Animalcula

form well-crystallized salts-e.g. the 'aniline salt' of commerce is aniline hydrochloride, CH5NH2 HCI. Bleaching powder gives a purple color when added to aniline solution, and potassium Dichromate and sulphuric acid a red followed by blue. Aniline

s poisonous, causing collapse if absorbed through the skin, as on saturation of the clothes with it, and workmen engaged in its manufacture suffer from headache and nausea if they inhale its vapor. 'Aniline dyes' are not simple derivatives of aniline, and in many cases are not prepared from it at all; the name arising from the fact that one of the earlier and commonest of these compounds, magenta, or rosaniline hydrochloride, (CeH4NH2)2C.C6H3 (CH)NH.HCl, is obtained by the oxidation of a mixture of aniline and toluidine, and that other colors result by the introduction of different alkyls in the amido groups. (See DYEING.) The rapid increase in the manufacture of these dyes, especially in Germany, where chemists of the highest standing and scientific skill are engaged in the factories, is as significant as are their beautiful shades in almost endless variety, their low price, and the ease with which they may be used. In many cases they cannot, however, be recommended, because under the influence of sunlight they rapidly fade. They are much used as staining reagents in microscopy. See Benedikt's Chemistry of Coal-tar Colors, and Bloxam and Blount's Chemistry jor Manufacturers.

Animalculæ, a term popularly applied to all minute forms of animal life-e.g. Protozoa, Rotifera, and Tardigrada.

Animal Heat, the heat constantly being generated in the body, the ultimate source of which is the oxygen consumed in the food and inhaled in breathing. The normal temperature varies throughout the animal kingdom, and bears a fairly close relationship to the activity or sluggishness of the animal, and also to surrounding conditions and circumstances of the individual. In man the normal temperature is 98.6° F., in birds, 100°-112° F., while in fish and reptiles it differs little from the air or water they inhabit. In some diseases (e.g. smallpox or heat-stroke) the temperature of the human body may rise to 110° or 112° F., while in others (e.g. cholera) it may fall to 90° F.; but such extremes are extremely dangerous. A temperature of over 107° is usually fatal.

Animal Kingdom, one of the three great divisions-the other two being plants and minerals— into which natural objects were at one time classified. Modern re

251

search has shown the close connec tion between simple plants and simple animals, and thus destroyed the basis of this primitive classification.

The prime difference between animal and plant is the difference of diet. A green plant can in sunshine form its own carbohydrates (starch, sugar, etc.), and, if supplied with water and salts, can build up protoplasm under these conditions. An animal must

have its carbohydrates ready made, and is incapable of existing unless also supplied with proteids in some formi.e, while a plant requires only simple food which it absorbs in solution, an animal requires complex food, usually taken in solid form. But some simple forms contain the green coloring matter chlorophyll, and are capable of feeding like plants.

Again: most animals get rid of nitrogenous waste products, which plants do not. They are usually more definite in form than plants; and their component cells are not surrounded by cellulose, as those of plants are. Cellulose does, howover, occur in tunicates. As a rule, animals exhibit much greater histological differentiation than do plants. The older statement, that animals move about and plants do not, can no longer be accepted in view of the fact that some animals are sedentary, and that certain microscopic plants and the swarmspores of some higher plants move about as freely as animals do.

Animals, like plants, are composed of protoplasm, or living matter, and, like them, exhibit the five prime organic functions. They are contractile, or capable of movement; they are sensitive; they nourish themselves; they breathe; they excrete. In addi tion, they are periodically capable of growth and reproduction. From inorganic substances-the minerals of the old classificationboth animals and plants differ in their power of growing at the expense of substances different from themselves, and in the fact that although they are undergoing constant change, they remain apparently the same for long periods.

The following are the chief groups of the animal kingdom given in an upward scale:

A. Invertebrata: animals with ventral nervous system, with no backbone or notochord, and no gill slits. (1) Protozoa; (2) Sponges; (3) Cœlenterata, or hollow-bodied animals; (4) Unsegmented worms; (5) Annelids or segmented worms; (6) Echinoderms (star-fish, sea urchins, etc.); (7) Arthropods (crustacea, insects, arachnids, etc.); (8) Molluscs, or shell-fish.

B. Vertebrata: animals with (a) a dorsal tubular nervous system; (b) a dorsal axis, known as the notochord, which in the higher

Animal-Worship

forms is replaced at an early stage by the backbone; (c) gill slits, or their equivalents, the visceral clefts, which are openings from the mouth cavity to the exterior:(9) Adelochorda; (10) Tunicates, or Ascidians; (11) Amphioxus; (12) Cyclostomes; (13) Fishes; (14) Amphibians; (15) Reptiles; (16) Birds; (17) Mammals.

Animal Magnetism. See HYP

NOTISM.

Animal-Power, the amount of work done in traction, or in working a machine, by animals or men. The standard horse-power (H.P.), fixed by Watt at 33,000 ft.-lbs. per minute, is above what a good horse will do for a day of 10 hours. Walking at 24 m. per hour on the level, he exerts a tractive force of 100 lbs., equivalent to 22,000 ft.-lbs. per minute; but as the speed increases the tractive force diminishes, being, indeed, inversely proportional to the speed, between and 4 m. per hour. The draught of an averagely good horse is reckoned, as above, at 100 lbs. for 10 hours, at 2 m. per hour; for 9 hours, 111 lbs.; for 8 hours, 125; for 7 hours, 143; 6 hours, 167; 5 hours, 200 lbs. A man hauling along a level road at 1 to 3 m. per hour is reckoned at one-sixth of a horse; he does 3,670 ft.-lbs. per minute for a 10 hours' day. In rowing, he does 4,000 ft.-lbs. for 10 hours; on treadmill, 3,100; turning a handle, 2,600. While the horse gives, as above, 22,000 ft.-lbs, per minute, the ox gives 12,000, the mule 10,000, and the ass 3,500. See Trautwine's Engineer's Pocket-book.

Animals, CRUELTY TO. See CRUELTY.

Animal-Worship. The deification and worship of certain of the lower animals, a usage traceable in most ancient religions, and still practised by many living races, appears to owe its origin to various complex causes. Among savages in the lowest stage of culture, a dread of the ferocity and the superior strength of the tiger, bear, and alligator seems undoubtedly to have been the motive which led to the worship of these animals, with the view of propitiating them; and although in modern times we find that some races kill and eat the object of their reverence (as in the case of Northern Asiatics and American Indians), this apparent inconsistency may be explained by assuming that their ideas on the subject are passing through a state of transition. Then, again, there are instances in which animals are held sacred, not out of fear for them, but because their bodies are believed to be the homes of the tribal deity or deities-an idea almost inseparable from that of demoniacal possession, and akin to the doctrine of metempsychosis.

Animism

Animal-worship in this aspect survives among Polynesians, and in a still more distinct form among Hindus. "The sacred cow is not merely to be spared; she is, as a deity, worshipped in annual ceremony, daily perambulated and bowed to by the pious Hindu. Hanuman, the monkey-god (whose living representative is the entellus monkey), has his temples and his idols, and in him Šiva is incarnate, as Durga is in the jackal; the wise Ganesa wears the elephant's head; the divine king of birds, Garuda, is Vishnu's vehicle; the forms of fish, and boar, and tortoise were assumed in those avatar-legends of Vishnu which are at the intellectual level of the American Indian myths they so curiously resemble' (Tylor's Primitive Culture). The religion of ancient Egypt was permeated with these ideas; and a similar origin is assignable to the worship by the Jews of the golden calf and the brazen serpent. Serpent-worship forms, indeed, a separate phase of this question; with which totemism, animism, and ancestor-worship are also involved. For in some cases a particular animal is held in reverence, not because the spirit of a deity dwells within it, but because it represents the tribal ancestor. Yet another variety of animal worship was the reverence paid to dwarfs. Thus, the Malagasy of Madagascar deified the Vazimba, an extinct aboriginal race, 3 ft. 6 in. in stature. See Professor Windle's Pygmies (1894), p. xxxvi. The same idea is suggested by the dwarf god Ptah of ancient Egypt, from whom have been derived the Phoenician Patæki and Kobeiri. See R. G. Haliburton's Dwarf Survivals (1895).

It

Animism (Lat. anima, 'soul'), a term originally used to denote the theory of the German chemist Stahl, who early in the 18th century developed and modified the classical theory which identified the vital principle with the soul, attributing to it the functions of ordinary animal life in man, while the life of other creatures was assigned to mechanical laws. was applied by Dr. Tylor, in his work on Primitive Culture, to express the doctrine which attributes a living soul, not merely to human beings, but also to the lower animals, and to inanimate objects and natural phenomena generally. Since the publication of Dr. Tylor's work it has been almost exclusively used in that sense, though some anthropological writers have employed it more loosely to include the simpler conception which, in the evolution of savage thought, probably preceded it-viz. that of all beings, animate and inanimate, as

en

252

dowed with personality and conscious life. Savage man interprets all external phenomena in the terms of his own consciousness. When he begins to reason concerning himself, the phenomena of sleep, of dreams, of trance, and of death lead to the view that he is composed of two parts-the more obvious part, the body, and an inner or less substantial part, the soul or spirit. The latter is capable of being separated from the body temporarily during sleep or trance, when it goes forth on various adventures, which the owner remembers as dreams and visions; or in sickness, when its place is often occupied by other and less desirable spirits. In the latter case the great object of the savage medicine-man is to recover the soul; to drive out, if necessary, the invaders who have taken its place; and to induce it to reenter the body, its proper abode. Death is the permanent separation of soul and body. This involves the decay and destruction of the body, but not of the soul, which is capable of existing apart. Separation, however, may continue for an indefinite time without causing death. A large class of folk-tales is based upon the belief that it is even for the advantage of the owner that his soul should be extracted and hidden away out of danger. This belief is carried into practice by some savages, as by the Alfures of Minahassa, in Celebes, on removal into a new house. Such removal is fraught with supernatural danger to the inmates. Consequently, the priest collects beforehand all their souls into a bag, of which he takes charge, and afterward, with the proper ceremonies, restores them to their owners.

The human soul is usually conceived as a miniature man or woman. But it is not necessarily human in form; it often appears as one of the lower animals-e.g. a beast, a snake, or even an insect. Again, it is often held to be the breath, the shadow (whence the word shade for a disembodied soul), or the image reflected in a pool of water or a mirror. It is originally not conceived as immaterial. This is a refinement of a later stage. The lower animals, trees, plants, and even inanimate objects, being all endowed with souls precisely analogous to those of men, they are not merely credited with human feelings and passions, but are often held to be transformed men. Personal identity in spite of entire change of form is thus an article of savage belief. This develops, in a higher plane of culture, into the philosophical doctrine of the transmigration of souls, which has played so large a part in more than one religion. Other savage specula

Animism

tions as to the future condition of the human soul have had an important influence on religion. The belief that the soul can exist apart from the body has led to one or other of three conclusions: (1.) It continues to mingle more or less continuously with the living, and to interfere in their affairs; hence the superstitions concerning ghosts and vampires, and the cult of the dead. (2.) It carries on an existence of the same sort as in the body, but of a thinner and less substantial form, in some region apart from mankind. (3.) It passes to a place where the good are rewarded, and the wicked punished, for deeds done in the body. The last of these three opinions, though its germs may be found in the lower culture, is, generally speaking, later in civilization than the first and the second. It has survived in all the higher religions.

The immortality of the soul is not, as a rule, a savage doctrine. The soul of a departed human being is conceived as alive so long as any memory of the man remains in those who have known him in this life, or have heard him spoken of. The Polynesians of the Harvey group believe, as reported by Gill, that, while the souls of those who die a violent death are immortal, the souls of those who die a natural death are cooked and eaten by certain demons, and by this means annihilated. Some savage peoples are of opinion that there is a series of spirit-worlds, which are successively inhabited by the soul, death in each of them resulting in transfer to another, until in the last of them death means definitive annihilation. For the Dyaks death in the spirit-world means either rebirth into this world or annihilation, according to accident, since the soul, on death in the spiritworld, enters into a fruit or a leaf, or some other edible substance. If then an animal or a human being eats the substance, the soul becomes reincarnated in the offspring of the eater; otherwise it perishes.

The difficulties of savage metaphysics have resulted, in many parts of the world, in the suppcsition that a human being has more than one soul. This hypothesis is found among peoples as widely different as the N. American Indians, the Melanesians, the Malagasy, the Negroes, and the Khonds. In the philosophy of more civilized races it appears among the Chinese, the Hindus, and the ancient Egyptians. There are even traces of it in Homer; while later Greek, Roman, and scholastic philosophers and the rabbinical writers made similar or even more subtle distinctions. The fates of these separate souls

Animism

are not the same. When three or four souls are supposed to be united in one person, one of them frequently remains in or about the grave, another is born again into a fresh body, a third enters the spirit-world, and a fourth sometimes dies with the body. One of these souls is often identified with the shadow, another with the reflected image, a third is the dream-soul, and so on.

Another doctrine of the utmost importance appears to owe its origin to the belief that the soul can exist apart from the bodyviz. that of the existence of spirits analogous to the human soul, which have never been permanently united to a body of any kind, but which exist independently of all corporeal ties. These spirits haunt the air, the earth, the heavens. Their power was regarded as of various degrees. They required to be appeased, conciliated, and bound by mutual ties of service and protection to mankind. As the ethical sense gre w with advancing civilization, they began to be differentiated into favorable and hostile, good and evil. Many of the former thus developed into gods, the latter into devils. They were regarded as able to hold commerce with the human race, and even to enter into individuals, to inspire them and take entire possession of them. They were equally able to inhabit the lower animals, trees, and other natural objects.

In

polytheistic religions they are conjured by appropriate ceremonies into the idols intended to represent them. The highest development of animism is in dualism or monotheism; for, to sum up, animism is, as Dr. Tylor says, 'the groundwork of the philosophy of religion, from that of savages up to that of civilized men.' See E. B. Tylor's Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom (1871; 3rd ed. 1891), of which chaps. xi.xvii. still remain the principal authority. On the animism of particular peoples, see Canon H. Callaway's Religious System of the Amazulu (1870); Rev. W. Gill's Myths and Songs from the South Pacific (1876), especially ch. 2, 810; R. M. Dorman's Origin of Primitive Superstitions, and their Development into the Worship of Spirits and the Doctrine of Spiritual Agency among the Aborigines of America (1881); R. H. Codrington's The Melanesians: Studies in their Anthropology and Folk-lore (1891), especially ch. 7, 10, 13; Mary H. Kingsley's Travels in West Africa (1897), ch. 19-22, and West African Studies (1899), ch. 5-7; Erwin Rohde's Psyche: Seelencult und Unsterblichkeitsglaube der Griechen (2nd ed. 1898); J. J.

253

M. de Groot's The Religious System of China: its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History, and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs, and Social Institutions connected therewith (4 vols., pub. Leyden, 1892-1901), especially vol. iv., on 'The Soul in Philosophy.'

Animuccia, GIOVANNI (c. 150071), composer, born at Florence; music master at St. Peter's, Rome (1555-71). His friend and confessor, San Filippo Neri, requested him to compose Laudi Spirituali (2 vols. 1565 and 1570), to be interspersed throughout his sermons; these hymns were the origin of the oratorio. His chief works are Madrigali e Motetti a Quattro e Cinque Voci (1548), and Il Primo Libro di Messe (1567). His brother PAOLO (d. 1563) was also a musician and composer.

Anio, mod. ANIENE, river of Italy, rises in the Hernician Hills (Monte Cantaro), flows s.w. past Subiaco and Tivoli, where it forms the famous five falls, and enters the Tiber 2 m. above Rome after a course of 70 m. Also known as the Teverone.

Anion, the portion of a compound that is liberated at the anode or positive pole when electrolysis takes place. See ION;

ELECTROLYSIS.

Anise. The fruit of an umbelliferous plant of S. Europe, cultivated in Egypt, Spain, Germany, and elsewhere. Anise seed' usually aniseed-is used in the preparation of liqueurs and by confectioners, is a mild stomachic, and relieves flatulence. The whole plant is aromatic. A cooling drink is made from the fruit in Italy. STAR ANISE is the fruit of an evergreen shrub of the magnolia order, a native of China, and star-shaped, having the properties of aniseed, and used in incense.

Anjer, seapt. on W. coast of Java, on Strait of Sunda, 60 m. w. of Batavia, a port of call for Batavia; destroyed by Krakatoa eruption, 1883. Pop. 3,000.

Anjou, anc. N.W. prov. of France, now the dep. Maine-etLoire and part of the deps. Mayenne, Sarthe, and Indre-et-Loire. The title of Comte d'Anjou was revived in 1246, and bestowed by Louis upon his youngest brother Charles, who became the head of a new house of Anjou. After the death of 'le Roi René' in 1480, the nominal title of Duc d'Anjou was borne by the younger sons of the kings of France.

Ankeny, LEVI (1844), American legislator; born in St. Joseph, Mo.; received a public school edu cation; removed to Portland, Or.; engaged in transportation busi ness with his father; later was in mercantile business in Lewiston, Ida.; subsequently settled in Walla Walla, Wash., and became a

Ankle

banker. He was defeated for U. S. Senator in 1895 and 1899, and elected for the term 1903-09.

Anklam, tn., dist. Stettin, prov. Pomerania, Prussia, 53 m. N.W. of Stettin; is the seat of a military school. Pop. (1900) 14,617.

Ankle, THE, is a hinge-joint, the bony surfaces of which are covered with cartilage, and are bound together by ligaments. The

The Ankle Joints and Ligaments.

movements of the joint are mainly those of flexion and extension, but a certain amount of lateral motion is possible when the foot is extended. From its position the ankle is a frequent seat of sprains, fractures, and dislocations. Treatment. Quick and firm bandaging is of great importance, to prevent swelling. Wrap the ankle in plenty of cotton, and bandage, leaving the toes exposed, in order that their color may indicate if the bandage becomes too tight. Numbness or discoloration of the toes shows that less pressure must be used; otherwise the ankle may be left untouched, and completely at rest, for three days, after which passive movement (i.e. the gentle movement of the joint by hand, not by its own muscles) may begin in many cases. If much swelling has taken place before the injury can be attended to, a hot alternating with cold irrigation, or a hot fomentation will relieve the pain very much, and afterward the bandage can be used, not to prevent swelling, but to keep the joint at rest. Passive movement and massage should both be used as early as possible after the swelling begins to subside, to aid absorption and prevent adhesions. Stiffness and weakness following a sprained ankle are best treated with cold douches and special movements, such as rising on the toes or dancing. Fractures occur in the immediate vicinity of the ankle joint. The commonest of these is 'Pott's fracture,' produced by forcible twisting of the foot, in which the fibula breaks about three inches above the external malleolus. Treatment consists in the reduction of the deformity, and putting the limb

Ankober

into a suitable splint. In dislocations the entire foot may be displaced in any direction. Compound dislocation of the ankle is always serious, and may necessitate amputation. See JOINTS.

Ankober, or ANKOBAR, caravan centre, former cap. of Shoa, Abyssinia, 350 m. E. of Zeila, on the E. slope of the hills forming the Shoa plateau, at an altitude of 8,700 ft. Pop. estimated at between 7,000 and 10,000.

Ankole, or ANKORI, a dist., Uganda Protectorate, British E. Africa, between Albert Edward Nyanza on the w. and the Victoria Nyanza on the E. A land of thorny scrub in the E., traversed by ranges of about 5,000 ft.; fertile and well cultivated in the w.; has iron ores. The inhabitants comprise the Wanzankori, the true aborigines, and the Wahumas, intruders from Gallaland. All speak a Bantu dialect closely related to that of Unyoro.

Ankylosis, the partial or complete rigidity of a joint, is due to deposit of osseous material or a growth of fibrous adhesions, often following a neglected dislocation or a fracture. Ankylosis may also follow severe artícular rheumatism, gout, tuberculosis or syphilis. Treatment.-Passive motion, vigorous massage and douching.

Ann, CAPE, on the coast of Mass., the eastern section of Essex co., about 30 m. N.E. of Boston. In the vicinity are many wellknown summer resorts.

Anna, an Indian coin, the sixteenth of a rupee.

Anna, tn., Union co., Ill., on the St. Louis div. of the Ill. Cent. R. R., 36 m. N. of Cairo. It contains a state lunatic asylum and manufactures pottery, ice and dried fruit. Pop. (1910) 2,809.

Annaberg, tn., prov. Zwickau, Saxony, on the N. slope of the Erzgebirge, 35 m. by rail s. of Chemnitz. It manufactures silk, ribbons, lace, buttons, and cardboard. There are silver, cobalt, and iron mines. (1900) 15,959.

Pop.

Annabon, or ANNOBOM, isl. in the Gulf of Guinea, W. Africa, belonging to Spain; is mountainous (2,800 ft.), well wooded, fertile, and healthy. Area, 6 sq. m. Pop. about 3,000.

Anna Comnena (1083-1148), Byzantine princess, historian, and patron of learning, daughter of Alexius I.; endeavored unsuccessfully to induce her dying father to name her husband, Nicephorus Bryennius, as his successor. She afterward formed a plot against the life of her brother; it was discovered, and Anna, with her husband, fled to Greece. The rest of her life was given to writing; she is remembered for her Anna Comnena

Annam

the E. and S.E. the China Sea, with a coast-line of 800 m., forms the boundary. The area is 52,100 sq. m., and the pop. (1902) 6,400,

000.

Between the Mekong valley and the China Sea the surface is occupied by a series of plateaus and ranges, the latter reaching altitudes of 5,000 to 8,000 ft. A ridge E. of Kieng-Kwang is crossed by a pass 4,200 ft. high between the Mekong valley and the coast. Another offshoot is pierced by the Déo-Ngang gorge, a point of great strategic importance. These plateaus lie in the Mekong catchment basin, while the outer slopes drain to the China Sea. The Coast Range forms the true watershed between the Mekong and the Pacific Ocean. There are several sheltered harbors, the finest NanThiet (between Kega and Vinay Points), Kana (under Cape Padaran), and the spacious Hon-Kohe inlet. Farther N. is Tourane Bay, at the mouth of the Hane R., a few miles s. of Hué Bay, the safest haven on the whole coast, and accessible to the largest vessels.

The climate is largely determined by the Coast Range, which shelters Annam from the moist S.W. monsoon, and intercepts_the N.E. winds which prevail from September to January. This is the season of almost continuous rain, often accompanied by typhoons, and has an average temperature of about 60° F. In June, July, and August the temperature often rises to 85° or 95 F. during the day.

In Annam there are three vegetable zones: that of the seaboard, overgrown by the mangrove, pandanus, and calamus palm; that of the mountain slopes; and the intervening belt of alluvial lowlands, under rice, fruits, and other cultivated crops. The upland zone is, with that of the Malay Peninsula, by far the richest in Asia for the variety and abundance of its vegetable forms. Here the floras of Japan, of China, and the N. Himalayas are intermingled with the indigenous growths-notably ironwood, teak, eaglewood, dyewoods, lacquer, and other gummiferous plants; benzoin, cardamom, and many valuable drugs. 500,000 ac. are under rice, and great quantities of that food are imported from China and CochinChina. Of other economic plants, cotton, sugar-cane, tea, and cinnamon are cultivated.

Only

The inhabitants of Annam belong almost exclusively to the s. division (Indo-Chinese) of the Mongol family. form two well-marked groupsSocially they the settled and somewhat civilized Annamese of the cultivated plains, and the rude, wild tribes called Moi. The masses are Buddhists; the lettered classes call themselves VOL. I.-17

255

The

Confucianists. The Annamese are essentially an agricultural people. Cap. Hué. The chief ports of entry are Tourane and Faï-Foo. The great natural resources of the country remain undeveloped, owing to the total absence of railways; even roads are rare. reduction of the maritime_provinces of Cambodia (now French Cochin-China), took place about 1750. Tongking was reduced in 1775 by a usurper, but the son of the deposed king recovered it in 1798 with the aid of French troops. The murder of Bishop Diaz in 1857 called for active intervention, and in 1858 the capture of Tourane was followed by the complete rout of the Annamese army. Lower Cochin-China was ceded to France by treaties of 1862 and 1867. A protectorate was proclaimed over Cambodia in 1863, and French interests were secured in Tongking by treatises in 1874. Chinese interference was ended by treaties of 1884 and 1886, extending the French protectorate over Annam itself. In 1907 the French deposed King Thanh-Tai and established a regency.

See Luro, Le Pays d'Annam (1876; 2nd ed. 1898); Dutreuil de Rhins, Le Royaume d'Annam et les Annamites (2nd ed. 1889); Lemire, Indo-Chine, Annam, et Tonkin (1888); Aymonier, Notes sur Annam (1886); Bouinais and Paulus, L'Indo-Chine Française Contemporaine (1885); Launay (l'Abbé), Histoire Ancienne et Moderne de l'Annam (1888); J. L. de Lanessan, L’Indo-Chine Fran çaise (1889), and La Colonisation Française en Indo-Chine (1895); J. Barral, La Colonisation Française au Tonkin et en Annam (1899); Barthélemy (Comte de), En Indo-Chine (1899); E. Gallois, A Travers les Indes (1899), Mission Pavie Indo-Chine, 1879-95 (1899); Orléans (Prince Henri d'), Du Tonkin aux Indes (1897); Hannah, Brief History of Eastern Asia (1900).

Annandale, CHARLES (1843), born in Kincardineshire, educated at Aberdeen University; has edited The Imperial Dictionary (1882); Blackie's Modern Cyclopædia (1890); The Popular Cyclopædia; The Student's Dictionary (1895); Concise Dictionary; Burns's Works.

Annandale, THOMAS (18381907), regius prof. of clinical surgery in the Univ. of Edinburgh since 1877, and senior surgeon to the Royal Infirmary. He has published many important books and papers on operative surgery.

Annapolis. (1.) City, cap. of Maryland, and county seat of Anne Arundel co., on the Severn R., 2 m. from Chesapeake Bay, 26 m. s. by E. of Baltimore and 37 m. by rail from Washington, D. C. It

Ann Arbor

is on the Annapolis, Washington and Baltimore R. R., and the Annapolis and Baltimore Short Line. Among its public buildings are the Governor's House, the State House, the U. S. Naval Academy, and St. John's College, which developed from a free school founded early in the 18th century. The harbor is excellent, and there is a prosperous oystercanning industry. The Ú. S. Naval Academy was established in 1845. Pop. (1910) 8,609. Consult Ridgely, Annals of Annapolis to 1812 (Baltimore, 1841). * (2.) Town, formerly Port Royal, on an arm of the Bay of Fundy; the first settlement in Nova Scotia (1604). It passed into the hands of the British in 1713, and remained the capital of the colony till Halifax was founded in 1749. Pop. (1901) 1,019.

Annapolis Convention, a convention which met at Annapolis, Md., in Sept., 1786, and which led to the calling of the constitutional convention at Philadelphia in 1787. In 1785 delegates from Virginia and Maryland had met at Alexandria, Va., to arrive at an understanding with regard to the respective rights of those two states in the Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River. Madison, a Virginia delegate, suggested a new conference, in which all the States should participate, with a view to the adoption of a uniform commercial system for the whole country. Such a conference was called by the legislature of Virginia in Jan. 1786; and delegates from New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Virginia, and Delaware, including Alexander Hamilton from N. Y., James Madison from Va., and John Dickinson (the chairman) from Penn., met at Annapolis as above stated. Such

a small number of states were represented that nothing was done toward carrying out the purpose for which the convention was called, but a report, drafted by Hamilton, was adopted suggesting a new convention of delegates from all the states to consider what measures were advisable 'to make the Constitution of the Fed eral Government adequate to the exigencies of the Union.' This suggested convention-the famous Constitutional Convention-met at Philadelphia in the following year. The proceedings of the Annapolis Convention may be found in the Documentary History of the Constitution of the United States of America (vol. 1, 1894), issued by the U. S. Government.

Ann Arbor, city and county seat of Washtenaw co., Michigan, situated on the Huron R., 38 m. w. of Detroit, and on the Michigan Central and the Ann Arbor R. Rs. It is the seat of the University of Michigan (which see).