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Ari Thorgilsson (1067-1148), surnamed 'the Learned,' or 'the Wise,' Icelandic historian and genealogist, one of the first to reduce to writing, in Roman characters, the traditional tales of the Norsemen.

Arius (256-336), an Alexandrian theologian. After having been advanced to the priesthood, he and his followers were deposed and excommunicated by a council of Egyptian bishops at Alexandria (321) for maintaining that Jesus Christ is not of the same essence as God. To settle the resulting controversy, the Emperor Constantine called the Council of Nicæa (325), which adopted the Nicene Creed suggested by Athanasius, affirming the consubstantiality of the Father and Son. Arius and two other bishops refused to sign the creed, and were exiled; but Arius was recalled about three years later, largely through the influence with Constantine of Eusebius of Cæsarea.

Athana

sius, then bishop of Alexandria, refusing to obey the Emperor's command to reinstate Arius, was himself exiled (336). Arius' sudden death prevented the performance of the ceremony by the bishop of Constantinople.

The great controversialist is described as 'a rigorous ascetic, a persuasive advocate, an ardent propagandist. Tall, gloomy, fanatical, with downcast eyes and tangled hair, he went about singing his doctrines, which he had set to the music of the theatres' (Chadwick).

ARIANISM maintained that there is a difference in essence between God and Jesus Christ, which makes the latter secondary; that the Son, though existent before any conceivable time, and creator of the universe, was yet an originated being, himself created by the Father out of nothing. This doctrine was a philosophy, an outgrowth of the speculations of the Neo-Platonists, Gnostics, and Origen. From such speculations the West in general kept itself aloof, holding to the coeternity and essential identity of the Father and the Son. The Western victory in 381 determined both the orthoVOL, I.-Mar, '13

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dox doctrine and the orthodox form for its expression.

The period in which Arianism was a vital issue extends from its temporary defeat at the Council of Nicæa, through the intervening years of supremacy in which it was supported by imperial favor, to its final overthrow at the Council of Constantinople (381). The controversy centred about three words, representing as many parties: òμoovatov, of the same essence (Nicenes); TEPоovatov, of unlike essence (Arians); and ὁμοιούσιον, of like essence (Semi-Arians). The Council of Nicæa represented the triumph of the first party.

The succeeding years, after 325, however, witnessed a reaction, which, enlisting both Arians and Semi-Arians under Eusebius of Nicomedia, reached the height of its power during the reign of Constantius (337-61). Julian the Apostate (361-4), himself a pagan, tolerated all Christian parties; but the Arians lost ground through internal dissensions; and the extreme Arian position taken by Valens (364-78) drove many Semi-Arians to Athanasius. The accession of Theodosius I. put an end to Arian ascendency. The second ecumenical council, held in Constantinople in 381, reaffirmed and extended the Nicene Creed.

Arianism during its brief supremacy made converts among the German nations, where it continued until the sixth century. In the early eighteenth century there was a revival of the doctrine in England. In modern times, however, pure Arianism can hardly be said to exist, what was left of it having become merged in Unitarianism. See ATHANA

SIUS.

Consult Newman's Arians of the Fourth Century; Stanley's Eastern Church; Gwatkin's Arian Controversy; Harnack's History of Dogma; Bright's Age of the Fathers (1903); 'Arianism' in Cambridge Medieval History (Vol. I., 1911).

Arizona, a State on the southwest border of the United States, is situated between the parallels 31° 20′ and 37° N., and between the meridians 109° 2′ and 114° 45′ W. It is bounded on the north by Utah, on the east by New Mexico, on the south by Mexico, and on the west by California and Nevada. The Colorado River forms nearly the whole of the western boundary. The total area is 113,956 square miles, of which 113,840 are land.

TOPOGRAPHY.-The northern part of Arizona consists of table land, while the southern part is characterized by numerous mountain ranges. The entire

Arizona

State, however, is mountainous, more than two-thirds of the total area having an altitude of 3,000 feet or over. The Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, meeting in the north-central part, form the southern rim of the Great Basin. Here the greatest elevation in the State is reached-San Francisco Mountain (12,794 feet) and Humphrey Peak (12,562 feet). In this region is what is known as the 'Mogollon Forest,' covering an area of about 10,000 square miles, and constituting one of the largest timber areas in the United States. Some lowlands are in the southwestern part, in the vicinity of Yuma, where the surface is but little above sea level.

The Gila River, the Salt River, its main tributary, and their branches rise in the eastern mountains, and flow across Arizona to join the Colorado near the Gulf of California.

CLIMATE AND SOIL.-Arizona has a wide diversity of climate, the northern part being subject to heavy snows, while in the southern part a temperature of 130° F. has been recorded. The mean annual temperature varies from 40° in the north to 69° in the south. The amount of rainfall also varies greatly-from 2-5.5 inches in the lower gulf valley to 25-30 inches in the mountains.

The soil in the southern part is a sandy loam; on the plateaus it is alkaline; and in the river valleys a rich alluvium. The greatest obstacle to agriculture is lack of water, and irrigation is being increasingly practised.

GEOLOGY.-The Archæan era is represented by widely distributed areas of gneiss and slates, and the Palæozoic by the Tonto sandstone and extensive carboniferous formations. Considerable deposits of red sandstone and shales, probably of Triassic origin, also exist. The discovery of an elephant's skull near Yuma and of the teeth of a mastodon at Fort Bowie indicates that some of the great mammals flourished in Arizona during the Pleistocene period.

MINING.-Arizona ranks first among the United States in copper. Its total recorded production up to Dec. 31, 1911, was 3,494,333,111 pounds, or 21.38 per cent. of the whole output of the United States since mining began. In 1911, 300,578,816 pounds were produced-the largest in the history of the State.

The production and value of other metals for 1911 were: gold, 142,938 fine ounces, $2,954,790; silver, 1,594,428 fine ounces, $849,830; lead, 32,759 short tons, $2,882,792; zinc, 6,395 tons of ore, $281,080; tungsten, 1.293 tons of concentrates, $500,247,

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Arizona

About half of the gold and more than half of the silver are derived from the copper mines. The total mineral production for 1911 was valued at $44,104,731.

The coal fields of Arizona cover about 5,900 square miles, and about 8,000,000,000 tons are available. At present there is no commercial production. A large deposit of asbestos, remarkably free from magnetite, has been found in the Grand Canyon. It extends for over a mile, but its present inaccessibility prevents its commercial development. FORESTRY. Cottonwood, sycamore, ash, willow, walnut, and cherry are found in the lowlands; oak, juniper, piñon, cedar, yellow pine, fir, and spruce on the plateaus and mountain sides. The Coconino pine forest covers nearly 6,000 square miles. Most of the wooded land is comprised in reservations.

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AGRICULTURE. to the U. S. Census for 1910, there were 9,227 farms in the State, comprising 1,246,613 acres-a decrease of 688,714 acres since 1900. Farm property, including land, buildings, implements, and domestic animals, was valued at $75,123,970 -an increase of $45,130,123 (150 per cent.) in the decade. The apparent decrease in acreage was due to the presence in 1900 of several large ranches (including one of nearly 1,000,000 acres) that were not reported in 1910. Native-born white farmers numbered 5,218; foreign born whites, 806; Indians, 3,159.

The acreage, yield, and value of the principal farm crops for 1909 were as follows: hay and forage, 102,490 acres, 259,750 tons, $2,553,228; barley, 32,897 acres, 1,008,442 bushels, $714,834; wheat, 20,028 acres, 362,875 bushels, $410,214; corn, 15,605 acres, 298,664 bushels, $293,847; oats, 5,867 acres, 189,312 bushels, $130,384; potatoes, 1,151 acres, 97,141 bushels, $98,597.

Agriculture is largely dependent on irrigation, and extensive works are under construction, of which the Salt River Project (q.v.) is notable.

The fruit industry is of increasing importance, the 1909 crop being valued at $241,000, consisting principally of apples, peaches, and nectarines.

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363

STOCK RAISING.-The 1910 Census showed the value of domestic animals, poultry, and bees to be $26,050,870-an increase of $10,505,183 (68 per cent.) since 1900. The numbers and value of the principal farm animals were: cattle, 824,929, $14,624,708; sheep and lambs, 1,226,733, $4,400,514; horses and colts, 99,578, $4,209,726; goats and kids, 246,617, $555,327; mules and colts, 3,963, $399,449. Poultry were valued at $1,545,966; bees at $104,374.

MANUFACTURES.—Arizona is rich in mineral deposits, particularly in its copper mines. The smelting and refining of copper is by far the largest single industry in the State, and reported 82 per cent. of the total value of products.

According to the Federal Census for 1910, Arizona had 311 manufacturing establishments

operating under the factory system in 1909, which gave employment to an average of 7,202 persons during the year, and paid out $6,303,000 in salaries and wages. Of the persons employed, 6,441 were wage earners. These establishments turned out products to the value of $50,257,000, to produce which materials costing $33,600,000 were utilized. The value added by manufacture was thus $16,657,000. In 1900, manufacturing products were valued at $20,439,000, and the value added by manufacture was $12,562,000.

Leading industries, with the value of their products in 1909, were as follows: copper smelting and refining, $41,059,000; railroad shop construction and repairs, $2,394,000; lumber and timber products, $1,419,000; flour and grist mill products, $1,317,000; printing and publishing, $784,000; butter, cheese, and condensed milk, $538,000; manufactured ice, $501,000; bakery products, $478,000.

TRANSPORTATION.-The total railway mileage on June 30, 1911, was 2,123. The Southern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé Railroads traverse Arizona from east to westthe former in the southern, the latter in the north-central part. The Santa Fé, Prescott, and Phoenix, the Arizona Eastern, and minor lines occupy the middle ground, and form connections north and south.

FINANCE.-On June 30, 1910, the treasury showed a balance of $145,277; receipts during the preceding fiscal year amounted to $1,121,380, and disbursements to $976,103. The entire bonded debt was $3,055,275, and the assessed value of taxable real and personal property was $86,126,

Arizona

226. Mines valued at $100,000000 are taxed on a basis of 25 cent. of their gross production.

BANKS.-On Sept. 4, 1912, there were 13 national banks with $1,055,000 capital, $675,000 surplus, $820,360 circulation, $7,156,621 individual deposits, $5,157,639 loans, and $10,849,735 total resources. On June 7, 1911, there were 38 State banks with $1,567,126 capital, $718,176 surplus, $9,368,124 checking deposits, $1,684,989 savings depqsits, $8,204,331 loans, and $15,693,087 total resources.

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POPULATION. The population of Arizona, according to the U. S. Census, has been as follows: 1870, 9,658; 1880, 40,440; 1890, 88,243; 1900, 122,931; 1910, 204,354. Of the total population in 1910, the foreign-born whites numbered 46,824 (29,452 Mexicans). There were 29,201 Indians, 2,009 negroes, 1,305 Chinese, and 371 Japanese. In 1910, 31 per cent. of the total population was in towns and cities of 2,500 and over.

The population of the principal cities in 1910 was: Tucson, 13,193; Phoenix, 11,134; Bisbee, 9,019; Globe, 7,083; Douglas, 6,437; Prescott, 5,092.

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EDUCATION.-School ance is compulsory for children between the ages of six and fourteen for at least twelve weeks each year. In 1910 there was a total enrollment in the public schools of 31,312 pupils, with 851 teachers. More than $1,000000 was expended for education. Several schools for the Indians are maintained by the Federal Government and by missionary societies. The education and training of teachers is provided in normal schools at Tempe and Flagstaff. The University of Arizona (q. v.) is located at Tucson.

CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. -The supervision of charitable and penal institutions is vested in a State Board of Control, consisting of the governor, the auditor, and one citizen. An asylum for the insane is located near Phoenix, a penitentiary at Yuma, and an industrial school at Benson.

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Arizona

Governor's veto extends to items of appropriation bills.

The legislature, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives, meets biennally. Members of both houses are elected every even year. The judiciary includes a Supreme Court, consisting of a Chief Justice and five associates, and minor courts. Recall of the judiciary is in effect.

Under the Reapportionment Act of 1911, Arizona has 1 Representative in the National Congress. Phoenix is the State capital.

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The

RECENT LEGISLATION. first legislature of the State of Arizona met in 1912. Acts were passed making effective the provisions of the constitution, including employers' liability and workmen's compensation. Important legislative enactments provide for the recall of the judiciary, establish a child labor law and an eight-hour day for miners, provide for the indeterminate sentence for criminals, and forbid blacklisting.

HISTORY. The numerous ruins which are scattered about the entire State indicate that Arizona was once the home of a highly civilized race some time before it was visited by Spanish explorers. Fray Marcos de Niza is the first white man who is known to have entered Arizona (1539), although it is believed that Vasconcellos explored_the neighborhood of the Grand Canyon some years previous. Jesuits establish 1 missions among certain of the Indian tribes in the early part of the seventeenth century, and in the eighteenth century Tucson and Tubac were founded. The early settlers were constantly harassed by Indian uprisings, and this fact retarded immigration until late in the nineteenth century.

Arizona originally formed a part of Mexico, and was ceded to the United States along with New Mexico on Feb. 2, 1848. The section south of the Gila River, however, did not become a part of the United States until the Gadsden Purchase of 1854. Arizona was separated from New Mexico on Feb. 24, 1863, and received a territorial government. The capital was first located at Prescott; was removed to Tucson in 1867; and returned to Prescott in 1877. Since 1889 the capital has been at Phoenix. In September, 1891, a convention was held in Phoenix, at which a constitution was adopted, and a bill providing for the admission of Arizona to the Union was presented to Congress. Although passed by the House, the Senate failed to act. In 1898 VOL. I.-Mar. '13

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the Statehood bill was definitely rejected; but three years later another attempt to secure Statehood was made. A project to admit Arizona and New Mexico as one State was voted down by the Arizona electorate. The Enabling Act of 1910 prepared the way for independent Statehood; and after some delay-due to the provision in the new constitution for the recall of judges, which was eliminated for the time being-Arizona became a State (Feb. 14, 1912).

On March 18, 1911, the great Roosevelt storage dam was formally opened by former President Roosevelt (see RoOSEVELT DAM).

In April, 1912, the first State Legislature began its sessions (see Recent Legislation). In November, 1912, a woman's suffrage amendment was adopted.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Consult Cozzens' Marvellous Country (1903); Polk's Arizona Gazetteer (1905); Hornaday's Camp Fires on Desert and Lava (1908); Harvey's Grand Canyon, Arizona (1911).

Arizona, University of, a nonsectarian, co-educational institution at Tucson, opened in 1891 under the Morrill Act of 1862, the only institution of college grade in the State. It has a College of Liberal Arts, and of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, a School of Mines, an Agricultural Experiment Station, and a Preparatory Department. Military drill is required in the first two years. The preparatory course is being gradually abolished the first year work after June, 1912, and the second year work after June, 1913.

The campus of sixty acres is ornamented with date, olive, pepper, and other tropical trees, and contains 14 buildings, including the new Science Hall (1909). There is also a demonstration farm of 80 acres. In 1912 the instructors numbered 52, and the students 300, of whom 95 were preparatory. The library has 18,000 volumes.

. By the terms of the Morrill and Nelson (1907) Acts, the Agricultural College receives $50,000 annually from the Federal Government. The Agricultural Experiment Station received $30,000 in 1912. Appropriations from the State government in 1912 amounted to $90,000. The State Legislature of 1912 added further to the endowment of the institution by assigning to the Agricultural School of the University, 150,000 acres of public land, and the same area to the School of Mines. The laboratory of the State Chemist and Bacteriologist has been sta

Arkansas

tioned at the University. The value of the buildings and grounds in 1911 was $240,309; the total income was $155,407.

Ark OF NOAH, a huge vessel of gopher wood (possibly cypress), built by the patriarch for the purpose of preserving the race of man and of the land animals during the flood. It was 120 years in building, measured 300 cubits in length, 50 in breadth, and 30 in height; it had three stories (see Gen. vi. and vii.). See DELUGE.

Ark OF THE COVENANT, also called 'Ark of Yahweh of Hosts,' 'Ark of God,' and 'Ark of the Testimony,' was a chest of shittim (acacia) wood, containing the stone tablets on which were inscribed the Ten Commandments. It was held in the highest veneration among the ancient Israelites. The Ark was constructed according to directions given to Moses, and was located in the most holy place of the Tabernacle. It accompanied the Israelites in their march through the desert, and was a prominent factor in such events as the taking of Jericho. It was subsequently deposited at Shiloh, Ashdod (the Philistines having captured it), Beth-shemesh, and Kirjath-jearim, whence David had it conveyed to Jerusalem; and again it occupied the most holy place in Solomon's Temple. What ultimately became of it is unknown. It has been conjectured that it was destroyed with the Temple in 586 B. C.

Arkadelphia, city, Arkansas, county seat of Clark county, on the Ouachita River, and on the Missouri Pacific Railroad; 65 miles southwest of Little Rock. It has several mills and foundries. Pop. (1900) 2,739; (1910) 2,745.

Arkansas (popularly known as the 'Bear State'), one of the South Central States of the United States, is situated between 33° and 36° 30′ N. lat., and between 89° 40′ and 94° 42′ W. long. It is bounded on the north by Missouri; on the south by Louisiana; on the west by Oklahoma and Texas; and on the east by Tennessee and Mississippi, from which it is separated by the Mississippi River. Its area is 53,335 square miles, of which 810 are water surface.

TOPOGRAPHY.-The

northern and central western sections are broken by mountains and foothills, the mountains being part of the Ozark uplift, and having their highest peak in Magazine Mountain (2,833 feet). From the north-east corner to the southwest corner runs a belt of rolling country. In the south-east section and along the eastern border the land is low and level, and

Arkansas

subject to inundation from the overflowing of the Mississippi and tributaries. The State has some 3,000 miles of waterway, afforded chiefly by the Arkansas, White, Ouachita, Saline, and Bartholomew Rivers-the first of which bisects the State from northwest to southeast, while the last three drain its southern section. The White River enters the State from Missouri, flows southeast, and joins the Arkansas near its mouth.

The

CLIMATE AND SOIL. climate is generally healthful throughout the State, the variation in mean annual temperature in different sections being only about 6° F. The mean temperature for spring is 61°; for summer, 79°; for autumn, 62°; for winter, 41.5°. The mean average rainfall is 50.5 inches. There is little snow, no extreme cold, and no summer drought.

The soil of the uplands is generally sandy; of the lowlands, clayey. The lowlands are fertile, and the alluvial bottoms are remarkably rich.

GEOLOGY.-The southern portion of the State is of Tertiary formation, the northern of Palæozoic. The oldest rocks are found in the Ozark region, and belong to the Lower Silurian age. They comprise sandstones, limestones, and other building stones. The mineral resources also include coal, iron ore, zinc, lead, copper, manganese, marble, novaculite, rock crystal, asphaltum, kaolin, marls, bauxite, Portland cement, chalk, mineral pigments, topaz, and amethysts. Gold, silver, oil, and gas have also been found. Mineral springs are frequent. In 1906 a diamond mine was discovered in Pike County. Pearls abound in the lakes and rivers of the State.

MINING. Coal is the largest mineral production of Arkansas, amounting in 1911 to 2,106,789 tons, valued at $3,396,849. Of bauxite, 125,448 tons of crude ore were produced, valued at $627,240. The output of zinc for 1911 was 664 short tons, valued at $75,696; of lead, 64 short tons, valued at $5,760. Arkansas ranks third among the States in the production of fuller's earth, its output for 1910 being 2,563 short tons, valued at $29,137.

The quarry production is considerable. In 1910 the values were: granite, $226,690; limestone, $84,280; sandstone, $71,641; various sands and gravel, $230,680. Diamonds are produced in small quantity. Ten mineral springs yielded 1,065,676 gallons, valued at $89,772. Arkansas produces threefourths of the oilstones of the VOL. I.-Mar. '13

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United States' output; also some rock phosphate, graphite, and antimony. Slate occurs in several sections, and there are large steatite deposits. The value of the total mineral production for 1910 was $5,350,705.

FORESTRY. Arkansas has a forest area of about 40,000 square miles. Oaks, pines, cottonwood, poplar, catalpa, red cedar, locust, ash, elm, sycamore, maple, hickory, beech, walnut, and cypress are among the 125 varieties of hard and soft woods found in the State. Two national forest reserves comprise about 5,000 square miles. FISHERIES. grounds of the State are mainly the Mississippi River and its tributaries. Buffalo fish and catfish, mussel shells, pearls, and slugs are the principal products. In 1908 there were 998 persons employed, $89,000 invested, and the value of products was $207,000.

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AGRICULTURE. Arkansas is pre-eminently an agricultural State. In the northern division the principal products are the cereals and temperate-zone growths; in the southern, cotton, sorghum cane, and other typical Southern crops predominate. Cotton and corn constitute the most valuable products.

According to the U. S. Census for 1910, the total number of farms was 214,678, which inIcluded an acreage of 17,416,075 -an increase of 779,356 acres since 1900. The value of farm property, including land, buildings, implements, and domestic animals, was $246,021,450-an increase of $140,914,800 (134 per cent.) in the decade. Of the 214,678 farmers in the State, 148,627 were native whites, and 63,593 were negroes.

The acreage, yield, and value of the principal farm crops for 1909 were as follows: cotton, 2,153,222 acres, 776,879 bales, $54,559,503; corn, 2,277,116 acres, 37,609,544 bushels, $27,910,044; hay and forage, 435,915 acres, 461,817 tons, $4,887,139; oats, 187,449 acres, 3,212,891 bushels, $1,641,752; potatoes, 29,719 acres, 2,096,893 bushels, $1,439,991; sweet potatoes and yams, 22,388 acres, 1,685,308 bushels, $1,359,669; rough rice, 27,419 acres, 1,282,830 bushels, $1,158,203.

The total quantity of orchard fruits produced in 1909 was 4,438,000 bushels, valued at $3,011,000. Apples contributed considerably more than one-half of this quantity; peaches and nectarines most of the remainder. The production of grapes in 1909 amounted to 2,593,727 pounds, valued at $97,985; and the pro

Arkansas

duction of nuts to 787,854 pounds, valued at $27,513. Excluding potatoes and sweet potatoes, the acreage of vegetables was 60,251, and their value $4,843,000. Strawberries are by far the most important of the small fruits, with blackberries and dewberries ranking next. The value of the strawberry crop in 1909 was $549,041. The production of small fruits in 1909 was 8,966,000 quarts, and the value was $602,000. The 1910

STOCK RAISING. Census showed the value of domestic animals, poultry, and bees to be $74,058,292-an increase of $36,574,521 (98 per cent.) since 1900. The numbers and value of the principal farm animals were: mules and colts, 22,200, $27,128,027; horses and colts, 254,716, $23,152,209; cattle, 1,028,071, $15,460,666; swine, 1,518,947, $5,170,924. Poultry were valued at $2,063,432; bees at $200,049. MANUFACTURES. Arkansas contains large deposits of bituminous and semi-anthracite coal, which are accessible for industrial purposes; while its extensive timber areas provide abundant material for the lumber and timber industry, which is by far the most important branch of manufactures in the State.

According to the Federal Census for 1910, Arkansas had 2,925 manufacturing establishments, which gave employment to an average of 51,730 persons during the year, and paid out $22,574,000 in salaries and wages. Of the persons employed, 44,982 were wage earners. These establishments turned out products to the value of $74,916,000, to produce which materials costing $34,935,000 were utilized. The value added by manufacture was thus $39,981,000. In 1900, manufacturing products were valued at $39,888,000, and the value added by manufacture was $21,600,000.

Leading industries, with the value of their products in 1909, were as follows: lumber and timber products, $40,640,000; oil, cottonseed, and cake, $7,789,000; flour and grist mill products, $5,615,000; railroad shop construction and repairs, $4,154,000; printing and publishing, $2,082,000; carriages and wagons, $1,664,000; bakery products, $1,177,000; foundry and machine-shop products, $1,051,

000.

TRANSPORTATION.-The total railway mileage on June 30, 1911, was 5,288. The railroad facilities are good, except in the mountainous regions of the north-central and west-central sections. In general, the princi

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