a coast range, the Sierra de Baudo, with an average elevation of 3,000 ft., which is continued across the Isthmus of Panama. The E. Cordillera of Colombia, or Cordillera of Bogotá, a third division, branches off near the frontier of Ecuador. At first only a low watershed between the basin of the Magdalena and those of the Amazon and Orinoco, it rises to over 15,000 ft. in the peak Suma Paz, and runs N.W. to Pamplona, whence it is continued by the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuela.

transverse ridges of Vilcanota (lat. 14° 30' s.) and of Lipez (lat. 22° 30' s.), it expands to a breadth of 500 m., enclosing between its E. and W. Cordilleras plateaus 12,000 to 14,000 ft. above sea-level. North of the Vilcanota range the E. Cordillera has been eroded by affluents of the Ucayali, and to the w. of this great basin is a confused group

Near Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in Bolivia, the Eastern Cordillera makes a great bend to the s.s.w.; crossing the Upper Pilcomayo, and appearing as the Sierra de la Huerta in the Argentine province of San Juan, it terminates in the hills of Pencoso in San Luis. In the Famatina peak (Argentine province of Rioja) it rises to a height of 20,680 ft. Another (central) range of isolated peaks and volcanic cones rises in lat. 17° 30', E. of Oruro in Bolivia, and divides the great plateau of Titacaca and Poopo into two sections. The Andes preserve their plateau character down to Aconcagua (about 32° 30' s.), enclosing the great dreary Puna (high plain) of Atacama; thence to 41° 30' s. lat. they consist of a single chain. South of Lake Nahuelhuapi they no longer constitute the watershed, but are crossed by numerous rivers rising from an elevation to the E., from which in some cases the water runs to both oceans; and finally they pass through the islands of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago to Cape Horn.

The Andes are built up of Archæan, Palæozoic, and Cretaceous rocks, with some Jurassic strata and porphyritic rocks in the w. range. They appear to have been