Angina

(now St. Riquier) in Picardy (790), assisted at the coronation of Charlemange at Rome (800). Charlemange called him the 'Homer of the age.'

See Vita S.Angilberti (Mabillon, Acta Sanctorum Ord. Sancti Benedicti, iv. 123); Ceillier's Histoire des Auteurs sacrés, vol. xviii. (1729-58). Angina, a medical term for tonsilitis or quinsy.-ANGINA PECTORIS, or heart-stroke,' is a most distressing symptom of disease rather than a disease itself.

246

of amyl is the most powerful remedy, acting, by dilatation of the small blood-vessels, thus lessening blood-pressure, and reliev ing the heart. Nitrite of amyl can be kept in glass 'pearls' one of which may be crushed in a handkerchief and held close to the nostrils. This will often give immediate relief if the vapor be inhaled. False angina is the term used for occasional slight attacks of a similar nature, not increasing in severity, and where

It is a spasmodic pain, starting over the heart, and often spreading to the left shoulder, arm and even to the finger-tips. The subject is generally over forty, a male, of gouty or neurotic tendency, often with obvious cardiac

or

arterial disease. Atheroma of the coronary arteries, which supply the heart-substance with blood, is believed to be commonly present in these cases. The immediate or exciting cause is usually something that interferes with the heart's regular action -excitement, physical exertion, mental stress, such as emotion or worry, or cold. At the onset of an attack the sufferer is held motionless, and afraid even to breathe. Absolute stillness, pallor, and a look of strong apprehension of danger, suddenly developed, are all characteristic. The attack may last only a few moments, after which the face flushes, the muscles relax, and the expression shows the great relief. On the other hand, the first attack may prove fatal by cessation of the heart's action. In true angina the tendency is for attacks to recur, and to become more violent. Treatment. -A quiet, regular life, avoiding mental excitement or physical strain. During an attack nitrite

there is no reason to suspect organic mischief. It is generally due to indigestion.

Angiolieri, CECCO, Italian poet, of Siena (c. 1250-c. 1312), a Bohemian poet who tells us that 'women, the tavern, and dice' are the only things that attract him. This statement is borne out by his sonnets, 120 of which have come down to us. The most remarkable feature of Cecco's poems is their boundless humor. See D'Ancona's Studii di Critica e di Storia Letteraria (1880), p. 105 ff, and Gaspari's Italian Literature (Eng. trans. by Oelsner, 1891).

Angioma, or NEVUS, a tumor consisting of blood-vessels and connective tissue. There are two kinds: (1.) Capillary, of capillary vessels, much dilated, and with little connective tissue to bind them; most common on the face, neck, and chest, where they appear as flat, very slightly raised, dark red patches. They are often seen of great size, as 'port-wine' marks, even covering one side of the face. Small ones may be treated with nitric acid; larger ones with electricity. The inflammation of vaccination over one will cure it, and scarification is sometimes used for the 'portwine' stains. (2.) Cavernous an

Angle

gioma, or venous nævus, consists of a number of spaces filled with dark venus blood, and communicating with both arteries and veins. These are always congenital, generally subcutaneous, and appear as soft, compressible, bluish swellings. No angioma is 'malignant' i.e. dangerous to life-by its growth, or tending to reappear after removal; but a cavernous angioma of any size may cause dangerous hæmorrhage if it be ruptured. Treatment is (a) by the injection of a coagulating fluid, such as carbolic acid or perchloride of iron; (b) by a seton; (c) by ligature, (d) excision, or (e) electrolysis. The last is generally the preferable method.

Angiosperms, a sub-group of flowering plants, distinguished from gymnosperms by having the seeds developed within closed carpels which form ovaries, as in the pea-pod or poppy capsule. The majority of flowering plants are angiosperms.

Angkor, a ruined city of S.E. Asia, formerly cap. of Cambodia, but now in Siam. Its true name is Nagara Thom, corrupted into Angkor, and also into Nakhon Thom. Its walls, 30 ft. in height, enclose an area 2 m. square, and are pierced by five gates wrought with barbaric splendor. About 5 m. s. are the ruins, similarly enclosed, of an equally grandiose temple, Nakhon Wat (Angkor Wat), one of the greatest architectural curiosities in the world. See Delaporte's Voyage au Camboge (1880); Fournereau's Les Ruines d'Angkor (1890); Tissandier's Cambodje-Java (1896).

Angle (Lat. angulus, a corner') is, in geometry, the difference in direction of any two lines. This definition includes all cases; for when curved lines meet, the socalled curvilinear angle at the meeting-point is really the rectilinear angle between the tangents of the curves-i.e. their directions at the meeting-point. Angles are measured in degrees, or in grades, or in circular measure. The cir cumference of a circle is divided into 360 degrees, one-quarter of which, or 90°, subtends at the centre of a right angle. An angle less than a right angle is acute, one greater is obtuse. If an angle be such as to make a portion of a plane figure concave to the outside instead of convex, is called a re-entrant angle. The angle between two planes is called a dihedral angle. When three or more planes meet at a point a solid angle is formed. The complement of an angle is 90°, less the angle. The supplement is 180° less the angle. The unit in circular measure, which is the only scientific measure, is the angle subtended at its centre by

Angle-iron

the arc of a circle equal to its radius. It is called the radian: 180° is equal to 3.14159.. radians.

Angle-iron, a rolled iron beam with an L-shaped cross section.

Angler, or ALL-MOUTH (Lophius piscatorius), a clumsy, flattened fish, of the order Pediculati, not uncommon on both coasts of the N. Atlantic. It owes its popular names 'monk-fish,' 'fishingfrog,' 'sea-devil,' 'goose-fish,' etc. -mainly to its method of obtaining food, which consists in

anglers are excessively voracious, and as they may reach a length of seven feet, are very destructive to fish and even to swimming birds. Several remarkable deepsea relatives of similar shape form the family Antennariida.

Anglesey, an island and co. of Wales, lies N.W. of the mainland, from which it is separated by the Menai Strait. Its length is 23 m., its breadth 21 m. West of Anglesey, and forming an integral part of the county, is the island of Holyhead. The greater part of the surface consists of a low plateau, with slight undulations, monotonous and bare of trees. Minerals include copper and zinc, coal (not now worked), stone and marble (including the beautiful green serpentine of Holyhead, known as Mona marble), ochre, fuller's earth, and potter's clay. The soil is generally fertile. The

London and Northwestern Railway traverses the county, running through to Holyhead, whence steamers ply to Dublin. It returns one member to Parliament, and has one municipal borough, Beaumaris. The island was a stronghold of the Druids previous to its subjugation by the Romans. Harassed in turn by English, Irish, and

247

Danes, the conquest by Edward 1. (1272) brought more settled times. Area, 275 sq. m. Pop. (1911)

50,943.

Anglesey, HENRY WILLIAM PAGET, FIRST MARQUIS OF (17681854), English soldier and administrator; born in London; distinguished himself in Flanders (1794), in Holland (1799); and at Corunna, after Sir John Moore had been mortally wounded, he completely routed the enemy. For his brilliant leadership of the cavalry at Waterloo (1815), where he lost a leg, he was made Marquis of Anglesey. Under the administration of Wellington he was appointed (1828) lord-lieutenant of Ireland, but recalled because of his advocacy of Catholic emancipation. After the formation of Earl Grey's administration he entered on a second tenure of the same office (1830-3); but the O'Connell disturbances drove Anglesey to adopt coercive measures, which forced the government to resign. Ireland owes to him her Board of Education. He was appointed field-marshal (1846).— HENRY CRYAL, fifth Marquis (1875-1905), succeeded to the title in 1898, and attained notoriety by his indulgence in amateur theatricals and by his bankruptcy. Angle-worm. See EARTH

WORM.

Anglia, EAST, a settlement of the Angles, comprising the North Folk and the South Folk (Norfolk and Suffolk). The first historical king of the East Angles was Redwald (593-617). The realm afterwards became dependent on Mercia, until the supremacy of Wessex. For the Danish kingdom of E. Anglia see ENGLAND-History.

Anglican Church and Anglican Orders. See CHURCH, AN

GLICAN.

Angling, in modern English, is a term restricted to the capture of fish by rod, line, and hook, but in its original application denoted simply the use of the hook, for which an obsolete English term is 'angle.' The hook must be attached to a line, and rendered attractive to predatory fish, either by concealing it in a natural bait, such as a worm, a small fish, or some other edible object, or by attaching to it a deceptive imitation of one of these objects made of feathers, silk, glittering metal, india-rubber, etc. In fresh water a rod has become an indispensable part of the angler's equipment, whereby the hook can be cast to such a distance from the angler as may prevent the fish taking alarm at his presence. There is abundant evidence to prove that fish in waters much frequented by anglers acquire extreme suspicion of the hook. Writers of a century ago record the capture of innumerable trout, in certain clear

Angling

streams, with flies and tackle which nobody would dream of exhibiting there now. Such fish have also the power of discriminating between living_objects moving on the banks. Trout in thickly settled regions, like England, will feed freely among cattle; horses may gallop alongside the stream without disturbing them; but let a child show himself, and every fish will fly to shelter. Prehistoric fish-hooks made of boar's teeth, deer-horn, bone, wood, thorns, shell, copper, and bronze have been found in abundance in almost all parts of the world. Dr. Charles Rau deals fully with these in an illustrated volume, Prehistoric Fishing in Europe and N. America, issued by the Smithsonian Institution (1884). Ancient, however, as angling undoubtedly is, both as an industry and as a pastime, the 19th century had more than half run its course before the craft, in its higher branches, obtained favor from the wealthy as a highclass sport; and this occurred chiefly in Great Britain,, where great efforts have been made to replenish the native resources; and to a more limited extent in Canada and the United States. The result has been that angling rights in certain waters have become valuable, especially in Scotland, Eastern Canada and Norway. Investigation at the beginning of the present century showed that the cost of salmon waters rented in Scotland during the season 1898 is calculated at £5 for each salmon taken, to which must be added living expenses, travelling wages, and outfit. Upwards of £12,000 is paid in rent for salmon angling in the Aberdeenshire Dee alone. In Norway every good or moderately good stretch of salmon river is rented by British anglers, at a cost, in some instances, of $1,000 a mile of river. The rental of rivers in this way is rare in eastern Canada and Maine, where alone in America may salmon-angling be enjoyed; but there every important locality for the sport is included in the property owned or controlled by some sportsmen's club, whose fees make the sport a costly one, but whose protection preserves the fish from wanton destruction, aided by general laws. Fly-fishing for trout ranks second only to salmon fishing (some anglers assign it the first place), and the cost of the sport has gone up in proportion to its estimation. Streams within 80 or 100 miles of London command very high rents, £100 a mile being no unusual figure paid for beats on such famous rivers as the Test and Itchen of Hampshire. In America much less expense attends this sport, even where it must be pur

Angling

sued within the bounds of club property, for free trout-fishing may still be enjoyed in all the states. The general and subsidiary governments of both the United States and Canada have enacted restrictive laws as to fishing seasons, and have spent very large sums in artificially rearing fish and replenishing exhausted waters. This is true of all sorts of game as well as food fishes.

es

Fly fishing. The most teemed branch of angling is that with the artificial fly, which has been brought of late to a high degree of refinement. In America fly-fishing is mainly confined to the salmon (in which the expense for tackle, etc., and the remoteness and restrictions are such as to limit the sport to the well-to-do); to grayling (which are very rare and local), and to trout and black bass; but many other stream and lake fishes will take the fly, and often show excellent game qualities. These are open to anglers everywhere, and freely in the open seasons; the tackle required is light and inexpensive, and the popularity of this refined sort of sport is increasing. Among the most trustworthy of the numerous modern treatises upon fly-fishing may be noted the following:-Francis Francis, Book on Angling (6th ed. 1885); Maxwell, Salmon and Sea Trout (1899); Dewar, Book of the Dry Fly (1897); Grey, Flyfishing (1899); Sage, Salmon and Trout (1903).

Literature. Among the earliest of English printed books was Dame Juliana Berners' or Barnes's Treatyses pertenynge to Hawkynge, Huntynge, and Fysshynge with an Angle, which issued from the press of Wynkyn de Worde in 1486. A hundred years later, in 1590, A Booke of Fishing with Hook and Line, and of all Instruments thereto belonging, was brought out by Leonard Mascall; followed in 1613 by John Denny's Secrets of Angling in verse. Barker's Art of Angling (1651) preceded by two years the most famous work on fishing ever published, The Compleat Angler of Izaak Walton, which established its author for all time as vates sacer of the craft. The sixth edition appeared in 1676, with added treatises by Venables and Cotton; the hundredth edition-a sumptuous affair in 2 vols. quarto, ably edited by R. B. Marstonwas published in 1888. all-round angler Izaak Walton might easily be put to shame; he was an effective bottom-fisher, but it is doubtful whether he ever practised the higher art of fly-fishing, and he had never seen a reel. Many of his precepts are drawn from earlier writers, from Dame Juliana Berners to his contemporary Barker. The merit and un

As an

248

dying charm of his Compleat Angler must be sought in the simple reflections of riverside, meadow, and leafy woods, of tempting taverns and embowered farmporches. Through all his pages echoes the tinkle of gentle streams, the music of summer birds, the hum of sunlit flies. The only unkindly critic whom Walton has ever encountered was a contemporary of his own, a Cromwellian trooper named Richard Francks, who, under the pseudonym of Philanthropus, wrote Northern Memoirs calculated for the Meridian of Scotland, to which is added the Contemplative and Practical Angler. The manuscript was finished in 1658, but Francks found no publisher till 1694. He was an infinitely better angler and naturalist than Walton, whom he girded at as a plagiarist. He was, however, far inferior to the other in literary charm. Nevertheless, his work, of which a second edition was published in 1821, with a prefatory note by Sir Walter Scott, is exceedingly entertaining, and full of interest to anglers. Thirty years after Walton published the Compleat Angler, Robert Nobbes issued an excellent treatise on pike fishing-The Compleat Troller (1682). In 1883, Westwood and Satchell, in their Bibliotheca Piscatoria, enumerated 3,158 editions and reprints of 2,148 works on fish and fishing. Since that time the output has shown no symptom of slackening. Among the more notable contributions to literature by anglers may be mentioned Colonel T. Thornton's Sporting Tour through the Northern Parts of England and Great Part of the Highlands of Scotland (1804; new ed. 1896). Sir Humphry Davy spoiled a good book in his Salmonia, or Days of Fly-fishing (1828), by casting it into Waltonian dialogue; Professor John Wilson (Christopher North) infused much angling fore into his Noctes Ambrosiana, which ran in Blackwood's Magazine, 1822-35. William Scrope's Days and Nights of Salmon Fishing (1843-85-97) ranks as a classic, and may be bracketed with Captain Lloyd's Field Sports of the North (1830-85) and Scandinavian Adventures (1854). Thomas Todd Stoddart was one of Christopher North's alumni; his Angler's Companion to the Rivers and Lochs of Scotland (1847-5392) may still be studied with profit, while some of his Angling Songs (1889) are spirited and popular. In 1857 a prophet and reformer appeared on the banks of the Tweed in the person of W. C. Stewart, whose doctrines, as expounded in the Practical Angler (6th ed. 1874), gave rise to keen and prolonged controversy, and eventually prevailed over the older sys

Angola

tems. A Book on Angling, by Francis Francis (1867; 6th ed. 1885), is a happy combination of gossip and instruction. Among living British writers, the works of John Bickerdyke,' J. J. Manley, Abel Chapman, Sir Edward Grey, G. M. Kelson, C. Pennell, W. Senior, Sir Herbert Maxwell, Hon. Gathorne Hardy, G. B. Dewar, Major Traherne, and F. M. Halford may be named as among the best. American angling authors of repute are Thaddeus Norris, G. C. Scott, Charles Hallock, Frederick Mather, W. C. Prime, J. A. Henshall, W. C. Harris, Henry Van Dyke, J. H. Keene, E. D. T. Chambers, C. F. Orvis, and Dean Sage.

Anglo-Israelitish Theory. See LOST TRIBES.

Anglo-Japanese Treaty.

See JAPAN.

Anglomania, a tendency towards imitating English social customs, dress, etc. There was a craze for English literature in Germany in the second half of the 18th century; a mild Anglomania arose in France just before the revolution; and a similar affectation is occasionally seen to-day among certain classes in the United States. Conversely, ANGLOPHOBIA is hatred of Great Britain. There were outbursts in France after the Fashoda incident (1898), and in Germany and Holland at the time of the Boer war of 1899-1901. Russian hatred of Great Britain was very marked during the Russo-Japanese war, many Russians believing that Japan was the mere cat's-paw of Britain.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. CHRONICLE.

See

Anglo-Saxon Language, Literature, and Race. See ENGLAND; ENGLISH, etc.

Angola is the general name for the whole Portuguese territory between the Congo State on the N.E., the Barotse kingdom in British Central Africa on the E., and German S. W. Africa on the S. Angola, including Cabinda, N. of the Congo, has an area of 484,000 sq. m., and a coast-line of fully 1,000 m. The principal rivers are the Coanza (520 m. long, and navigable for 200 m. up) and the Kunene, also navigable. The surface is mountainous in the w., where some of the peaks reach an altitude of 8,000 ft. The climate varies much: near the coast the damp soil and mangrove swamps render it unhealthy; inland the plateaus have a much cooler and drier atmosphere. The rainfall also varies, but is generally heavier in the north than in the south. The most healthy season is the Cacimbo-June, July, and August. The natural resources of Angola are chiefly vegetable, Iron was

Angoulême

said to have a Zulu origin, and to be descendants of a tribe which crossed the Zambezi about 1825. Late in the year 1904 the chiefs accepted British protection.

Angora, or ENGURI, tn, and archiepisc. see on Angora R., Asia Minor, 215 m. E.S.E. of Con stantinople; is the market for Angora goat hair (mohair) and one of the chief commercial points ir Asia Minor. It is the ancient Ancyra. Near Angora the Ottoman sultan Bajazet was defeated and captured by Tamerlane in 1402. Pop. over 30,000.

Angora Cat, Angora Goat, etc. See CAT, GOAT, etc.

Angora Wool, the silky produce of the Angora goat, is woven into shawls, serges, and so forth at Angora, in Asia Minor. It is known in commerce as mohair. See GOAT.

Angostura. See CIUDAD

BOLIVAR.

Angostura Bark, the bark of Galipea cus paria of S. America, is one of the aromatic bitters. It contains an alkaloid and a volatile oil. Angostura bitters contain angostura, canella, cinchona, lemon, and other aromatics. The so-called Brazilian angostura is btained from Esenbeckia febrifuga. See BITTERS.

Angoulême, tn. and episc. see, cap. of dep. Charente, formerly cap. of Angoumois, on the 1. bk. of the Charente, France, 277 m. s.s.w. of Paris, on Paris-Bordeaux Ry. The restored cathedral is a fine example of the Romanesque Byzantine style (12th century). Angoulême is the centre for the cognac trade, and there are many paper-mills and stone quarries. Birthplace of Marguerite of Navarre (1492), of Ravaillac (1578), and of Guez de Balzac (1597). Pop. (1901) 37,650. CHARLES Angoulême,, VALOIS, DUC D' (1573-1650), illegitimate son of Charles IX. and Marie Touchet; made grand prior of France (1590); known as Comte d'Auvergne from 1590 to 1619. For intrigues with the Marquise de Verneuil he was condemned to death (1604), but was imprisoned, and liberated (1616). He distinguished himself at Arques and Ivry, was present at the sieges of Soissons (1617) and La Rochelle (1628), and fought in Languedoc, Germany, and Flanders. Created Duc d'Angoulême (1619).

DE

Angoulême, LOUIS ANTOINE DE BOURBON, DUC D' (1775-1844), eldest son of Charles x. of France; retired with his father to Turin at the outbreak of the revolutior (1789). After conducting unsuccessful military operations in Germany, he rejoined the other exiles at Holyrood, Scotland. At Mitau he married (1799) his cousin Marie Thérèse, only daughter of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette. He

Angoxa

then withdrew with Louis XVIII. to England; but on the reinstatement of Louis he returned to France, and was made generallieutenant of the army. In 1823 he led the French expedition into Spain and stormed Cadiz. With his father he signed (1830) an abdication of the throne in favor of the Duc de Bordeaux.

Angoxa, or ANGOCHE, tn. and maritime dist. of Portuguese E. Africa; exports ground-nuts and rubber. The Angoxa R. is navigable for 150 m. up from the town, which stands on the estuary.

Angra do Heroismo, fortified port and cap. of both Azores and Terceira Is., Azores; harbor unsafe in s. gales. Exports wine and grain. Pop. (1900) 10,843; of the district of same name (1900) 33,

322.

Angra Pequeña, a bay with good anchorage and a small settlement on the coast of German S.W. Africa, nearly midway between the mouth of the Orange R. and Walfish Bay. It was the first African colony Germany acquired (June 1884). Unfavorable surroundings have made it commercially unimportant.

Angri, tn., Salerno, Italy, 19 m. S.E. of Naples. Manufactures cotton and silk. Pop. (1901) 11,281.

Angström, ANDERS JONAS (1814-74), Swedish physicist, who made valuable researches on heat, magnetism, and spectroscopy. His principal work, Recherches sur le Spectre Solaire (1869), formed an important supplement to the theory of Kirchhoff.

Anguilla or SNAKE I., one of the most northerly of the Lesser Antilles, British W. Indies; produces cattle, ponies, and phosphates. Pop. (1901) 3,890.

Anguisciola, SOPHONISBE (c. 1535-c. 1625), Italian portrait painter, was born in Cremona, and early acquired renown as a painter. In 1559 she went to Madrid to paint the royal family. Some of her portraits, which are now rare, are in private hands in Florence, Genoa, and in the collection of the Earl of Yarborough. Her own portrait (1554) is in the Uffizi Gallery at Florence, as also in the museum at Vienna; and the portrait of her three sisters (1555), one of her masterpieces, is in the National Gallery in Berlin. Van Dyck says that he learned more from her conversation than from any other painter.

Angul, a hilly district in Orissa, Bengal, India; contains large coalfields and iron mines. Area, 881 sq. m. Pop., Angul and Khondmals, (1901) 191,911.

Angular Motion is the motion of a line, fixed at one end, in one plane, relatively to a stationary fine passing through the centre of rotation-e.g. the movement of

250

the hand of a clock relatively to any fixed line on the face of the clock. Thus we are able also to speak of angular velocity and angular acceleration. See DYNAMICS.

Angwantibo. See POTTO.

Anhalt, a sovereign duchy of the German empire, consisting of two portions, separated and nearly surrounded by the Prussian province of Saxony. The larger (E.) portion is crossed by the Elbe and Saale, and belongs to the N. German Plain; the smaller (w.) portion runs up among the N. foothills (2,020 ft.) of the Harz Mts. Total area, 885 sq. m. Pop. (1900) 316,085, most of whom are Protestants. Agriculture is the principal occupation, 61 per cent. of the surface being cultivated. Chief industries are the manufacture of sugar, and brewing and distilling. Cap. Dessau. The duchy has one vote in the Imperial Federal Council, and sends two representatives to the Imperial Diet.

Anharmonic Ratio, or CROSS RATIO. If a line AB is divided at two points C and D, the ratio of the two ratios AC:CB and AD:DB is called an anharmonic ratio. When the ratio is unity, AC:CB AD:DB, and the line is divided harmonically. The anharmonic ratio is of fundamental importance in projective geometry.

Anhinga. See DARTER. An-hui. See NGAN-HUI. Anhydride, an oxide of an element or organic radical, capable of combining with water to form an acid. Nearly all the nonmetallic elements, as well as several of the metallic elements, form anhydrides. Thus, sulphuric anhydride, SO3,with water, makes sulphuric acid.

Anhydrite, a mineral consisting of anhydrous sulphate of lime, usually found in massive forms and often characterized by rectangular cleavage in three directions. It also occurs in granular masses and is commonly white, gray, bluish or reddish in color. In Occurrence anhydrite much resembles gypsum, the hydrous lime sulphate, being commonly associated with rock salt, gypsum and limestones of various ages.

Anhydrous means not containing water, either combined as water of crystallization or hydration, or free. Hydrates are dry and apparently free from water, while substances containing uncombined water are moist.

Ani, the ruins of the ancient Armenian capital, in Erivan, Transcaucasia. Ashat III. transferred his capital from Bagrad in 961, and under his son Zampad and grandson Kashka 1. Ani became a great city of 100,000 inhabitants and about a thousand churches and monasteries. In

Aniline

later times it fell into the hands of the Seljuk Turks and of the Georgians (1125-1209); in 1240 it was deserted; and an earthquake in 1319 completed its destruction. See Brosset's Les Ruines d'Ani (1860); Krahmer's 'Die allarmenische Hauptstadt Ani, in Globus, vol. lxviii.

Ani, a bird of the cuckoo family, genus Crotophaga, two species of which are familiar throughout southwestern Texas, Mexico, the West Indies and northern South America. Both are about a foot in length, half of which is tail, are coal black in color, and have large black beaks with a peculiarly arched ridge on the top. The anis also called black witch, savanna blackbird and tick-bird, by West Indians have much the habits of grackles, but rarely gather into flocks; and like the cow-birds, are fond of associating with cattle, from whose hides they pick the troublesome ticks. Insects of all sorts, and an occasional bird's egg or small frog or reptile, constitute their diet. Their cries are not harsh, but cannot be called singing. The most interesting feature in their life is their breeding habits. They construct very bulky nests of sticks in some low tree or thick bush, each nest the result of the combined labor of several pairs. When completed all the associated females lay their eggs probably two each-in the nest, forming two or more layers, separated by green leaves. The eggs are lustrous blue, coated with a white chalky material. Other interesting habits characterize these curious birds, about which much remains to be learned. Consult Bendire, Life-Histories of N. A. Birds (1895).

Anie, PIC D', sacred mt. of the Basques, in W. Pyrenees; 8,215 ft. Anil. See INDIGO.

Aniline (amido-benzene, C6H5NH2) is an aromatic base occurring in coal tar and similar products of the distillation of nitrogenous bodies. It was first obtained in this way from indigo, but is now prepared exclusively from the benzene of coal tar. The benzene is treated with sulphuric and nitric acids, and the resulting nitro-benzene reduced to aniline by distillation, with iron borings and steam in the presence of ferrous chloride. The oil obtained is separated and rectified, and consists of aniline itself along with higher homologues, chiefly toluidines. Aniline is an oily liquid that is colorless when pure, but turns brown on keeping. It has a peculiar smell, is slightly soluble in water, though more so in alcohol and benzene, and boils at 183° c. Aniline burns with a smoky flame; and though neutral to litmus, acts as a powerful base, uniting with acids to