Arkansas pal railroads traversing the State are those connecting the Gulf cities on the south with the large cities of the North Central States. The principal railways are the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern, St. Louis Southwestern, St. Louis and San Francisco, Choctaw, Oklahoma, and Gulf, and St. Louis and North Arkansas. The State has a number of navigable rivers which have been important factors in its industrial development. FINANCE. For the biennium ending Sept. 30, 1907, the receipts of the State treasury were $2,257,666, and the disbursements $2,125,096. The total bonded debt on Oct. 1, 1907, was $1,250,500, and the assessed valuation of taxable property was $328,232,673. BANKS. On Sept. 4, 1912, there were 49 national banks, with $5,035,000 capital, $2,005,270 surplus, $2,773,510 circulation, $16,464,453 individual deposits, $19,529,838 loans, and $31,041,540 total resources. On June 7, 1911, there were 278 State banks, with $7,078,914 capital, $1,871,581 surplus, $21,248,693 checking deposits, $1,545,717 savings deposits, $25,495,933 loans, and $38,253,184 total resources; also 3 stock savings banks, with $1,216,470 total resources, and 11 loan and trust companies, with $7,769,043 total resources. POPULATION. The population of Arkansas, according to the U. S. Census, has been as follows: 1830, 30,388; 1840, 97,574; 1850, 209,897; 1860, 435,450; 1870, 484,471; 1880, 802,525; 1890, 1,128,211; 1900, 1,311,564; 1910, 1,574,449. Of the total population in 1910, the foreignborn whites numbered 16,909. There were 442,891 negroes, 460 Indians, 62 Chinese, and 9 Japanese. In 1910, 13 per cent. of the total population was in towns and cities of 2,500 and over. The population of the principal cities in 1910 was: Little Rock, 45,941; Fort Smith, 23,975; Pine Bluff, 15,102; Hot Springs, 14,434; Argenta, 11,138; Helena, 8,772; Jonesboro, 7,123; Texarkana, 5,655; Paragould, 5,248. EDUCATION. In 1911 the legislature passed an act creating a State Board of Education. There is also a State Superintendent of Public Instruction. The legislature of 1909 applied compulsory education to a large list of counties, and created four State schools for training in agriculture, horticulture, and tile manufacture. Separate schools are provided for white and for colored children, with VOL. I.-Mar. '13 tex 365 equal facilities. In 1911 the total enrollment in the public schools of the State was 405,000, and there were 9,850 teachers. About $3,500,000 was expended on education. Institutions for higher learning include the University of Arkansas (q. v.), at Fayetteville; Philander Smith College, at Little Rock; Ouachita College, at Arkadelphia; and Arkansas College, at Batesville. CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. -The State charitable and penal institutions include the Insane Asylum, Deaf Mute Institution, School for the Blind, Reform School, and State Penitentiary-all at Little Rock. GOVERNMENT.-The present constitution dates from 1874. A majority vote in both houses, and by the electors, is necessary for an amendment. Provision has been made for the initiative and referendum. Manhood suffrage prevails, with residence requirement and the payment of a poll tax. The chief executive officers are the Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, and Attorney-General-all elected for two years. The governor's veto may be overcome by a majority vote of each house. He has pardoning power, except in cases of treason and impeach ment. The State legislature consists of a Senate, whose members are elected every four years, and a House of Representatives, elected every two years. Sessions are biennial, and are limited to sixty days. The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, County and Probate Courts, Juvenile Courts, Justices of the Peace, and such other courts as the General Assembly may create. The Supreme Court is composed of a chief justice and four associates, elected for a period of eight years. Under the Reapportionment Act of 1911, Arkansas has 7 Representatives in the National Congress. Little Rock is the State capital. RECENT LEGISLATION.-Important acts are those forbidding pool selling on horse races and discriminate price making, and establishing a pure food law and a franchise tax on foreign corporations based on capital (1907); legislating against night riding, establishing agricultural schools and a tuberculosis sanatorium, and formulating a general drainage law (1909); making effective the initiative and referendum, prohibiting miscegenation, making railroad companies liable for the death of an Arkansas River employee killed in service, and creating a State board of edu-' cation and a juvenile court (1911). HISTORY.-The State takes its name from the Arkansas Indians. The first white man to enter it was De Soto in 1541. The first white settlement was by some of Tonti's men in 1686. Until the Louisiana Purchase, Arkansas was a French possession. From 1805 to 1812 it formed part of Louisiana Territory, and until 1819 of Missouri Territory. It was then organized as Arkansas Territory; and in 1836 it became a State. In 1828 the first steamboat in Arkansas navigated the Arkansas River. Its first railway, the Memphis and Little Rock, was begun in 1854, but was not finished until some years after the Civil War. Although admitted as a slave State, paired with Michigan, there were many Unionists in Arkansas at the outbreak of the war; but an ordinance of secession was finally adopted. The State was readmitted into the Union in 1868. In 1874 a serious strife arose between followers of two rival claimants to the governorship, and the Federal Government intervened, President Grant recognizing the Republican claimant. In 1874 a new constitution was adopted. In 1908 the State was invaded by night riders. In 1912 the socalled 'grandfather clause' was added to the State constitution; and all capital invested in cotton mills was exempted from taxation for seven years. Since 1876 the State has been consistently Democratic. BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Consult Reynolds' Makers of Arkansas History (1905); Polk's Arkansas Gazetteer (1907); Monk's History of Southern Missouri and Northern Arkansas (1907); Shinn's History of Arkansas; Moore's Antiquities of the St. Francis, White, and Black Rivers -Arkansas (1910). Arkansas City, city, Cowley county, Kansas, on the Arkansas River, and on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé and other railroads. It has several factories and a good trade. Here is a national Indian school. Pop. (1900) 6,140; (1910) 7,508. Arkansas River, one of the great western branches of the Mississippi. It rises in the high mountains in Central Colorado, which it traverses through canyons to the plains, near Cañon City. Thence it flows 200 miles east to Kansas; and after 140 miles in a southeasterly course Arkansas Stone bends sharply to the north, forming the Great Bend; and then flows southeast across Oklahoma and Arkansas to the Mississippi. Its principal branches are the Cimarron and Canadian Rivers. In Colorado 500,000 acres on the Arkansas and its tributaries are under irrigation, while the Garden City project of the Federal Government will irrigate 15,000 acres in Kansas. Its drainage area is 177,500 square miles; total length, 1,500 miles; navigable for 650 miles. Arkansas Stone. See Novac ULITE. Arkansas, University of, a nonsectarian State institution for both sexes at Fayetteville, Ark., founded in 1871, and supported by Federal and State aid. In addition to the College it maintains Medical, Law, and Normal Departments, with a total student registration in 1911 of 1,058, with 131 instructors. The library contains 15,420 volumes. The value of the buildings and grounds in 1911 was $375,000; endowment funds, $130,000. It had an income of $246,078. No charge is made for tuition. Consult Reynolds and Thomas' History of the University of Arkansas (1910). Arkhangelsk, Russia. ARCHANGEL. See Arklow, seaport, county Wicklow, Leinster province, Ireland, 13 miles southwest of Wicklow, on the Avoca River, in a district noted for its scenery. It has a town hall and a beautiful parish church, and the remains of a thirteenth-century castle. There are large explosives factories. It is a shipping point for copper and lead from the Avoca Valley. A new harbor was recently constructed. Pop. (1901) 4,944; (1911) 5,042. Arkona, or ARCONA, cape on the northeast of Rügen Island, Baltic Sea, Germany. A lighthouse (1827) stands on the top of the chalk cliffs 177 feet high. Arkwright, SIR RICHARD (1732-92), English cotton-spinning inventor, was born in Preston, Lancashire. He learned the trade of barber, and became a dealer in hair, adding to his profits by the invention of a successful hair dye. About 1767 he turned his attention to the invention of a machine or frame for carrying out all the operations of spinning at one time, and by one application of force. In 1768 he set up in Preston his first spinning frame. It consisted principally of two pairs of rollers, the first pair moving slowly in contact, passing the sliver to a second pair, which revolved with greater velocity, and VOL. I.-Mar. '13 366 drew out the cotton to the necessary degree of tenuity. The sliver was then attached to a spindle and fly, whose revolutions twisted the cotton into a thread, and at the same time wound it on a bobbin. By increasing the length of the rollers and number of spindles, a corresponding number of threads could be spun and wound at once by the same motive power. His patent was obtained in 1769, when he set up near Hockley his first mill, driven by horses. In 1771, with two capitalists, he built a mill at Cromford, in Derbyshire, the motive power of which was derived from the Derwent; and in 1790 he introduced the steam engine into his Nottingham mills. Arkwright's invention met with intense opposition, one of his factories being destroyed by the mob. He amassed a large fortune, however, and was knighted in 1786. See COTTON. Arlberg, Alpine pass in Austria (5,912 ft.) leading from Feldkirch, in Vorarlberg (near the Rhine valley), to the Inn valley, near Landeck, Tyrol. It is traversed by a carriage road, while beneath it a railway tunnel (6 m. 650 yds. long) was pierced in 1880-3, connecting Vorarlberg with the Tyrol. The Arlberg railway is 85 miles long, and reaches an altitude of 4,300 feet. Between the fourteenth and the eighteenth century there was only a mule track over the pass, which was used chiefly for the transportation of salt from the Innsbruck mines. Arles (ancient Arelate), town, department of Bouches-duRhône, on the Grand Rhone River; 53 miles northwest of Marseilles. It has a trade in corn, oil, wine, and fruits. The industries are chiefly silk spinning, hat making, and shipbuilding. The chief Roman remains are the amphitheatre, which accommodated 26,000 persons, and was turned (eighth century) into a fortress, now a ring for bull fights; the theatre, where the Venus of Arles, now in the Louvre, was discovered in 1651; the Cathedral of St. Trophimus (seventh century); and the Roman and Christian burial grounds, now partly destroyed by the railroad. The town was known as 'Gallic Rome,' and was a favorite residence of Constantine. Important ecclesiastical councils were held here: in 314 the Donatists were condemned; in 353 the Arians were favored: in 452 certain disciplinary canons were adopted; and in 1234 the persecution of the Albigenses was organized. Arles was an archi Arm episcopal see from the time of Constantine to 1801. Pop. (1901) 15,506; (1911) 30,978. Arlington, town, Middlesex county, Massachusetts, on the Mystic River and the Boston and Maine Railroad; 6 miles north-west of Boston. It is chiefly a residential place, but there are manufactures of pianoforte cases, ice tools, timber, and leather, besides market gardens. According to the U. S. Census of Manufactures of 1910, there were 19 industrial establishments, with 283 wage earners, $778,000 capital, and products valued at $695,000. Arlington was founded as Menotomy village in 1635, and became a part of Cambridge. It was incorporated as West Cambridge in 1807, the present name being adopted in 1867. Pop. (1900) 8,603; (1910) 11,187. Consult Parker's Arlington Past and Present (1907). Arlington, village, Alexandria county, Virginia, opposite Washington, D. C., the home at one time of Gen, Robert E. Lee, and the site of a beautiful national cemetery. Here are the graves of over 18,000 soldiers, mostly of the Civil War period, and many unknown dead. The Lee mansion, a fine bit of colonial architecture, is still preserved. Pop. of district (1900) 3,200; (1910) 5,850. Arlington, HENRY BENNET, EARL OF (1618-85), English statesman, joined the royal army in the civil war; was severely wounded at Andover; was knighted by Charles II. at Bruges in 1658; and was sent as an envoy to Spain. He became principal secretary of state in 1663, and was a constant opponent of Clarendon. He was created Earl of Arlington in 1672. He is said to have brought about the first Dutch war, and was concerned in the Treaty of Dover; was unsuccessfully impeached by the Commons in 1674; sold his secretaryship, and purchased the office of lord chamberlain, which he held till 1681. He was one of the group of statesmen from the initial letters of whose names the word 'cabal' (q. v.) was formed. Consult his Letters to Sir W. Temple, published posthumously in 1701; the Lauderdale Papers; Diaries of Evelyn and Pepys. Arlon (Flemish AARLEN; ancient OROLAUNUM), capital of the province of Luxembourg, Belgium; 17 miles by rail northwest of Luxemburg. It has woollen and iron industries. Here the French general, Jourdan, defeated the Austrians in 1793. Pop. (1900) 10,044; (1909) 11,858. Arm. The upper limb may be Arm divided into a proximal part of shoulder, a distal part or hand, and an intermediate shaft which consists of an upper arm and a fore arm. The bones are: in the shoulder, the clavicle (collar-bone) and the scapula (shoulder-blade); in the upper arm, the humerus; in the fore arm, the radius and ulna; in the hand, the carpal and metacarpal bones and the phalanges. The smooth, round 'head' of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, forming the shoulder-joint-a ball-and-socket joint. At the lower end of the humerus are two articular surfaces for the bones of the fore arm-the outer rounded for the head of the radius, the inner a curved rim for the ulna. These form the elbow-joints-a hinge-joint. At their lower extremities the radius and ulna articulate with the carpus to form the wrist-joint-a hinge-joint. The arm receive its blood supply from the brachial artery and its branches, and the veins finally unite in the axillary vein. The nerves pass down by the side of the brachial artery, then are distributed as musculo-spiral, ulnar, and median. Fractures of the Arm.-No bone except the radius is more frequently broken than the clavicle, or collar-bone. This is due to its exposed position, and to its buttress-like action in keeping out the point of the shoulder. The treatment consists in correcting any displacement, and afterward keeping the broken ends apposed. If the patient can VOL. 1.-24 367 be depended on to lie quiet, it is enough to keep him in bed en his back, with a pillow between his shoulders; but if bandaged in such a way that the shoulders are braced back, the elbow supported, and the upper arm kept fixed to the side, he may go about. In fractures of the neck of the scapula the arm must be kept to the side and the elbow supported. In fractures of the humerus place a pad in the axilla, bind the arm to the side, and keep the hand supported by a sling. In fractures at the elbow-joint much care is needed to prevent, by suitable splints, ankylosis or deformity. Fractures of the radius and ulna are treated with appropriate splints. The lower end of the radius is frequently broken, constituting what is known as Colles's fracture; it is almost invariably due to a fall on the outstretched palm. The deformity produced by the fracture is very characteristic. The hand is deflected to the radial side, and usually pointed, with the fingers somewhat flexed (silver-fork fracture). The styloid process of the radius is higher than that of the ulna, and of course there is crepitus. To reduce the deformity, extension and manipulation are necessary, followed by immobility, secured by means of a splint. In fracture of the metacarpal bones there is generally little displacement; rest, with the hand fixed in an extended or clenched position, will generally effect a speedy cure. For the phalanges a small zinc splint may be moulded to the front of the finger. In dislocation of the shoulder, reduction may sometimes be made by traction on the arm. According to the variety of dislocation, whether subcoracoid, subglenoid, etc. In general, the manipulation reverses the motion during the accident, as the point is to restore the displaced articular extremity by returning it through the tear in the capsular ligament. All reduced fractures are now corroborated by means of an X-ray picture. Armada, THE SPANISH. In 1583 Philip of Spain was urged by his admiral, the Marques de Santa Cruz, one of the heroes of Lepanto, to attempt the conquest of England; and these proposals were renewed in 1586, in consequence of the action of Queen Elizabeth's seamen in the W. Indies and elsewhere. Although Santa Cruz died in February, 1588, the suggestion, ere that time, had so completely taken possession of the mind of Philip that a huge fleet was then ready for the adventure. Its command was entrusted to the Duke of Medina Sidonia, a man of no naval experience. He was instructed to Medal struck to Commemorate the Defeat of the Armada. vasion. The Spanish fleet, called La Felicisima Armada, left Corunna on July 12, 1588. It consisted of 130 ships, many of which were very large, with 28,000 men. The whole number of English ships available to meet it was 101; but of these only 28 belonged to the royal navy, and several even of them were small, while the total number of men on board was only 9,000. The English were under the lord high admiral, Lord Howard of Effingham (in the Ark), Sir Francis Drake (in the Revenge), Sir John Hawkins (in the Victory), and many famous captains, including Lord Henry Seymour, Lord Thomas Howard, the Earl of Cumberland, Lord Sheffield, Sir William Winter, Sir Martin Frobisher, Edward and William Fenner, and Richard Hawkins. The greater part of the English fleet was at Plymouth when, on July 19, news of the approach of the enemy was brought thither by Captain Flemyng of the Golden Hind. Howard warped out, and on July 20 first caught sight of the Spaniards. On the 21st he began a running fight with them. This was continued on the 22nd. A more general but indecisive engagement took place off Portland on the 23rd. On the 25th there was another fierce battle off the Isle of Wight. On the 27th the Armada entered the roadstead of Calais, by which time nearly the whole English fleet was united. On the night of the 28th Howard sent fire-ships among his enemies, so that they, in panic, slipped or cut their cables and made off in confusion. They were followed, and so badly mauled off Gravelines on the 29th that they never afterwards formed a coherent body. Most of them fled north-about, and were chased as far as Newcastle-on-Tyne. The remains of the Armada passed between the Orkneys and the Armadillos Shetlands, and then rounded the west coast of Ireland, suffering even more from the elements than from the English. Of its 128 sail, 2 were abandoned to the English, 3 were wrecked on the French coast and 2 on the coast of Flanders, 2 were sunk in action off Gravelines, 19 were known to have been wrecked off Scotland and Ireland, and 35 others never returned to Spain. Thus 63 in all were lost." The effect upon the naval power of Spain was great, though not absolutely crippling. The effect upon the prestige of the Elizabethan navy was immense. See Duro's La Armada Invencible (1884-5); Laughton's State Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada (Navy Records Soc., 1894); Clowes's The Royal Navy (6 vols. 1897-1901); also Macaulay's ballad, and Charles Kingsley's Westward Hol (1865). Armadillos, tropical American animals belonging to the mammalian order Edentata, with bodies covered by an armor of zones of 12 in The Six-banded Armadillo bony plates, with lines of flexible, hairy hide between them. Numerous species exist, examples being Priodon gigas, the great armadillo, and Dasypus sexcinctus, the six-banded armadillo. Most are nocturnal in habit, and all are omnivorous. In addition to the protection of their bony scutes, they are armed with strong claws on the fore limbs, by means of which they burrow; and they can also run with great rapidity. They range from Mexico to Patagonia, and are prized as food by the natives. In the caves and recent deposits of Argentina and Brazil fossil armadillos have been found, some of them of great size (see GLYPTODON). The largest existing form is 3 ft. in length, exclusive of the tail; the smallest measures less than a foot. Armageddon (R.V. 'HarMagedon'). The name as used in Rev. 16:16 is probably derived from Megiddo, an important Canaanite fortress in Issachar (Josh. 12:21, etc.); placed by most writers at Lejjûn (Legio), w. of the plain of Esdraelon. The association of Megiddo with many battles-e.g. the defeat of the Canaanites by Barak, of the Gibeonites by Midian, of Saul by the Philistines, and of Josiah by the Egyptians-probably sug 368 gested it as the scene of the culminating conflict between good and evil referred to in the Apocalypse. Armagh. (1.) County, prov. Ulster, Ireland, lying s. of Lough Neagh and w. of Co. Down, with a few miles of coast on Carlingford Lough. Length (N. and s.), 37 m.; breadth (E. and w.), 21 m. Its surface is fairly wooded and generally hilly, the highest point being the granite mass of Slieve Gullion (1,895 ft.), towards the s. The drainage is chiefly to Lough Neagh and Dundalk Bay; the principal rivers are the Upper Bann, the Blackwater, and the Newry R., the latter flowing into Carlingford Lough, and being joined to the Bann by the Newry Canal. The Ulster Canal enters the county in the w., and runs N. to the Blackwater. Peat bogs Occupy nearly 6,000 ac., but more than two-fifths of the county is under oats, potatoes, turnips, mangel-wurzel, and flax. Building-stone, limestone, gravel, and clay are worked; and the staple industry is linen, bleach-greens being numerous. Area, 238,086 ac. Pop. 1911,119,625. (2.) City and mrkt. tn., cap. Co. Armagh, eccles. metropolis of Ireland, 30 m. s.w. by s. of Belfast. The city stands on and at the foot of a hill crowned by a handsome cruciform cathedral (11th or 12th century), which probably incorporates part of St. Patrick's 5th century building burned by the Danes in 836. The city and district are rich in antiquarian remains, such as the ruins of a Franciscan abbey in the palace grounds, and, 2 m. distant, Emania, or 'Navan Fort,' the site of a very ancient royal residence. "The Book of Armagh,' preserved in Trinity College, Dublin, was partly written before A.D. 807; and the 'Shrine of Armagh Bell,' also in Dublin, is of exquisite 12th century workmanship, and contains the bell of St. Patrick, presented to the church of Armagh by St. Columba. In the 5th century St. Patrick founded the bishopric and an Augustinian monastery, which ultimately became renowned as a seat of learning. The see became an archbishopric in 1142, but a dispute as to its ecclesiastical supremacy was not settled until the 17th century. Pop. (1901) 7,588. Armand, CHARLES TEFFIN, Marquis de la Rouarie (1756-93), a French officer who came to this country in 1777 and entered the Continental Army. Two years later, as colonel, he took command of the Pulaski Legion (renamed 'Armand's Partisan Corps'), and was raised to the rank of brigadier-general (1783). After the Peace, he returned to France and fought on the royalist Armenia side in the French Revolution. See Ward's Memoir, Pennsyl vania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. ii. (1878). Armature. See DYNAMO. Armed, in heraldry said of the fiercer animals, and of birds of prey, when their natural weapons teeth, claws, horns, etc.-are blazoned of a particular color or metal; also of the human figure, or parts thereof, when in armor. Armed Neutrality. The Armed Neutrality of the Northern Powers-Russia, Denmark, Sweden, with Russia as controlling member-was formed (1780), and asserted the principles (1) that neutral vessels shall freely navigate, to the extent of carrying goods belonging to the subjects of powers at war, provided such goods are not contraband; (2) that no blockade shall be recognized unless there is a sufficient blockading force. Prussia and Austria accepted the principles in 1781. Great Britain refused this interpretation of maritime and commercial law. After 1783, when peace was made, the principles continued in suspense. In 1793 both Russia and the United States, by treaty with Great Britain, recognized the right of search over neutral vessels; but in 1800, owing to the diplomatic skill of Napoleon, the Armed Neutrality was revived. It had a short life, owing to the British bombardment of Copenhagen and capture of the Danish fleet, and the assassination of Czar Paul I. in March, 1801. The questions, however, were raised later, as in 1807; and not till 1856, in the Declaration of Paris, was a definite settlement at international law adopted, unfavorable to Great Britain's past contentions. See Wheaton's International Law (3rd ed. 1889) and Hist. of the Law of Nations (1845). Armenia (the Scriptural Minni), a country in the N.E. of Asia Minor, bounded on the N. by Trebizond and Transcaucasia, on the s. by Kurdistan, and on the E. by the Caspian Sea. It consists of three sections: the w. (Erzerum and Diarbekir) belongs to Turkey, the N. (including the districts of Kars, Erivan, and Tiflis) to Russia, and the S.E. (the prov. of Azerbaijan) to Persia. For the most part consisting of table-land, with an average elevation of over 5,000 ft. (the culminating point being Mount Ararat, 16,900 ft., the meeting-place of the three divisions), it contains the head-waters of the Euphrates and Tigris, and of the Kura and its tributary the Aras. The salt lakes, Van in the Trukish division, Urmia in the Persian, and Gokcha in the Russian, are formed by depressions in the plateau. The climate is varied, being very cold in the highlands and exceed |
