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النشر الإلكتروني
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The dominant race is Semitic (Tigré or Agazi in the north and Amhara in the south). The Hamitic is the aboriginal race, and is represented in the north by the Agau and Falasha; in the south by the Oromo (or Galla), the Sidama, and Gonza; and in the east by the Afar (or Danakil), Faltal, and Somali. The Negritic are known as Shankela or Shangalle. Others occur sporadically, as the Adone (Bantu), on the Shebeli, and the Wato (or Waito). Pigmies are met with south of Kaffa and the Oromo, as in the Doko. The Habashi or Makadi slaves, prized in the Moslem East for their good looks and intelligence, are Galla or Sidama. The profession of arms is most esteemed. The court or official language is Amharic, but Geez or Ethiopic is that of the church and literature; Tigrai is the language of the Tigré.

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Abyssinia

emperor. The legal code is of Byzantine origin, with additions The from the Mosaic code. standing army is 70,000 strong, and with the state troops can be. increased to 230,000. It is well armed with modern weapons.

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The native industries are the weaving of cotton and mohair fabrics, and the working of metals and leather. The chief exports are gold, civet, ivory, rubber, hides, goat skins, coffee, wax, and gum arabic. The roads in Abyssinia are mere tracks, and transport is by pack animals, with an expensive change to porters in regions infested with the tsetse fly. Camels are used from the coast through the lowlands; mules, horses, ponies, and donkeys in the highlands. railway (193 m.) has been built from Jibutil, on the coast of French Somaliland, to Diré Dawa, near Harar. The concession included the right of prolongation to Adis Abeba (335 m.), and the Nile, and a new company was formed in 1909, under which the road is being built. The telegraph lines (1,056 m.) are under French control. The unit of currency is the MariaTheresa dollar (value about 50 cents), which is divided into 16 parts to make the Menelik pi

astre.

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and the Nile, is coming into favor for a large section.

The government is a despotic monarchy, based on a system partly federal, but chiefly feudal, and tempered by the power of the clergy. At its head is the emperor, whose full title is Negusa Nagast za-Ityopya, King of Kings of Ethiopia. Next to him come the princes (negus) of the subordinate states, and the governors (ras) of the chief provinces. These constitute a council of state. The administration of justice lies with the governors, but there is an appeal to the

The national religion is Monophysite Christianity, but Judaism is found among the Agau or Falasha; Islam is the faith of the Afar, Somali, and most of the Galla. At the head of the Abyssinian Church is the abuna ('our father'), who is a Coptic monk nominated by the patriarch of Alexandria. His influence is modified, however, by the echage, who is an Abyssinian, and who controls the religious orders, numbering 100,000 ecclesiastics. Education is compulsory for male children, and is provided by the government, Coptic teachers

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HISTORY. By the evidence of speech, the Abyssinians-i.e., the dominant Semitic race-are immigrants from Southern Arabia, where to this day a cognate dialect quite distinct from Arabic is spoken. The Abyssinian empire dates from the first century B.C. or the first century A.D., when these colonists founded the kingdom of Aksum, or Axum, on the downfall of the empire of the Ptolemies. The chief events of this period were the introduction of Christianity (c. 330) by Frumentius; the introduction of monachism from Egypt (c. 480) by the nine saints'; the translation of the Bible into Geez; the invasion of Yemen by Kaleb in 522, at the request of the Emperor Justinian, to avenge and protect the Christians of Najran; and the defeat of the Abyssinians at Mecca in 570. After the seventh century the kingdom of Aksum declined, and came to an end about 925, when an insurrection of the Agau or Falasha led to a revolution. Then followed a dynasty, known as the Zague, which held sway till 1270; its most celebrated member was Lalibala (c. 1200), who threatened to deprive Egypt of the Atbara flood by diverting it into the Marab, and had the ten rock-hewn churches excavated at the capital of Lasta.

Modern history begins with Yekuno Amlak (1270-85), who had his capital at Taguelat in Shoa, and made Amharic the language of court and state. His successors, to the middle of the sixteenth century, were occupied in repelling the advance of Islam, which had invaded the lowlands in the seventh century, and by the fourteenth had become dominant in the southeast from Zeila to Harar. The Moslem aggression culminated in the reign of Lebna Deugel (1508-40), when Grañ, in a succession of campaigns, gained possession of nearly the whole of Abyssinia. In this extremity aid was sought from Portugal. But the saving of the state. (1543) was at the cost of the church, which, along with the dynasty, has been the main cohesive strength of the nation. The Jesuits, who came with the Portuguese, were expelled by Fasilidas (1632-7).

Abyssinia suffered heavily from
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32B

the Galla or Oromo, who, at the end of the eighteenth century, gained possession of Amhara, and the person of the sovereign. Shoa had become independent. Kasa, chief of Kuara, succeeded in making himself master of the whole of Abyssinia between 1852-5, when he was crowned as Theodore II. Neguse, who had seized Tigré during Theodore's campaign against the Galla and Shoa in 1855, and was recognized king of Abyssinia by the French, was taken prisoner and put to death in 1861. After Theodore's death (1868), on the taking of Magdala by Sir Robert Napier, Ras Kasa of Tigré succeeded against his rivals, Gobaze of Lasta and Menelik of Shoa, and was crowned at Aksum (1872) as Johannes, or John. He repelled the aggression of the Khedive by his defeat of the Egyptians at Gura (1876), but was killed in battle with the Mahdists at Galabat (1889), and Menelik II. of Shoa, aided by the Italians, was crowned at Antotto. Having denounced the Uchali treaty of May 2, 1889, under which Italy claimed a protectorate, he assumed sovereign position by the Adis Abeba convention with Italy (Oct. 26, 1896), after the Italian defeat at Adua (March 1, 1896). He also concluded the Anglo- Abyssinian treaty (May 14, 1897), under which Great Britain ceded to Abyssinia about 8,000 square miles of British Somaliland.

On Dec. 13, 1906, Great Britain, France, and Italy signed a mutual agreement to respect and endeavor to preserve the integrity of Abyssinia as an independent nation. In 1907 the boundary line between Abyssinia and British East Africa and Uganda was established.

In June, 1908, Menelik, having no son, decreed as his successor to

the throne his grandson, Prince Lidj Jeassu, then sixteen years of age. The powerful Ras Tassamma was appointed his guardian. Upon the serious illness of Menelik in August, 1908, Ras Tassamma was appointed regent during the minority of Lidj Jeassu. The regency was brief, however, as Menelik recovered. The arrangement for the succession aroused the negus of Tigré to revolt. In October, 1909, Menelik sent Ras Michael, the father of Lidj Jeassu, to crush the uprising. He was successful, and became the recognized successor to the throne, instead of his son. Menelik having been stricken with paralysis, early in 1910, Ras Tassamma seized the throne as regent for

Acacia

Lidj Jeassu, and Queen Taitu and the chiefs who acted with her were imprisoned.

Consult Gilmour's Abyssinia (1905); Jennings and Addison's With the Abyssinians in Somaliland (1905); Skinner's Abyssinia of To-Day (1906).

Acacia, a genus of usually thorny trees and shrubs, belonging to the bean family (order Leguminosa, sub-order Mimosea), of which over 400 species are found in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world, but more extensively in Australia and Africa. They are evergreen, and have small flowers crowded into round or elongated heads, white, pink, purple, or yellow, the latter predominating; the leaves are bipinnate (doubly feathered), except in species adapted to desert life, in which the leaf for the most part disappears, its functions being performed by a flat and spiny leaf stalk. The acacias vary in form from furze and heath-like shrubs to trees 60 feet in height. Stunted acacias form the scrub ('wattles') of Australia and of the Sudan, where zerebas (enclosures) are formed of them. The wattle bark is used in tanning, and its cultivation for this purpose has proven profitable where land and labor are cheap. Most Australian species have no leaflets, but the leaf stalk becomes flattened into a phyllode, which presents its thin edge to the light, and thus the tree gives little shade.

A. vera yields the true gum arabic. A. arabica, or babul tree, much cultivated in India, gives a hard timber; the bark is used in dyeing and tanning; its leaves form an important fodder; and the red babul gum is used as a substitute for true gum arabic, and is eaten by the natives in times of famine. A. catechu yields a resinous extract, catechu, used in medicine as a powerful astringent. A. Senegal, growing in Western Africa and India, is valuable for a gum nearly approaching gum arabic. A. filiculoides is a thornless shrub found on the Western prairies, and the fragrant opoponax (A. Farnesiana), from which the Italian perfume cassie is obtained, with other species, has entered the Southern United States, supposedly from the West Indies.

The acacias of Mexico and tropical America are valuable for their very hard and fine grained timber, used in furniture, billiard tables, piano sounding boards, and veneered work. It takes a high polish.

The name acacia is often ap

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The PLATONIC ACADEMY originated in a gymnasium and pleasure garden about one mile north of Athens, called after the hero Academus, and presented by Cimon to the Athenian public. It was frequented by Plato and his disciples for nearly fifty years; and the successive 'schools' which developed the doctrine after his death (348 B.C.) derived the name Academies from the place where their common master taught. The first or 'old' Academy (347-270 B.C.), which was led by Speusippus, Xenocrates, Polemo, Crantor, and Crates successively, was Pythagorean in tendency. Cicero calls it 'the workshop of every artist,' and says that the teaching of its followers comprised all liberal learning, all history, and polite discourse. The second or 'middle' Academy (316-241 B.C.), founded by Arcesilaus, insisted on the sceptical element in the Platonic teaching; and this method was further developed by the third or 'new' Academy (214-129 B.C.), led by Carneades, who denied all knowledge of reality, and set up the doctrine of probability as a practical guide in life. Some distinguished a fourth Academy, of Philo of Larissa, and a fifth, of Antiochus, both of whom were teachers of Cicero; these later schools were more dogmatic in method.

Although not bearing the name of Academy, the school of learning which had its centre at the museum in Alexandria (300 B.C.500 A.D.) was essentially an institution of the same kind.. Charlemagne's PALATINE ACADEMY, founded before the year 800, was devoted to the study of mathematics, history, and letters; and the University of Oxford had its origin in the Academy of Alfred the Great in that city.

In 529 A.D. all the Platonic academies were abolished by Justinian; and from that time to the fourteenth century, traces of such societies practically disappear. But it has been plausibly Vol. I.-Mar. '12

33

surmised that clubs of some sort, necessarily secret, possibly working through the trade guilds, connected the old academic tradition with the active founding of academies of the modern type at the time of the Renaissance.

The ACCADEMIA Della Crusca, founded in Florence in 1582, had as its object the purification of the Italian language. For that purpose it published, in 1612, the Vocabulario della Crusca, which has gone through many editions, and is comparable in its influence to the Dictionary of the French Academy. There are 12 active and 30 corresponding members. It publishes Transactions.

INSTITUT DE FRANCE.-The old French academies were abolished during the Revolution, but in 1795 the Institut de France was founded with three sections, reorganized with four in 1803 and 1816, and enlarged in 1832 by the admission of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. The Institute has a fund and library (455,000 volumes) common to all of its academies, and is under the general supervision of the Minister of Public Instruction; but the academies are autonomous. Each member of the Institute gets a government pension of $240 (1,200 francs).

The ACADÉMIE FRANÇAISE, most famous of the five, 'originated (1630) as the informal weekly meetings of a few literary friends. Though assemblies of any kind were illegal at that time, Richelieu offered his patronage, and the society was incorporated in 1637 as the Académie Française. Like its Italian prototype, it announced for its purpose the purification of the language, its immediate task being the compilation of a dictionary. The Dictionary was first published in 1694; the eighth edition is in preparation (1912). A Dictionnaire historique de la Langue Française was started in 1858, but, after four volumes devoted to the letter A, was abandoned in 1894. The Academy has included most of the French writers of high rank, although, from various causes, Molière, Pascal, Rousseau, Diderot, Balzac, and others have not been Academicians. The Academy has retained its original memberIship of 40, and each member, after his election by ballot, must be sanctioned by the government. Its famous Dictionary has furnished an authoritative national standard of orthography and accuracy of language.

A committee of the Académie Française, entrusted by Colbert in 1663 with the editing of the

Academy

legends on public monuments and similar tasks, was increased to a membership of forty, and incorporated as the Académie des Inscriptions et Médailles (1706). The name was changed to ACADÉMIE DES INSCRIPTIONS ET BELLES LETTRES (1716), and later it became a section of the Institut de France. It has 40 regular members, 10 members at large (from whom future members are chosen), 8 foreign associates, and 70 corresponding members. It has conducted important antiquarian researches. Memoirs and reports of sessions are published. Among its works are Histoire Littéraire de la France; Recueil des Historiens de France; Corpus Inscriptionum Semilica

rum.

The ACADÉMIE des Sciences, founded by Colbert in 1666, formed the basis of the Institute as constituted in 1795. It is divided into eleven sections, each with six members, and has 10 members at large, 10 honorary members (French), 12 foreign associates, and 116 corresponding members. It publishes Memoirs and Reports.,

The ACADEMIE DES BEAUXARTS (1655) was united with the Academy of Architecture as the fourth section of the Institute. It has 5 sections, including 40 members, besides 10 members at large, 10 foreign associates, and 50 corresponding members. Five volumes and two parts (onehalf) of the sixth volume of the Dictionnaire de l'Académie des Beaux-arts have been published (1912).

The ACADÉMIE DES SCIENCES MORALES ET POLITIQUES, fifth class of the Institute (1832), has 40 active members, 10 members at large, 8 foreign associates, and 60 corresponding members. It publishes Memoirs and Reports.

France possesses numerous other academies in the principal provincial towns, the most important of which are the academies of Lyons (1700), Marseilles (1726), and Toulouse (1782).

ROYAL BRITISH ACADEMY.It was not until June 28, 1901, that the British Academy was founded, having for its object the promotion of the study of moral and political science, including history, philosophy, law, politics and economics, archæology and philology. A royal charter was granted by the King in August, 1902. The maximum number of members is 100. The Academy embraces four divisionsHistory and Archæology, Philology, Philosophy, Jurisprudence, and Economics. The Royal Society of London (q.v.) is also

Academy

a member of the International Association of Academies. The Royal Irish Academy in Dublin was founded by royal charter in 1786. The Royal Society of Literature has announced its intention (1911) of forming from its membership an Academy of Literature of 40 members.

The AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN (Academy of Sciences) is the oldest academy in Germany-founded in Berlin in 1700 by Frederick I., after the plan of Leibniz. It is divided into two sections-science and philosophy. The membership is 64 active, 20 foreign, and 200 corresponding and honorary members. There are 15 subsidiary organizations. Transactions have been published since 1811, and Acta Borussica (Memoirs of the Prussian Government) since 1892. Other important German academies are the Academy of Sciences at Munich (1759), the Association of Sciences at Göttingen (1742), the Royal Society of Sciences at Leipzig (1846), and the Academy of Sciences at Heidelberg (1909).

In Holland there are the Royal Academy of Sciences at Leyden, the oldest in the country; another at Haarlem, founded in 1752; and another at Amsterdam (1855). Each of these publishes Verhandelingen (Transactions).

of

The Royal Academy Sciences at Vienna, founded in 1847, is divided into two sections -philosophical and scientific. Besides Memoirs, it has published many valuable books, chiefly connected with the history of Austria. The oldest academy of the empire is the Bohemian Society of Sciences in Prague, founded in 1769, and incorporated by charter in 1785. The Hungarian Academy was founded at Budapest in 1825. It is divided into three sections and has an active membership of 84. It has a valuable library of 150,000 volumes.

Belgium has the Académie Royale des Sciences at Brussels and Académie Royale d'Archéologie at Antwerp. The former was founded in 1773, and divided into three sections-science, literature, and arts. In 1909 it had published twenty volumes (AaRythovius) of a dictionary of national biography.

Italy has numerous influential academies, besides the Accademia della Crusca, which is still of great importance. The Reale Accademia dei Lincei (Royal Academy of Sciences) at Rome (1603, revived 1807) has 92 regular and nearly 250 Italian and foreign corresponding members. Vol. I.-Mar. '12

34

The Reale Accademia das Sciencias, the Institute of Bologna (1714), has in its division of physical sciences 24 active, 24 honorary, and 90 corresponding members; in its division of moral sciences, added by royal decree in 1907, 16 active, 14 honorary, and 60 corresponding members. It publishes Memorie (Memoirs). The Milan Academy, removed there in 1820 from Bologna, is styled the Istituto Lombardo di Scienze, and has published Memorie since 1820.

In Portugal there is the Academia Real das Sciencias at Lisbon, founded in 1779, reorganized in 1851. It has 40 active members and publishes Memorias. A Portuguese Society of the Natural Sciences, founded in 1907, has 61 regular members and publishes a Bulletin.

a

In Russia the most important academy is the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, founded in 1725 by the Empress Catharine 1. It possesses a rich and valuable collection of manuscripts, large library, museum, etc. Its studies in Oriental languages and customs are of great value. It publishes Memoires. There are 34 regular members, who are salaried state officials, 50 honorary, and 238 corresponding.

The Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy), at Madrid, was founded by Philip v. in 1713. It has published Memorias since 1793, and since 1870 it has admitted as corresponding sections academies founded in Mexico City, Bogota, Lima, and Caracas. It has 36 regular and 124 Spanish and foreign corresponding members. Its Dictionary has been the great national authority.

The Royal Academy of Sciences (Svenska Vetenskapsakademien) in Stockholm (1741) is divided into seven classes, and numbers 90 members. A committee of the Academy awards the Nobel Prizes (q.v.) for Physics and for Chemistry. In 1893 it began the publication of a national Dictionary of Swedish. The Swedish Academy (1786) has eighteen members, a committee of whom award the Nobel Prize for Literature. There is an academy at Upsala (1719), which has published Acta since 1740.

Other academies of Europe are the Academia Româna (Roumanian Academy) in Bucharest (1866); the Videnskabs Selskab (Society of Sciences) in Christiania (1857); the Royal Academy of Sciences in Copenhagen (1742); the Royal Academy of Sciences in Belgrade (1886), and the

Academy of Arts and Letters Society of Sciences in Helsingfors, Finland (1838).

In Asia the most important academy is the Asiatic Society at Calcutta, founded in 1784. which publishes valuable Asiatic Researches.

UNITED STATES.-In the United States the tendency has been to form learned societies of unlimited membership, rather than academies in the restricted sense in which that term is generally used on the Continent. Of the latter type of academies, however, the United States has the American Academy of Arts and Letters (1780), the National Academy of Sciences (1863), and the National Institute of Arts and Letters (1898), with the Academy of Arts and Letters (1904). The American Philosophical Society, founded by Franklin in Philadelphia (1743), is the oldest scientific society in the United States. It has 522 members and a library of 50,000 volumes. It publishes Proceedings. A list of American learned societies is included in the article SOCIETIES (q.v.).

An interesting phase of the development of academies in recent years has been the founding of several institutions that are international in scope. The Institute of International Law (1875) has 58 regular members (limited to 60), 58 associate members (limited to 60), and 12 honorary members. The International Institute of Statistics (membership limited to 100), the International Institute of Sociology (1893; membership limited to 100), and the International Agricultural Institute (1905) may also be mentioned. Significant of the modern tendency to federation is the International Association of Academies (1900), composed in 1910 of 21 national societies.

Consult Handbook of Learned Societies and Institutions of America (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 39; 1908); Matthew Arnold's 'Literary Influence of Academies,' in Essays in Criticism (First Series); Harnack's Geschichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (4 vols., 1901); Rosengarten's American Philosophical Society (1909); Robertson's History of the French Academy (1910); Minerva, an admirable annual guide, in German, to all universities, museums, libraries, and societies; Official Year Book of the Scientific. and Learned Societies of Great Britain and Ireland.

Academy of Arts and Letters, American, was founded in 1904 by the National Institute of Arts

Academy of Arts and Sciences

and Letters as an inner circle of the latter society, its aim being 'to represent and further the interests of the fine arts and literature.' The membership, at first thirty, was increased to fifty in 1908, and vacancies are filled, by a majority vote of the Academy, from the membership of the National Institute (q. v.). Regular meetings are held for the discussion of literary and artistic topics. The president is William Dean Howells. The members of the Academy on March 1, 1912, were: Adams, Charles F. Adams, Henry Alden, Henry M. Alexander, John W. Bartlett, Paul W. Blashfield, Edwin H. Brownell William C. Brush, George de F. Burroughs. John Butler, Nicholas M. Cable, George W. Chadwick, George W. Chase, William M. Cox, Kenyon French, David C. Furness, Horace H. Gildersleeve, B L. Hadley. Arthur T. Hastings, Thomas Howells, William D. James, Henry Johnson Robert U. Lodge, Henry C. Lounsbury, T. R.

Lowell, Abbott L.
Mabie, Hamilton W.
Mahan, Alfred T.
Matthews, Brander
Mead, William R
Millet, Francis D.
Muir, John
Page, Thomas N.
Parker, Horatio W.
Perry, Bliss
Post, George B.
Rhodes, James F.
Riley, James W.
Roosevelt, Theodore
Sargent, John S.
Sloane, William M.
Smith, Francis H.
Thayer, Abbott H.
Van Dyke, Henry
Vedder, Elihu
White, Andrew D.
Wilson, Woodrow
Woodberry, George E.

Academy of Arts and Sciences, American, an institution founded in Boston in 1780. There are three classes. The membership in 1910 was 195 resident fellows (limited to 200), 80 associate fellows (limited to 100), and 61 foreign honorary members (limited to 75). From the Rumford Fund are awarded gold and silver medals ($300) to the author of 'any important discovery of a useful improvement in light or heat which shall have been made and published in America'; and from the Warren Fund, prizes for work in chemistry. The Academy has published Memoirs since 1785 and Proceedings since 1846.

Academy of Design, National. See NATIONAL ACADEMY.

Academy of Medicine, American. See MEDICINE, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF.

Academy of Natural Sciences, an institution founded in Philadelphia in 1812, the oldest natural science society in the United States. There are six sections, with an active membership of 725, and 321 correspondents. There is a library of 68,000 volumes. A Journal has been published since 1817, and Proceedings since 1841.

and

See

Academy of Political Social Science, American. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF.

Academy of Sciences, National. An organization (incorporatVol. I.-Mar. '12

35

ed by Act of Congress in 1863) the members of which 'shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art,' the expense of which is to be paid out of legislative appropriation for the purpose. The Academy meets annually in Washington, D. C. Membership, 127, besides 1 honorary member and 45 foreign associates.

Academy (the Royal) of Art, London, was founded in 1768, with Sir Joshua Reynolds as its first president. It consists of 40 members, about 30 associates, and a few foreign honorary members. An annual exhibition of painting, sculpture, etc., is held in Burlington House, Piccadilly, lasting from May till August. In connection with the Royal Academy are the schools which give instruction in art to students who pass the entrance examination (held on Jan. 1 and July 1 of each year). There are many

prizes, the chief being the gold medals and travelling studentships of £200 each for historical painting, sculpture, and architecture, and the Turner gold medal and scholarship of £50 for landscape, all tenable for two years. Academy, U. S. Military. See MILITARY ACADEMY.

Academy, U. S. Naval. NAVAL ACADEMY.

See

Acadia. The name Acadia or Acadie, supposed to be derived from a Micmac expression meaning 'abounding in,' is first found in a petition of De Monts to the king of France asking for permission to colonize a part of the New World. The territory which was granted to De Monts was of uncertain limits, and so extensive as to include within its borders the present cities of Montreal and Philadelphia. Later, its bounds were defined and limited to the province of New Brunswick, the peninsula of Nova Scotia, and part of Maine. The first settlement and most important town was Port Royal, founded in 1604, now known as Annapolis Royal, and situated on Annapolis Basin, an arm of the Bay of Fundy. In 1621 Acadia, enlarged by the addition of the island of Cape Breton and the Gaspé peninsula, was granted to Sir William Alexander, who named it Nova Scotia. Then followed a long struggle between England and France for the possession of the coveted territory, which was eventually brought under English control by the Treaty of Paris in 1763. See NOVA SCOTIA. Acadia University is situated

Acanthus

It

in Wolfville, Nova Scotia. was founded in 1838 by the Baptist Church in the maritime provinces, and is still under the control of that denomination. It has an endowment of about $250,000, and an income from all sources of $25,000.

Acajutla, port of Sonsonate (12 m.) and San Salvador (50 m.), Salvador, Central America. It is connected with the cities named and Santa Ana by a narrow-gauge railway, and is the gateway for a constantly increasing trade. The new port is in a more sheltered location than the old one, a mile farther north.

Acampichtll, an Aztec chieftain of the fourteenth century, the ruler of a limited territory in Mexico. He maintained peace, and was instrumental in constructing the Lake Tezcoco canals, and in embellishing with stone edifices his capital of Tenochtitlan, the site of the present City of Mexico.

Acanthite, a mineral form of silver sulphide (Ag,S), nearly related to argentite. It occurs in slender, iron-black, prismatic crystals of the normal orthorhombic type. Acanthite is found with other ores of silver in Freiberg, Saxony, and in other German localities.

Acanthus, or BEAR'S-BREECH, a family of tall, herbaceous plants (about 175 genera and 1,800 species). The varieties native to the country about the Mediterranean have large, thorny-toothed leaves, which are

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