Assaying

the great care and long time required, the gravimetric method has been largely replaced by volu metric ones.

(2) The Volumetric Method is used for rapid and fairly accurate results; the lead is determined by using a standard solution of potassium ferro-cyanide, or of potassium permanganate, or of ammonium molybdate properly standardized against solutions containing given quantities of lead.

Silver.-(1) The Volumetric (Gay-Lussac) Method is based on the affinity of silver for chlorine, by which an insoluble chloride is precipitated. A standard normal solution is prepared by dissolving pure sodium chloride (salt) in water so that 100 cubic centimetres will precipitate exactly 1 gram of silver, a 'deci-normal' solution also is prepared by diluting a given quantity of the normal solution to one tenth strength. Half a gram of the alloy or bullion is dissolved in nitric acid, 50 c.c. of the normal solution run in, and the liquid well shaken; when the solution is practically clear, add the deci-normal solution until the silver ceases to yield a precipitate. The amounts of normal and decinormal solutions added, having definite and known values, indicate the amount of silver in the alloy.

(2) The Volhard Volumetric Method. In the absence of copper, silver may be estimated volumetrically by means of a standard solution of potassium sulphocyanide, using ferric ammonium sulphate as an indicator.

Tin.-Fuse 1 gram of ore with 3 grams each of sulphur and sodium carbonate in a porcelain crucible, cool, dissolve in water, precipitate stannic sulphide by sulphuric acid and ignite to stannic oxide, from the weight of which the percentage of metal in the original sample is calculated.

Zinc.-(1) The Gravimetric Method is a tedious and lengthy method in which the zinc is precipitated as zinc sulphide and later transformed into zinc oxide containing 80.26 per cent. of zinc, or into ammonium zinc phosphate containing 36.49 per cent. of zinc; from the weight of these salts the percentage of zinc in the original ore is calculated.

(2) The Volumetric (Von Schultz and Low) Method is rapid and fairly accurate. In this method a standard solution of potassium ferrocyanide is used, of which 1 c.c. is equal to 0.01 gram of zinc. The method is carried on in a manner similar to the volumetric methods for other metals.

Antimony. The percentage of antimony in an ore or alloy is determined gravimetrically by precipitation from the acid solution

433

as antimony sulphide which is converted into antimony tetroxide, Sb2O4, from the weight of which the quantity of antimony originally present in the ore or alloy is calculated. A second gravimetric method, which is more rapid but less accurate, precipitates metallic antimony from a hydrochloric acid solution by means of metallic tin.

Sulphur-Many methods are used for the determination of sulphur, depending upon the character of the sample. Of these methods the following are of importance: (1) Organic compounds: fuse with caustic alkali, dissolve mass in water, oxidize the sulphide to sulphate, add barium chloride which forms barium sulphate, wash dry, ignite and weigh, and from the weight of the barium sulphate thus obtained calculate the quantity of sulphur present in the original sample. (2) Coal: mix 3 grams of coal with 6 grams of pure lime, and heat strongly in a porcelain crucible for an hour. Digest with hydrochloric acid, filter, and add barium chloride to the filtrate to precipitate barium sulphate. (3) Furnace products: oxidize 3 grams of the sample with 4 grams of potassium chlorate and 7 c.c. of nitric acid, evaporate acid, dilute, add sodium carbonate, boil, filter, dissolve the precipitate in hydrochlorate acid, add barium chloride and weigh precipitate of barium sulphate as before.

See Crookes's Select Methods of Chemical Analysis (3rd ed. 1894); Sutton's Volumetric Analysis (8th ed. 1900); Furman's Manual of Practical Assaying (1903); Rhead and Sexton's Assaying and Metallurgical Analysis (1902); Berringer's Textbook of Assaying (1902); Rickett's Notes on Assaying (1893); Lodge, Notes on Assaying (1905).

Assegai, the Zulu spear, of which there are two varietiesthe long javelin, or throwingspear; and the shorter 'stabbing' assegai, for use at close quarters. Assembly. See GENERAL AS

SEMBLY.

Assembly, NATIONAL. See FRANCE-History.

Assembly, UNLAWFUL. An assembly of three or more persons with intent to commit a crime, or with intent to carry out in common any purpose, lawful or unlawful, which is likely to lead to a breach of the peace. An unlawful assembly may be dispersed by force, and all parties to it are guilty of a common law misdemeanor punishable by fine and imprisonment. See RIOT.

Assembly of Divines at Westminster. See WESTMINSTER.

Asser, JOHN (d. 909?), bishop of Sherborne, was reader to King Alfred from about 885. He is

Assessors. Persons associated with a court for the purposes of consultation and advice. The practice of employing assessors in the administration of justice originated with the Roman law and is still extensively employed in the judicial systems of Europe and America. The English Judicature Act of 1873 authorizes the judges of the High Court of Justice to employ them in their discretion, and they are regularly employed in certain classes of cases by the House of Lords and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. In the United States many of the minor courts, as county courts in certain states, sit with assessors, and American consuls acting in a judicial capacity in foreign lands regularly employ them. The function of an assessor is limited to the giving of advice. He does not participate in the judgment. The term assessor is also employed in the United States to describe officers charged with the duty of appraising or assessing property for purposes

of taxation.

Assets. Property of a decedent or an insolvent debtor which is available for distribution among creditors. Formerly in administering assets, 'specialty' creditors, or those whose debts arose by virtue of a bond or other instrument under seal, were entitled to payment in priority to simple contract creditors; but now both classes of debts are payable pari passu out of the assets. In distributing assets of a deceased person, funeral and estamentary expenses are always payable before anything else; then the order of payment out of 'legal' assets is generally as follows: (1) Obligations due to the State; (2) recorded judgments against the deceased; (3) specialty and simple contract debts, and unregistered judgments against the deceased; (4) voluntary obligations. The courts of equity have never recognized the validity of these preferences, and accordingly equitable assets'-i.e. property which can be reached only by chancery process-are distributed equally to all creditors irrespective of the nature of their claims. The right of an executor to prefer one creditor to another, and to retain a debt due to himself in preference to other creditors of equal degrees, exists only with regard to legal assets.

In applying assets in payment of debts, the rule is that the general personal estate is to be first exhausted, then the real estate; and if both these are insufficient, recourse must be had to the lega

If assets are distributed before the debts are paid, creditors may follow them into the hands of the persons who have taken them. As to administration of assets of a bankrupt or deceased insolvent, see BANKRUPTCY.

Assiento (Span. 'treaty'), a contract made between Spain and other powers, by which the monopoly of importing slaves into Spanish America was conferred upon the latter. It was first held by a Flemish company from 1517; then by the Genoese, from 1580; by the French Guinea Company, from 1702; but the treaty of Utrecht (1713) gave it to Great Britain, along with the right of sending yearly a ship carrying 500 tons merchandise to the Spanish colonies a privilege exercised for twenty-six years by the South Sea Company. Great Britain relinquished that right in 1750 for £100,000 and certain other concessions.

Assignation. See ASSIGNMENT. Assignats. During the period immediately preceding the French Revolution, the National Assembly declared the church lands to be national property, and offered them for sale to the various municipalities throughout the country; accepting, in lieu of cash payment, paper notes or bonds of equivalent value, consequently styled assignats. Later, assignats were issued against the property of the émigrés and the crown. But the simplicity of the system led to a continued issue of assignats (to a total face value of 45,500 million livres), which ultimately became so depreciated as to be almost valuefess. Assignats were in circulation in France from 1790 to 1796, being exchangeable in the latter year for mandats, which were called in in 1797, at the value of too of the original assignats.

434

tical in meaning with conveyance or alienation. In practice, however, the two latter terms have generally been confined to the transfer of real property, while assignment is commonly used to denote the transfer of personal property and more particularly of incorporeal rights in personal property, such as stocks, bonds, notes and bills of exchange, debts and other choses in action. In this more restricted sense an assignment is usually effected by a written transfer. The common law imposed restrictions upon the transfer of interests of this character, deeming them contrary to public policy as promoting litigation. They are now, however, generally permitted by statute. In equity they were always recognized. See CHOSE IN ACTION. The term is used in the more general sense noted above in the expression assignment for the benefit of creditors, which denotes a conveyance by an insolvent debtor of all his property, real and personal, to trustees for distribution among his creditors. See INSOLVENCY. The Scotch equivalent for assignment is ASSIGNATION.

Assimilation, the process by which organisms take up and transform foreign substances into their own tissues, as in digestion and respiration.

Assiniboia, formerly one of the N. W. Territories of the Dominion of Canada, situated between the 49th and 52d parallels of N. lat., with an area of 90,340 sq. m., but now included in the provs._of Alberta and Saskatchewan. See ALBERTA and SASKATCHEWAN.

Assiniboin, MOUNT, in the Canadian Rocky Mountain system, about 20 m. s. of Banff, a station on the C. P. Ry., and near the boundary between the province of Alberta and British Columbia. The first to ascend it was James Outram, in 1901.

Assiniboine (River of the Stony Sioux'), a river of Brit. N. America, rising in s.E. of Saskatchewan prov., flows S.E. through the former territory of Assiniboia, to which it gave its name, then through a large part of Manitoba to the Red R., which it joins at Winnipeg, after a course of about four hundred or five hundred miles.

Assiniboines ('stone boilers'), a division of the Sioux Indians that separated from the Dakotas a short time before the discovery of North America. They formerly ranged from Minnesota to Montana and over the adjacent parts of Canada, living in tents and hunting the buffalo like other Plains Indians. At present they are found on several small reservations in Canada and the United States. See Maximilian, Travels in North America (1843); Coues,

Assizes

New Light on the Early History of the Greater Northwest (1897).

Assisi (the ancient Asisium), tn. and episc. see, prov. Perugia, Italy, 15 m. by rail s.E. of Perugia, the birthplace (1182) of St. Francis Bernardone, founder of the Franciscan order (1209); his bones (since about 1822) have been interred in a crypt underneath the double church of the Franciscan order. These two edifices, both built between 1228 and 1253, stand one above the other, and are adorned with frescoes by Giotto, Cimabue, Memmi, and others. Below the town the grandiose church of Sta. Maria degli Angeli is built (1569) over the oratory of St. Francis. Here were born the Latin poet Propertius (middle of 1st century B.C.) and the Italian poet Metastasio (1698). Pop. (1901) 17,240. See Cruikshank's The Umbrian Towns (1901).

Assisi, ST. FRANCIS OF. See FRANCIS.

Assistance, WRIT OF. A chancery process in England and the United States directing the sheriff or other proper officer to enforce an order or decree awarding to the petitioner the possession of lands. It was a perversion of this writ which was employed by the Crown officers in the controversies leading to the revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain to enforce the Acts of Trade and other restrictions upon the trade of the colonies. These writs, the legality of which was furiously contested by the colonists, empowered and directed all officers of the customs or other Crown officers to forcibly enter any building suspected of harboring dutiable goods, which had not paid the customs revenue, to take possession of the same, and to levy upon them in the interests of the Crown and in accordance with the then Acts of Trade.

Assiut, ASSIOUT, or SIUT. (1.) Province (mudirieh) of Upper Egypt; area, 840 sq. m.; pop. 782,720, 30,000 of them being nomads. (2.) Capital of above prov., between 1. bk. of Nile and Bahr Yusuf; 27° 10' N. lat. It is the site of a Nile barrage and lock. There is a Presbyterian mission here. Pop. (1897) 42,078.

Assize of Clarendon (1166), Henry II.'s first measure of judicial reform, remarkable by its institution, in criminal trials, of the germ of the jury system-the justices and local sheriffs trying accused persons by grand juries of the county. With the Assize of Northampton (1176) it was effectual in removing the administrative machinery from the power of the barons. See Stubbs's Select Charters, 140-146 (8th ed. 1895).

Assizes. The sittings of a circuit court-i.e. of a court which moves about from place to place

to try causes. The term is also used in England of the entire round or circuit of such a court, or of its sittings in a certain county or judicial district. In the United States the term 'circuit' is usually employed in this sense. Thus in England the judges of the King's Bench Division of the High Court 'hold assizes,' and the judges of the Supreme Court of the United States go on circuit.'

Associate Church of North America. See PRESBYTERIANS. Associated Press. See PRESS ASSOCIATIONS.

Associate Reformed Synod of the South. See PRESBYTE

RIANS.

Association Football. See FOOTBALL.

Association of Ideas, the manner in which, or principle according to which, ideas or images succeed each other in the mind when their succession is not interrupted from without, or determined by logical thinking. By Hume and Hartley the conception was given a fundamental importance in psychological and philosophical theory, and their general view has been maintained since their time by a line of thinkers to which the name of the Associationist School has been given, and of which the most prominent later representatives have been the Mills and Professor Bain.

This is sometimes spoken of as the English School. The philosophical application of the conception has all along been a matter of dispute, while within recent years the purely psychological significance and range of the conception have also been the subject of much critical discussion. Various laws of association have been formulated from the time of Aristotle onwards, but the two most generally accepted are those of Contiguity (ideas that have once been presented together tend to suggest each other) and Similarity (ideas presented at different times, but resembling each other, tend to suggest each other). It is a disputed question whether one of these two laws is more fundamental than the other, and, if so, which. Those who hold contiguity to be more fundamental, argue that the explicit consciousness of similarity involves comparisoni.e. already implies the presence of both similars before the mind. So that, if we represent the similar ideas by XY and X2 (resembling each other in respect of the common element X), the really operative principle of revival is the contiguous association of the common X, now present in XY, with Z, its former associate in XZ; and the consciousness of the similarity of XY and XZ can only exist when XZ has thus been reinstated alongside of XY. But since XZ

435

is not, to begin with, before the mind, but exists only as a memory trace or residuum, the above analysis implies a process, not in consciousness, by which the present X operates the trace or residuum r in the residual whole x. This process is called by Ward 'assimilation'; and he points out that such a process is implied in all association, contiguous and similar alike. For in every case the present idea can operate only through the corresponding memory trace, apart from which it would be a new idea, and awaken no memories at all. And it is a process distinct from that of association, because X and x are not, as X and Z are, distinct ideas before the mind. Thus contiguity remains the only law of association proper, but implies the action of a prior law of mental process -prior, because assimilation is iniplied in perception as well as in memory. From this point of view, a lower limit has been assigned to the action of association, which cannot come into play until after a considerable development of perception, since traces of impression serve at first only for the perceptual recognition of objects without constituting a distinct memory of them. From the other or higher side, it has been shown that the action of mere association is continually being modified by the thinking process whose material it supplies. See Stout's Analytic Psychology (1896), vol. ii. bk. ii. ch. 5 and 6.

For

a general view of the place of association in mental life, see PSYCHOLOGY. For more special criticism of the psychological doctrine of association, see James, Principles of Psychology (1893); Külpe's Outlines of Psychology (trans.), sec. 27-33 (1859); and articles in Mind, July, 1893, and Oct., 1894, by Ward. For the philosophical doctrine of associationism, see HUME and MILL.

Assolant, JEAN BAPTISTE A. (1827-86), French novelist and journalist, born at Aubusson. He was educated at the Ecole Normale and afterward taught history in several schools, but is best known in the country as the writer of a series of clever sketches entitled Scènes de la vie des États-Unis (1858), published originally in the Revue des Deux Mondes, and based upon his observations during a visit to the U. S. in 1852. From this work he charged Sardou with plagiarism, in the play he brought out, entitled L'Oncle Sam, but Sardou was acquitted of the charge by a commission of authors. Assolant's other work includes several novels, Brancas (1859), Marcomir (1373), Gabrielle de Chenevert, and Pendragon (1881).

Assonance, a kind of imper

Assuan

fect rhyme consisting in the recurrence of the same vowel sounds. It differs from rhyme proper in paying no regard to the accompanying consonants. (See RHYME.) Pain and care, waver and fairest, are examples of perfect assonants. The oldest romances of the French trouvères are generally assonantal, one vowel sound being often carried through the whole composition; but French poets early rejected assonance and restricted themselves to rhyme. Nevertheless, some of the younger contemporary French poets, in their attempt to widen the range of their lyric poetry, have recently essayed the reintroduction of assonance. In Spain it has more than held its own against the more highly developed forms of rhyme imported from Italy, and has retained its position in the romance (or ballad) metres, in the dramas of Calderon and Lope de Vega, in popular songs, and in lyric poetry generally. Its most striking development, however, is to be found in Celtic poetry, which compensates for its almost total absence of perfect rhyme by the establishment of a highly artificial and intricate system of assonantal harmonies, which includes not only the usual terminal correspondence of one line with another, but also a further assonance between the terminal word of one line and a medial word in the line following, together with the regular employment of internal 'chiming' within the bounds of the line itself. Assonance is only suitable to languages in which the vowel sounds predominate over the consonants. Hence, while rejected in English, it is tolerated in Scottish poetry.

Assuan, or ASWAN, a town of Upper Egypt, at the first cataract of the Nile, near the site of the ancient Syene; lat. 24° 5' N. It is on the Nile railway. Pop. about 12,000. Here is a barrage or dam, the largest work of the kind in the world, built by the Egyptian government after the design of Mr. W. Willcocks, at a cost of $24,000,000. The dam, which is 2,187 yards long, is designed to form a reservoir regulating the flow of the Nile. It is built of solid masonry, weighing a million tons, with a sloping buttress throughout its length, and having 180 under-sluices, which when opened will allow free passage to the early floods-the later annual inundation being, of course, conserved. At its present level the dam will hold up no less than 35 milliards of cubic feet of water; but it is intended (by adding to its present height) that it shall be capable of impounding double that volume of water, thereby, it is estimated, providing for the irrigation of 600,000 acres of su

Assumpsit

gar-cane and cotton land. Navigation is provided for by a 'ladder' of four locks. The dam was completed on July 31, 1902, and formally opened by the Duke of Connaught in December. In 1907 the Council of Ministers sanctioned the project for raising the height of the dam so that the water level will be 23 ft. higher, the water storage increased two and a half times, and about 950,000 additional acres brought under cultivation. See The Nile Reservoir Dam at Assuân, by W. Willcocks (1901).

Assumpsit. An old form of action, now obsolete or abolished by statute. It was founded on an engagement to do or refrain from

436

Oriental and Roman Catholic Churches, but ignored by Protestants, which commemorates the ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven. The belief in this miracle cannot be traced before the 6th century.

Assur, ASUR, or ASSHUR, the ancient national god of Assyria.

Assurance, LEGAL. A technical term of English law for a conveyance of land. It is most comprehensive in meaning, including any act in the law, or instrument, by which an estate in land may be created, extinguished, enlarged, merged, defeated, transferred, or released. Assurances may be divided, in respect of the source of

Assyria

of the country, which, in its turn, was so called after the god Assur, the patron divinity of the land.

Assyria proper was that tract of country to the east of Mesopotamia having as its E. boundary the modern Kurdistan. Its s. boundary was Babylonia, often called Kar-Dunias in the inscriptions. On its N. border it had the land of Armenia, called Urartu (Ararat) and mât Mannâa (the land of the Vannites) in the inscriptions. Its w. boundary embraced a certain portion of the country on the w. bank of the Tigris, and therefore encroached slightly on Mesopotamia proper. The country was exceedingly fertile,

doing a certain act and is the foundation of the modern action for breach of contract. Special assumpsit was the form of the action which was available for breach of the ordinary bilateral contract. See CONTRACT. General assumpsit, known also as indebitatus assumpsit, was a more comprehensive remedy, including the old action of debt and a large variety of obligations not resting on agreement at all, but created by statute or otherwise imposed by law. The class of obligations known as quasi contracts belong in this category. See QUASI CON

The Nile Reservoir and Dam, Assuan. their validity, into (a) common law assurances-e.g. feoffments, exchanges, releases; (b) customary assurances-e.g. assurances of copyhold; (c) statutory assurances -e.g. conveyances by deed under modern statutes. The term is not in common use in the United States. Assurance, Life. See INSUR

ANCE.

Assur-bani-pal. See ASSYRIA and SARDANAPALUS.

Assyria. This name is derived, to all appearance, from the native Assur or Asur, a word which was borrowed by the Hebrews under the form of Asshur, and which is frequently pronounced, in the East, Athur, the ancient Aramaic form. The name Assur, standing for Assyria, is derived from that of the city Assur, the old capital

with excellent clay for brickmaking and pottery (including tablets), and also good building stone, in the possession of which it had the advantage over Babylonia.

The ancient capital, Assur, now called Kalaat Shergat, about 60 m. below Mosul, was the residence of the early kings and viceroys; but the place was seemingly abandoned as the capital about 1300 B.C., and Nineveh substituted. Nineveh is now represented by the mounds of Kuyunjik and Nebi Yunus, opposite Mosul.

Another important city was Calah, the Kalakh of the inscriptions, about 12 m. s. of Nineveh. It is now represented by the mounds known as Nimrud. The city of Resen probably lay in the same neighborhood, and has been

Assyria

identified with the modern Selamiyah. A city Res-eni (which is the same name) is mentioned by Sennacherib, but seems to have been situated to the north of Nineveh. Another important city was Arbela, the modern Ervil, near the mountains on the east. It was an important centre of Assyrian worship, the patron goddess of the city being Istar.

The date when the colonists from Babylonia established themselves in Assyria is doubtful, but it is generally regarded as having taken place about 2500 B.C., when the amalgamation of the Semitic and the non-Semitic elements of the population had already been accomplished. A slight difference in the racial type of the Babylonians and the Assyrians suggests that the latter absorbed, in course of time, the original inhabitants of the country, who

437

a temple, or rebuilt the temple of the god Asur (Assur), in the city of that name, for the preservation of his life.

According to the oldest traditions of the Assyrians, the monarchy was founded by a king named Bel-kapkapu, but there is no information as to his age or deeds. It is the name of Assurbêl-nisi-su (about 1480 B.C.) which, in the documents at present at our disposition, first comes before us in connection with history in the true sense of the word. He was a contemporary of the Babylonian king Kara-indas; and during his reign, and that of Puzur-Assur, contemporary of the Babylonian king Burna-burias, and Assurnadin-âhê, about 1420 B.C., agreements or treaties were made between the two nations with regard to their common boundaries. His son, Assur-uballit, states that his

Assyria

hood of Diarbekir, and is stated by King Assur-nasir-apli (885 B.C.) to have been the founder of Calah. His son was Tukulti-Ninip 1., who signalized his reign by an expedition to the Sebbeneh-Su, where he had an image of himself carved on the rock. To all appearance, this king ruled also over Babylonia. About 1210 B.C. Assyria and Babylonia again came into conflict, the latter country evidently having the advantage. The energy of Ninip-apil-Esarra, however, shortly before the year 1200 B.C., gave victory to the Assyrians, though it was not until the time of his son, Assurdan I., that a satisfactory treaty Iwas made with the Babylonians, whose king, Zagaga-sum-iddina, saw several of his cities fall into the hands of the Assyrians.

He was succeeded by MutakkilNusku, concerning whom but little

possibly had some relationship Iwith the Armenians. On entering Assyria, the migrants brought with them the civilization, the manners, the customs, the religion, and the literature of the Babylonians, with whom they originated, and it is largely owing to them that that literature has been preserved.

He

The earliest rulers of Assyria, like those of Babylonia, were called patesi, or, in the Semitic idiom, issaku, rendered priestkings' or 'viceroys.' Of these rulers, the most ancient known seems to have been Isme-Dagan, who ruled about 1850 B.C. was succeeded by Samsi-Addu I., who built a temple at Assur to the gods Anu and Addu. Other rufers of later date were Igur-kapkapu and Samsi-Addu II., who rebuilt the great national temple to Assur at the same place. A brick in the British Museum gives us the names of Hallu, and Irisum, his son, who seems to have built

father received from the king of Egypt a present of twenty talents of gold. To all appearance, Karaindas of Babylonia had married a daughter of Ássur-uballit, the successor of Assur-nadin-âhê, and the issue of the marriage was Kadasman-Murus, who was killed by some disaffected Kassites. The Assyrian king avenged his son-inlaw by invading Babylonia, and deposing and putting to death his murderer, at the same time setting Kuri-galzu on the throne. (See BABYLONIA.) The relations of Assur-uballit's successors-Belnirari, Pudi-ilu, and Addu-nirari I. (about 1345 B.C.)-were not so peaceful, and portions of the north of Babylonia were annexed to Assyria.

The son of Addu-nirari I., Shalmaneser I., came to the throne about 1330 B.C., and was regarded by the Assyrians as one of the more renowned of their kings. He seems to have extended the boundaries of the empire as far as the neighbor

is known. The son of the latter, Assur-rês-isi (c. 1140 B.C.), however, again raised the name of the Assyrian empire, overthrowing the Ahlamites, Lulumites, and Kutites, and defeating Nebuchadnezzar 1. of Babylonia when he attempted to take possession of the borderlands between the two countries. Still more renowned than Assur-rês-fsi was his son, Tiglathpileser 1. (c. 1120 B.C.), whose long and complete inscriptions from the ruins of the temple at Assur speak of his numerous expeditions against the Moschians (Mesech), Kummuha or Commagene, Hatte (the land of the Hittites), Musri, on the north of Assyria, and other places altogether forty-two lands and their princes 'from beyond the lower Zab to the other side of the Euphrates, the Hittites, and the upper western sea.' He also fought against Marduk-nadin-âhê of Babylonia, and captured many of his cities, including Babylen, Sippar, and Opis. His son was