Apomorphine

lessons; it is a general term of which fable, parable, etc., are the varieties. For the differences between apologue and allegory, see ALLEGORY. One of the shortest and best examples is the scornful Biblical apologue of the cedar and the thistle (2 Ki. 14:9). In English literature the most noteworthy apologues are, perhaps, Robert Henryson's Town Mouse and Country Mouse (1621); the fable of the rats and mice who resolved to bell the cat, in Langland's Piers Plowman; and the apologue of the Bee and the Spider at the commencement of Swift's Battle of the Books, from which last Matthew Arnold derived his famous phrase, 'sweetness and light.'

Apomorphine,

HYDROCHLO

RIDE OF, is produced by heating morphine or codeine in sealed tubes with hydrochloric acid. It appears as small, grayish needles, turning to green in the presence of air and light. It is the most powerful and certain of all emetics, and may be given hypodermically.

Aponeurosis, a broad, fibrous expansion of a tendon, attaching a muscle at its origin or insertion.

Aponogeton. See PONDWEED. Apophysis, a prominent elevation or process of a bone which has no independent centre of ossification, being thus distinguished from an epiphysis. A slender apophysis is termed a 'spine'; blunt, a 'tubercle'; a tubercle with broad base, a 'tuberosity. In botany, a swelling under the base of the spore-case of some

mosses.

Apoplexy, the state of insensibility caused by the rupture of a cerebral vessel, or the blocking of one by an embolus or a thrombus. The term apoplexy is disused by modern writers; the disease is described as cerebral hæmorrhage, embolism or thrombosis. The predisposing conditions which produce lesions in the blood-vessels of the brain are usually connected with kidney diseases, abuse of alcohol, syphilis, and the degeneration of bloodvessels in advanced life. Violent muscular exertion, mental excitement, or anything that throws an increased strain upon degenerated vessel walls may cause a rupture. An apoplectic seizure is often preceded by premonitory symptoms, such as vertigo, loss of memory, headache, tingling in some part of the body, or some local loss of muscular power. The attack is more or less sudden in its onset. The patient may fall down suddenly utterly motionless and unconscious; or he may feel powerlessness and lethargy slowly creeping over him. He may have a convulsion. The patient may die at once, or he may recover, with

295

impaired powers. The extent of permanent paralysis sometimes cannot be determined for some weeks after an attack. With slight lesions it may pass off entirely. There are, however, several other conditions with which apoplexy may be confounded: for instance, drunkenness, other narcotic poisoning (e.g. by opium), epilepsy, syncope or fainting, and uremic convulsions, all have their points of likeness. Unequal pupils are strong evidence in favor of apoplexy.

Treatment. After an attack absolute rest in bed, with the head a little raised, and with hot bottles to the feet if they are cold, blister to the nape of the neck, and ice to the head if the face shows much flush. Alcoholic stimulants should not be given. Strychnine or other heart supportive treatment may be necessary. Croton oil or calomel is often given as a purge, if the pulse is strong enough; and venesection is rarely used, to lower the blood pressure.

Aposiopesis (Gr.), an abrupt breaking away from a sentence, and leaving it unfinished, for the sake of greater effect.

Apospory. See FERN.

Apostasy, originally a soldier's desertion in war; later, in earlyChristian times, the desertion or perversion from the true faith, Christian conduct, and the discipline of church or order.

A posteriori. See A PRIORI.

Apostle (Gr. 'ambassador'-i.e. not merely the messenger but also the representative of the sender) was the name applied by Jesus to those disciples whom He specially commissioned to preach the gospel and heal the sick. They received a second commission after. the resurrection (Matt. 28:19). Their names are found in Matt. 10, Mark 3, Luke 6 (see also Acts 1): note that Simon Zelotes and Simon the Canaanite denote the same individual, while Judas (not Iscariot) seems to be the Lebbæus (Thaddeus) of other lists. Their number, twelve, corresponding to the twelve tribes of Israel, does not seem, after Christ's departure, to have been regarded as fixed; for though Matthias was elected to fill the place of Judas (Acts 1:26), thereby maintaining the sacred number intact, we find later that the name apostle is applied to Paul, Barnabas, James the Lord's brother, and even to an Andronicus and a Junias in Rome (Rom. 16:7). The qualifications for the office were (1) having seen the Lord (Acts 1:22, 1 Cor. 9:1); (2) possession of the signs of an apostle (2 Cor. 12:12); and (3) inspiration and a direct call from above (John 16:13; 1 Cor. 12:28). To the apostles alone seems to have belonged the power to ordain

Apotheosis

(Acts 6:6); while, as regards the determination of disputed points of doctrine and practice, the decision of those resident in Jerusalem was evidently regarded as of paramount authority (Acts 15). In their apostolic labors their field was the world. See Lightfoot's Comm. on Galatians (10th ed. 1890).

Apostles, TEACHING OF THE TWELVE. See DIDACHE.

Apostles' Creed. See Creeds.

Apostles' Islands, or THE TWELVE APOSTLES, in Ashland co., Wisconsin, a cluster of 27 islands, area 125,000 acres, in Lake Superior, covered with valuable timber. The Jesuits have several mission stations here. Lapointe, on Madeleine Island, is the only town of importance.

Apostle Spoons, spoons which terminated in an image of one of the apostles, usually made in sets of thirteen.

Apostolic Fathers, a name applied to the authors of an im portant group of writings dating from the transition period be tween the apostles proper and the theological apologists of the 2nd century A.D. Those usually

included under the term are Clement of Rome (I. and II Eps.), Hermas (Shepherd), Barnabas (Ep.), Ignatius (Eps.), Poly carp (Ep. to Philippians), and Papias. But the designation, so used, is arbitrary. See Donaldson's Apostolic Fathers (1874); Möller's Church History, i. 108 f.; and articles in this book on all names given above. Editions, Lightfoot, Gebhardt, Harnack, and Zahn (1876 ff.; smaller issue, 1901); F. H. Funk (1901); transla tions in The Ante-Nicene Chri. tian Fathers, i. (1887).

Apostrophe. (1.) A grammatical sign (') denoting the omission of a letter or letters in a word-e.g. ne'er, don't. In the genitive singular of nouns it is used to indicate the suppression of the vowel in the old termination es-e.g. son's in place of sones. The apostrophe in the genitive plural (as in sons') has no etymological justification. (2.) A rhetorical figure of speech by which the speaker addresses his remarks directly to the object of them. A more intense form, in which the speaker actually seems to see the object addressed, is termed 'vision.'

Apothegm, or APOPHTHEGM (Gr. 'from a word'), a short, pithy, and sententious saying, as distinguished from a maxim, which is a truth useful for practical guidance in life, and from an aphorism, which contains a statement of some abstract truth. The most famous collection in our literature is Bacon's Apophthegms New and Old (1625).

Apotheosis, the deification of mortals. Originating in ancestor

Appalachian Mountain Club

worship, its later development among the higher races, as the Greeks and Romans, was due to the desire of men in power to add divine attributes to their honors. Thus, Julius Cæsar caused his statue to be worshipped in every Roman temple. Augustus was deified in every city of the empire except Rome, and his successors claimed deification as their right.

Appalachian Mountain Club, an organization, which dates from 1878, whose object is to preserve mountain and forest lands in New England. Under its auspices the club holds field meetings and conducts excursions with a view to familiarizing its members with beautiful mountain and woodland scenery and preserving such from destruction and desecration. The club has a membership of over 1,250; it publishes an annual Register and a club journal, entitled Appalachia.

It

Appalachians, the easternmost mountain system of N. America, separating the basin of the Mississippi from the streams flowing directly into the Atlantic. extends from S.E. Canada in a s.w. direction through the United States as far as N. Georgia and Alabama, a distance of some 1,300 m., through New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, W. Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, N. Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia. The average elevation may be given at about 2,500 ft. The more important ranges are the Adirondacks of New York (highest summit, Mt. Marcy, 5,344 ft.); the Taconic Range and the Berkshire Hills of Massachusetts; the Green Mts. of Vermont (Killington Peak, 4,241 ft.); the White Mts. of New Hampshire, culminating in Mt. Washington (6,293 ft.); the Blue Ridge, stretching s. from Maryland, and rising to 4,000 ft. at Stony Man and the Peaks of Otter, midway across Virginia, and broadening in N. Carolina into a plateau that bears irregular ranges such as the Great Smoky Mts. and the Black Mts., the latter having Mt. Mitchell (6,711 ft.), the highest point E. of the Rockies. The Alleghany Mts. are three parallel ranges s. of New York, and their name is often applied to the Appalachian system as a whole. The Cumberland Range is separated from the S. Appalachians by the headwaters of the Tennessee. The White and Green Mts., the Berkshire Hills, the Adirondacks, and the Blue Ridge are health resorts. West of the Blue Ridge is the Appalachian valley, known as the Shenandoah valley in N. Virginia, and the Tennessee valley farther s.

The rocks of the AlleghanyCumberland plateau are of Carboniferous age, and coal of bi

Appeal

In

tems and has been greatly favored in the United States, where it has in certain classes of cases become a serious menace to law and justice. This is particularly true in those jurisdictions where as many as three or four appeals to higher and still higher courts are allowed in a single case. our legal system the object of an appeal is usually the correction of an erroneous ruling on a question of law, and an appeal can seldom be taken from a decision of a court or jury on a question of fact, except where the latter is manifestly contrary to the evidence on which it was based. In jury cases, therefore, the result of a successful appeal is not usually a reversal or annulment of the judgment from which the appeal was taken, but the direction of a new trial by the lower court in which the errors of the former trial shall not be repeated. Formerly appeals were allowed only in civil cases, and this is still the case in England. In the United States, however, appeals in criminal cases are also permitted and are of frequent occurrence. The term 'appeal' has in this article been somewhat loosely employed to describe any method of bringing up a case for review by a higher tribunal. There are, in fact, several ways in which this may be done, to which the term 'appeal' is not strictly applicable, such as the issuance by the higher court of a writ of error directed to the trial court.

The latter method of correcting judicial errors is still employed in several of the United States, but has generally been superseded by the direct appeal. The method of taking an appeal varies in different jurisdictions, but in general it is a process instituted by the defeated party in a litigation by the service upon the opposing party of a notice of appeal within the time limited by law and the filing of such a notice with the clerk of the court from whose judgment the appeal is taken. A transcript of the evidence and other proceedings upon the trial (or so much of them as is relevant to the appeal) is then prepared by the appealing party (called the 'appellant') and submitted by him to the opposing party (known as the 'appellee' or 'respondent') and finally 'settled' by the judge of the trial court. This record (known variously as the case' or 'appeal book') is the basis of all subsequent proceedings on appeal and is conclusive on the parties thereto. The appeal is then regularly noticed for hearing and is argued in open court by counsel for the appellant and respondent, respectively, usually on printed briefs previously prepared and

297

submitted to the court and to opposing counsel. The judgment of the appellate court is rendered by a majority vote of the judges sitting. See APPELLATE COURT.

In the legal procedure of the middle ages an appeal was a formal charge of felony whereby the accuser (appellant) offered to make good the charge on his body,' i.e. by offering battle. In this sense the term survived until the final abolition of trial by battle early in the last century.

Appeal, Court of. In the reformed judicial system of Great Britain, that branch of the High Court of Justice which hears appeals from the several divisional courts. See HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE; also APPELLATE Court.

Appeals, Court of. The title of various courts of appellate jurisdiction in the United States, usually courts of last resort. See APPELLATE COURT.

Appearance. See PHENOM

ENON.

Appearance. The submission of the defendant in a lawsuit or other legal proceeding to the jurisdiction of the court. The rules of procedure prescribe a definite time within which a party summoned by writ or otherwise to appear and make answer to a complaint shall present himself. In some cases the appearance is required to be in person or by attorney in open court on the return day of the summons; more commonly, however, it is effected by the service of a written answer or of a notice of appearance signed by the summoned party or his attorney. Failure to appear within the time limited therefor is default and entitles the plaintiff to the judgment, order or decree demanded by him.

Appellate Court. A court empowered to review the judgments, orders or decrees of another court or judge. In our legal system the court organized for the trial of causes in the first instance is usually composed of a single judge, whereas an appellate court consists of a 'bench' of three, five, seven, nine or more judges sitting together. An appellate court may be an intermediate tribunal, whose decisions are themselves subject to revision, or it may be a 'court of last resort.'

In GREAT BRITAIN appeals from the various divisions of the High Court of Justice as well as from certain minor tribunals-lie in the first instance to the Court of Appeal (composed of the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Chief Justice of England, the Master of the Rolls, the President of the Probate Division and five Lord Justices of Appeal) which usually sits in two sections. From this

Appendix

court appeals may in many cases be further taken to the House of Lords, whose judicial function as a court of last resort is of great antiquity and authority. In practice appeals are heard in the House only by the Lords of Appeal, who are the Lord Chancellor, four Lords of Appeal in Ordinary and peers who hold or have held high judicial office. This high tribunal hears appeals not only from the Court of Ap peal in England, but from the Court of Appeal in Ireland and the Court of Session in Scotland, as well. Of coördinate authority and dignity with the House of Lords as an appellate court is the Privy Council, which, by its judicial committee, hears appeals from India and the British colonies in all parts of the world.

UNITED STATES. The multiplicity of appellate jurisdictions in the United States renders it impracticable to describe them in detail. In the federal judicial organization a Circuit Court of Appeals is provided to hear appeals from decisions of the Circuit and District Courts of the United States. This is a court of last resort for certain classes of cases, but in many others a further appeal lies to the Supreme Court of the United States. This double organization of appellate courts has come to prevail in several of the states as well, there being an intermediate court known as an 'appellate division'

or

an 'appellate term' of the court of first instance and a court of last resort, called in New York and several other states the 'Court of Appeals,' but known in most states as the Supreme Court.' In a few jurisdictions the descriptive phrase 'Court of Errors' or 'Court for the Correction of Errors' has been cmployed to describe the ultimate court of appeal. Most of the American states, however, are still satisfied with a single system of appeals and a single appellate court.

Appendant. See APPURTENANCE, COMMONS.

Appendix and Appendicitis. The appendix vermiformis is a slender, round, tapering process given off from and opening into the inner and back part of the cæcum, near the ileo-cæcal valve in the human intestine. It is usually 3 in. long, though it varies greatly; its diameter is about equal to that of a goose quill. It is a rudimentary organ; hence its vitality is low, and it is liable to infection. Appendicitis occurs at all ages, most frequently between twenty and thirty. It is started most commonly by the irritative action of infective substances passing through the bowel. It may be acute or chronic, with

Appenzell

consequent ulceration and perforation, leading to peritonitis and various complications, resulting from the spread of inflammation to neighboring organs. The usual symptoms are pain and tenderness. The temperature usually rises, in very severe cases reaching 104°-105°; it is rarely normal. With early care recovery is the rule; but recurrence is common, and neglect may easily lead to complications, such as peritonitis, followed by death. The treatment of slight cases, taken in hand early, consists in rest for the part, ensured by fluid diet limited in quantity, analgesics to ease the pain and to restrain the muscular spasm of the bowel, with poultices. Early operative treatment for removal of the appendix is generally necessary. Appendicitis is always a surgical disease and should always be referred as soon as suspected to a surgeon; he should decide if or when operation must be performed. See The Vermiform Appendix and its Diseases, Kelly and Hurdon (1905).

Appenzell, canton in N. E. of Switzerland. Its name (Abbatis Cella) indicates its former possession by the abbots of St. Gall. In 1401 and 1405 the victories of Vögelinseck and the Stoss freed it from the rule of the abbots; in 1411 it became an ally, and in 1513 a full member, of the Swiss Confederation. In 1597, owing to religious disputes, it was divided into half cantons-Inner Rhodes (cap. Appenzell; pop. (1900) 4,574) being Romanist and pastoral; and Outer Rhodes (cap. Trogen) Protestant and industrial. Inner Rhodes (in which rises Mt. Sentis, 8,216 ft., the culminating point of Appenzell) has an area of 61 sq. m., of which 554 sq. m. are productive; pop. (1900) 13,499. Outer Rhodes has an area of 1004 sq. m., of which 98 sq. m. are productive; pop. (1900) 55,281. Both halves are practically entirely Germanspeaking, and have preserved their primitive democratic assemblies, which meet annually. Many spots in Inner Rhodes are resorted to in summer for the whey cure; while in Outer Rhodes the muslin and cotton industry is the chief occupation. The largest town in the canton (Outer Rhodes) is Herisau; pop. (1900) 13,497.

Apperception, as a psychological term signifies the process of mental assimilation, the process in which a new presentation receives significance by virtue of being referred to already existing knowledge-c.g., certain motions of a flag become a signal for one who knows the code. A few years ago the definition and application of the apperceptive process was the most important topic of discussion in pedagogical circles and still constitutes one of the

298

chief principles of Herbartian Pedagogy. The idea is that the general notion is apperceived only when the necessary individual notions are a part of the ready knowledge in the consciousness of the individual. In educational practice it is urged that the children should acquire by experience-testing with their five senses-the isolated perceptions or elementary ideas pertaining to a series of objects before the formalized generalizations expressing class attributes are presented to them. Courses of study, especially for the kindergarten and primary schools, are projected so that instruction will proceed systematically in providing the individual notions or perceptions that are to serve as the raw material for the apperceptive process. See Lange's Apperception; Wundt's Outlines of Psychology; De Garmo's Essentials of Method; Baldwin's Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology.

in

Appert, FRANÇOIS (1797-1840), French technologist, born Paris, who discovered a foodpreserving process without the use of chemicals. It is the now familiar one used in canning, where the article of food is first heated, then placed in the tin and hermetically sealed. His method, which gained for him a prize from the French government, is described in a work issued in Paris in 1810 (English trans. 1811), entitled Art of Preserving Animal and Vegetable Substances.

Appiani, ANDREA (1754-1817), nicknamed "The Painter of the Graces,' a famous Italian fresco painter; born and died at Milan. He was patronized by Napoleon. His best works are a series of frescoes (Amor and Psyche) at Monza, and those in the Royal Palace at Milan.

Appianus, or APPIAN, the historian of Rome, was born at Alexandria, but lived in Rome about 100-140 A.D. His history was written in Greek, and gave a separate account of each district until it became part of the Roman empire. The subjects of the different books were (1) the Kingly Period of Rome; (2) Italy; (3) the Samnites; (4) the Gauls; (5) Sicily and the other Islands; (6) Spain; (7) Hannibal's Wars; (8) Libya, Carthage, and Numidia; (9) Macedonia; (10) Greece and Asia Minor; (11) Syria and Parthia; (12) Mithridates; (13-21) the Civil Wars from Marius and Sulla to Actium; (22) the Hundred Years from Actium to Vespasian's Accession, 69 A.D.; (23) Illyria; (24) Arabia. Only eleven books are extant-6-8, 11-17, and 23-with some fragments of the others. Appian is merely a compiler from previous writers; he cannot

Apple

claim any excellence of style or historical acumen; yet his authority for the civil wars, in the absence of other histories, is of great value. Editions: Text, Bekker (1852-3), Mendelssohn (1879-81)both German; the latter trans. by H. White (1899). See Hannak's A. und seine Quellen (1869).

Appian Way (Lat. Via Appia), Italy, an ancient Roman military road which connected Rome with Alba Longa, and thence led on to Capua, Beneventum, and Brundusium. It was called 'the queen of roads' (regina viarum), and was begun by the censor Appius Claudius in 312 B.C. It was carefully and solidly built, paved with blocks of hewn stones laid on cement, and was of an average breadth of 20 feet. Parts have been excavated and found in an excellent state of preservation. Immediately outside Rome it is lined with interesting memorials of the past, chief among which are the church Domine Quo Vadis, the temple or rather tomb of the Deus Rediculus, the ancient tomb known as the temple of Bacchus, the catacombs and the church of St. Sebastian, the circus of Maxentius, the round mausoleum of Cæcilia Metella, the tomb of M. Servilius Quartus, and various other tombs, the reputed Villa Quintiliana, the tomb known as Casale Rotondo, the 12th century tower called Torre di Selce, and the ruins of the old Latin town of Bovillæ.

The new Appian Way runs from Rome to Albano, parallel to the above; it was made by Pope Pius VI. in 1789. Beside it stand the ruins of the basilica of St. Stephen (4th century), and the Acqua Santa baths.

Apple, the fruit of a tree (Pyrus malus) which grows wild throughout Europe except in the extreme north, Asia Minor, and Persia. All cultivated varieties have been derived from the wild (or crab) apple. Its cultivation has spread over the whole world, except where extremes of heat and cold prevent its growth. The tree flowers in May, and after the flowers have been fertilized by bees the anthers and petals fall, and the fleshy receptacle swells up to form the main part of the fruit, enclosing the ovary, which becomes the core of the apple. At the depressed apex of a ripe apple the persistent calyx of five withered sepals may be seen, around a canal which leads down past the old filaments of many of the stamens to the bases of the five styles, which stand up freely in the canal. Since more than the pistil enters into the composition of the apple, the fruit is known as a pseudocarp, or 'false fruit. There are over 1,500 varieties of apples in cultivation. After numerous

Apple of Sodom

experiments a coreless and seedless variety has been developed in Colorado. According to its use,

2

Crab Apple, Inflorescence.

1, Seed-vessel; 2, fruit; 3 and 4, sections.

the fruit is classified as dessert (or eating) and kitchen (or cooking) apples. The trees are trained as full, half, and dwarf standards, espaliers, and wall trees. Propagation is by means of seeds, grafts, and cuttings. This fruit was in Greek mythology the symbol of love, because it was given by Dionysus to Aphrodite; of strife, because it was an apple that Eris threw amongst the guests at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis; and of fruitfulness, because Gæa gave golden apples to Hera upon her marriage to Zeus. The apple, further, tempted Atalanta to lose her race for liberty against Hippomenes; and is traditionally believed to have been the fruit which caused the fall of Eve in paradise. In Scandinavian mythology apples were the food of the æsir or gods; and in Teutonic mythology, again, the apple was the symbol of sustaining (mother's) love. See FRUIT FARMING; also De Candolle's Origin of Cultivated Plants (1872).

Apple of Sodom, or DEAD SEA APPLE, the fruit of a tree said to grow on the site of Sodom; according to Josephus and other ancient writers, it was beautiful to the eye, but turned to ashes when plucked. It is sometimes identified with the Solanum Sodomeum of N. Africa, which has poisonous effects.

Appleton, city and county seat of Outagamie co., Wis., at the foot of Lake Winnebago, 95 m. N.W. of Milwaukee, on the Chi. and N. W. and Chi., Milwaukee and St. Paul R. Rs. It is situated at the falls of the Fox R., which supplies water-power for various manufactures, chiefly of paper. It is the seat of Lawrence University. Pop. (1910) 16,773.

Appleton, DANIEL (1785-1849), American publisher, founder of 'D. Appleton and Co.,' was born at Haverhill, Mass., and was a

299

dry-goods merchant there and at Boston for some years. He went to New York (1825), and soon established a bookselling business, at first limited to the importation and sale of English books. Mr. Appleton, who had by that time associated his son, William H. Appleton (1814-99), with him as clerk, began the publication of books on his own account in 1831. WILLIAM H. APPLETON was made a partner in 1838, and the firm assumed the name which it ever after bore. Daniel retired in 1848, and William with his two brothers continued the business. He was succeeded, as active member of the firm, by his son, William W. Appleton. Among the larger enterprises conducted by this house were the publication of the New American Cyclopædia (1857-63), the successor of which was the American Cyclopædia (1873-76), and the introduction of Darwin, Huxley, Tyndall, and Herbert Spencer to American readers.

Appleton, JAMES (1786-1862), American temperance advocate, was born at Ipswich, Mass., 1786, and served in the Massachusetts legislature, and in the American army during the War of 1812. He afterward resided at Portland, Me., and took an active part in the temperance movement which culminated in the 'Maine law.' He was also prominent as an abolitionist.

Appleton, JESSE (1772-1819), American educator, president of Bowdoin College (1807-19), was born at New Ipswich, N. H., and educated at Dartmouth College. For some years he was pastor of a Congregational church at Hampton, N. H., and in 1807-19 was president of Bowdoin. His works, in 2 vols., were published at Andover in 1836.

Appleton, JOHN (1815-64), American lawyer and diplomat, was born at Beverly, Mass., and educated at Bowdoin College. At Portland, Me., he became a member of the bar, registrar of probate, and for a time edited the Eastern Argus. He then removed to Washington, where he was chief clerk in the Navy and State Departments, and then became chargé d'affaires in Bolivia (1848-49). In 1851-53 he was a member of Congress; in 1855-56 secretary of legation in London; in 1857 secretary of state; and in 1860-61 U. S. minister to Russia.

Appleton, NATHAN (17791861), American merchant, instrumental in introducing into the U. S. the use of the power-loom for the manufacture of cotton cloth, was born at New Ipswich, N. H., and afterward removed to Boston and then to Lowell, Mass. At Lowell he was active in establishing cotton factories. He was for a time a member of the Mass.

Appoint, Appointment

legislature, and represented that state in the 22nd and 27th Congresses, where he was an earnest advocate of protection.

Appleton, SAMUEL (17661853), American merchant and benefactor, was born at New Ipswich, N. H., and was first a teacher. He was interested in the importing business and cotton trade in Boston, and helped to establish the Lowell cotton mills. In all these adventures he was successful, and with his brother Nathan amassed a large fortune. He became notable for h's charitie

Appleton, THOMAS GOLD (1812-84), American author, was born in Boston, Mass., and graduated (1831) at Harvard with Wendell Phillips and the historian Motley. He was a man of means and a great traveller, and became noted for his witty sayings. He gave liberally to public institutions. Some of his publications are Faded Leaves, verse, Nile Journal (1876), and Syrian Sunshine (1877). See Life and Letters of Thomas Gold Appleton (1885).

Appoggiatura, an ornamental note in musical score used to embellish a melody, is a small note prefixed to a principal note, and may be long or short; in the latter case it is generally termed an acciaccatura, and has an oblique line across the end of its stem. The Written. Played.

(short) (long)

比

short appoggiatura must be heard distinctly, but takes little appreciable time value from the principal note. In its most common form the long appoggiatura takes half the value of the note to which it is prefixed, unless when placed before a dotted note, when it is given two-thirds of the value; in either case the long appoggiatura receives the accent.

Appoint, Appointment. To choose or designate a person to an office; the designation by proper authority of a person to hold an office of trust or honor. The terms are employed in connection with private as well as the public service and with officers of all grades except such as are elective. When no further act is prescribed by law, an appointment to office of itself vests in the appointee the right to perform the duties of the office and to take the emoluments thereof. In cases where confirmation by a council, senate or board is required, an appointment may be only a nomination, or it may operate to confer de jure authority on the appointee, subject to revocation through failure of the confirmation. Appointments to political office are in the nature of high