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Bad Lands

markable strength. The American badger (Taxidia Americana) is now mainly restricted to the Western plains, where it feeds on ground-squirrels, as well as mis

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though erroneously, confounded with the crest, or even with the coat of arms; but though it may partake of the form of a charge or of a crest, it is not borne upon a shield, or, as a crest is, on a wreath, though a shield or a wreath may enter into its composition.

birds, and insects. Nocturnal in habit, it spends much of the day in a spacious burrow, which is excavated by preference on the sunny side of a wooded hill. Though naturally inoffensive in its habits the badger is capable of biting severely when roused, and has re

Badger.

cellaneous food, and is much per secuted because of its damaging burrowings. It is long-haired and gray, with blackish stripes on the face. It is about 27 in. long, and the tail 5 in. long. The European badger (Meles taxus) is somewhat larger and darker, and was for merly called 'brock' and 'grey.' It was in old times an object of sport, by being captured and set to fight dogs. Other species, varying more or less from these, occur in Asia.

Badger, OSCAR CHARLES (1823-99), American naval officer, born at Windham, Conn. He be came a midshipman in the U. S. Navy in 1841, served on the Mis sissippi in the Gulf Squadron in the Mexican War (1846), and during the Civil War, as lieutenantcommander (1862), commanded, in turn, the Patapsco and the Montauk in Forts attacks upon and Wagner, Gregg, Sumter (1863), and for a time was fleetcaptain of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. He became a captain in 1872 and a commodore in 1881, and was retired from active service in 1885.

Badham, CHARLES (1813-84), Greek scholar, born in Glasgow, and a pupil of Pestalozzi. He became professor of classical philology and logic at Sydney University, New South Wales, where he died. His work was chiefly confined to critical editions of Plato.

Badia y Lablich, or LEBLICH, DOMINGO (1766-1818), a Spanish traveller, born at Barcelona, who travelled (1801-7), disguised as a Mussulman, Ali Bei, through Morocco, N. África, and Egypt, to Mecca, being the first Christian to visit that city. On his return he joined the French party in Spain, and fled to Paris with King Joseph in 1814. In the same year he published, in Paris, Voyage d'Ali Bei en Afrique et en Asie (1814). He died in Syria while on his way to India.

Bad Lands, rough and barren tracts in the west of the United States, deeply trenched by erosion, leaving table-lands or mesas; they contain a wonderful series of mammalian fossils. One of these regions is on the White R., another on the Lower Yellowstone and the Little Missouri, a third in S. Dakota and Nebraska.

Badminton

Badminton. This game resembles lawn tennis (q. v.), but differs from it in one essential point a shuttlecock is used instead of a ball. As this shuttlecock must be played before it touches the ground, any fairly level piece of turf will serve. The game may be played either in or out of doors, any large public hall or gymnasium suiting the former condition. The number of players varies from two to eight. four being the best number. The players, four or two in number, place themselves and

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10 feet.

Left Court.

Right Court.

Post.

10 feet. Diagram of Badminton Court.

carry on the game as in lawn tennis. The rules of scoring are practically the same as in racquets (q. v.), the game being 15.

Badminton, village, Gloucestershire, England. Near the village is the estate of the Duke of Beaufort, also called Badminton, which has given its name to the game (q. v.), to the Badminton Sporting Library, edited by the Duke of Beaufort, and to a London club of sporting men. Pop. about 550.

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Badoc, pueblo, near seacoast,

m. southwest of Laoag, province of Ilocos Norte, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Pop. 14,000.

Badrinath, peak in Garhwal district, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, India (30° 44′ N. lat. and 79° 31′ E. long.). Its height is 23,210 ft. above the sea. On one of its slopes is a shrine of Vishnu, which attracts annually some 50,000 pilgrims.

Bæda. See BEDE.

Baedeker, KARL (1801-59), German author and publisher, was the son of a bookseller in

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Essen. Starting business in Koblenz in 1827, he issued in 1839 a small guide book on the Rhine, the first of an admirable series of handbooks in German, French, and English. In 1872 the business was moved to Leipzig.

Bael, or BHEL, also EGLÉ, a plant of the orange order. The fruit is used in India as a remedy against diarrhoea and dysentery. The rind yields a perfume, as well as a yellow dye, and a cement is formed from the seeds.

Baena, town, province Cordova, Spain, 30 m. southeast of Cordova; railway station on line from Jaën to Puente Genil. It is the site of an old Roman town. Pop. 16,000.

Baer, GEORGE FREDERICK (1842), American lawyer and railroad president, was born in Somerset County, Pa. He was educated at Somerset Academy and Franklin and Marshall College. In the Civil War he took part in the chief engagements of the Army of the Potomac from the second battle of Bull Run to Chancellorsville, when he was promoted to the rank of adjutantgeneral. He was admitted to the bar in 1864; was counsel and director for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, and took a prominent part in its reorganization in 1893. In 1901 he became president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, and the Central Railroad Company of New Jersey. He was active in the negotiations for the railroad anthracite operators in connection with the coal strike of 1902. He has been chairman of the board of trustees of Franklin and Marshall College since 1903.

Baer, JOHN WILLIS (1861), American college president, was born near Rochester, Minn. He was educated at Cleveland, Ohio. In 1879 he engaged in journalism at Cedar Rapids, Ia., and in 1881 went to Minneapolis and entered business life. In 1890 he was appointed national secretary of the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor, and was assistant secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions (1900– 5). Since 1906 he has been president of the Occidental College at Los Angeles, Cal.

Baer, KARL ERNST VON (17921876), German zoologist and embryologist, was appointed (1817) professor of zoology at Königsberg, and in 1834 librarian of the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg. Founder of the science of comparative embryology, he exploded the 'animalculist the

Baeyer

ory' by his discovery of the true laws of embryonic development of man and the vertebrates, the results of his investigations being expounded in De Ovi Mammalium et Hominis Genesi (1827). Next to this, the book which had most influence with his contemporaries was Ueber Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere (1828-37), to which the Untersuchungen über die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Fische (1835) may be regarded as a supplement. Consult his autobiography.

Baer, WILLIAM JACOB (1860), American miniature painter, was born in Cincinnati, O. He attended the common schools, and studied art while working as a lithographer. Subsequently for five years he was a pupil at the Munich Royal Academy, where he received numerous medals. In 1884 he established his studio in New York, and engaged in genre work until 1892, when he took up miniature painting. For his miniature work he received medals at several world's fairs. He is president of the American Society of Miniature Painters. Among his best known works in miniature are The Golden Hour; Aurora; Daphne; Nymph; Madonna with the Auburn Hair; Primavera; The Smiling Woman. In the past few years he has again become a regular contributor to current exhibitions as a painter of portraits and ideal subjects on

canvas.

Bætica, name of a considerable part of ancient Spain, called after the river Bætis (now the Guadalquivir), which traversed it. During the Roman occupation it contained Hispalis (Seville), Corduba (Cordova), Gades (Cadiz). Before the Roman conquest it was occupied by the Phoenicians and Carthaginians. After they abandoned it, it fell into the possession of the Vandals, whence is derived the name of Andalusia (q. v.).

Baeyer, JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLPH VON (1835), German chemist, was born in Berlin. He studied under Bunsen and Kekulé. He taught in the Gewerbe-akademie in Berlin (1860-72); was professor extraordinarius of the University in Berlin (1866-72); became professor at Strassburg (1872); and since 1875 has been professor at Munich, where he succeeded Liebig. In 1905 he received the Nobel Prize (q. v.) for chemistry, and in the same year an edition of his collected works was published by his friends in honor of his seventieth birthday. He is an authority on the chemistry of indigo, which he was the first

Baez

to prepare synthetically (1878); and author of important contributions to theoretical chemistry, especially in connection with benzol isomerism, the assimilation of carbonic acid by plants, and fermentation.

Baez, BUENAVENTURA (c. 1810-84), Dominican political leader, a mulatto, was born in Azua, Hayti. With Don Pedro Santana (q. v.) he bore the principal part in the founding of the Dominican Republic (1844), of wh ch he was four times president (1849-53, 1856-8, 1865-6, 1869-73), being deposed each time by insurgents. During his last term he proposed the annexation of Santo Domingo to the United States, and negotiated with President Grant an annexation treaty, which was rejected by the U. S. Senate. He gained a high reputation for his dignified and manly conduct of public affairs.

Baeza (ancient Beatia), town, province Jaën, Spain, a station on the railway from Madrid to Cordova. It is an ancient walled town with formerly famous university(1533), now disestablished. It holds an important horse fair in May of each year. Pop. 16,000. Baffa, Baffo. See PAPHOS. Baffin, WILLIAM (1584-1622), navigator and discoverer of the sea which bears his name, was born in London. He went to the whale fisheries off Spitzbergen (1613-14), and joined Captain Robert Bylot in 1615 on board the Discovery, to search for the Northwest Passage by Davis Strait. Unsuccessful in this, he discovered and charted Baffin Bay. His observations, discredited during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, were verified by Sir John Ross in 1818, and were used by the Franklin expedition. Baffin was killed in the British service at the siege of Ormuz. Consult Markham'. Voyages of William Baffin.

Baffin Bay, or, more correctly, BAFFIN SEA, lies between Greenland and Baffin Land, with the Arctic Circle for its southern limit and 77° 30′ N. lat. for its northern. Long. 51° to 80° w. On the south it communicates with the Atlantic Ocean through Davis Strait, and on the north with the Arctic through Smith Sound, Kennedy Channel, and Robeson Channel. Lancaster Sound and Jones Sound both lead out of it at the northwest into the Arctic. It is about 825 m. long; its average width is about 275 m., its greatest width being about 390 m. Its greatest depth is about 6,000 feet. It is a resort for whalers and seal hunters.

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William Baffin (q. v.) discovered and explored it in 1616.

Baffin Land, an island of British North America, lies between lat. 62° and 72° N., with Lancaster Sound on the north, Baffin Bay and Davis Strait on the east, the Gulf of Boothia and Fox Channel on the south. It is about 1,000 miles long, and

RED BALL

DEAD BALL LINE

о

BALK SPOT

Bagatelle Table.

from 200 to 500 miles wide, and is largely composed of rocks partly covered with ice. Grasses and Arctic flowers are found in the interior. In the southern part are the lakes Amadjnak (120 by 40 m.) and Nettilling (140 by 60 m.). On the eastern side is an ice-capped plateau, reaching an elevation of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. The principal animals are the reindeer, wolf, fox, and polar bear, on land; the walrus, narwhal, Greenland whale, and seal, in the surrounding waters. The island is inhabited by a few Eskimos.

Bagatelle

Bafula bé, French military post (founded in 1879) in West Africa, on the Senegal River, 120 miles by rail southeast of Bakel. Cattle, millet,and kola nuts are produced in the vicinity. Pop. 6,000.

Bagalkot, town, Bijapur district, Bombay, India, on the Ghatprakka River, 44 m. south of Bijapur. Manufactures silk and cotton goods. Pop. 21,000. Bagamoyo, maritime district, German East Africa. Pop. (Persians, Sudanese, Somalis, Abyssinians, and Swahilis) 75,000, together with Arab and Indian traders. Fruits (mangoes, oranges, lemons, guava, citrons, and papaws) grow well, and copra is exported.

Bagamoyo, seaport town, at the mouth of the Kingani River, German East Africa, opposite Zanzibar, with which it is in constant communication. It is an important trading centre, the starting point of caravans, and the centre of the telegraph system of the colony. Pop. about 20,000.

Bagara. See BAGGARA. Bagasse (Fr. 'a slat'), the refuse from sugar-cane after crushing; it is used as fuel. On account of the large percentage of moisture and air that bagasse contains, its fuel value has been only one-ninth to one-seventh that of coal. Efforts are being made, however, to enhance its efficiency by more thorough drying and by the use of furnaces with small air chambers, to make allowance for the air already present in the fuel. Oil and bagasse are sometimes burned together. Experiments are being made with bagasse in the manufacture of paper. Consult Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station's Bulletin No. 117; Kerr's Bagasse and Bagasse Furnaces (1909).

Bagatelle is played on an oblong table, varying in length from 6 to 10 ft., and in breadth from 1 to 3 ft. At the semicircular upper end of the table are nine holes or cups, numbered from 1 to 9, into which it is the object of the player to drive by means of a cue the nine balls-eight white and one red-that enter into the game. Each white ball driven into a hole counts to the score of the player a number of points corresponding to the number of the hole; the red ball counts double. The red at the beginning of each round is placed on the spot about a foot nearer balk than the nearest hole; the white balls are played from balk, the first being played upon the red, and each player in turn plays all the balls, the object

Bagauda

being to lodge a ball in every hole. The playing of all the balls by a player is a round, and any agreedupon number of rounds may be played for the game. In cannon bagatelle three balls only are used, and the holing of a ball counts only when it is preceded by a cannon. The striker's break ends when he fails to cannon.

Cockamaroo, or Russian bagatelle, is the game in which the ball is driven through and among an arrangement of pins, holes, arches, and bells. Other forms of bagatelle go by the names sans egal (or French game), Irish can

525

for many years infested with small bands of rebel brigands.

Bagby, GEORGE WILLIAM (1828-83), American journalist, was born in Buckingham county, Va. He studied at Princeton and was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. He was Washington correspondent of Southern journals, and editor (1859-64) of the Southern Literary Messenger. He was State librarian of Virginia (1870-8), and gained considerable reputation as an old-style lecturer and humorist, his pen-name being 'Mozis Addums.'

Bagdad, vilayet or province

Bagdad

Consult Chiha's La Province de Bagdad (1908).

Bagdad, or BAGHDAD, city, Mesopotamia, Asiatic Turkey, capital of the vilayet of the same name, on both banks of the Tigris River, 220 miles above the outfall of the Shat-el-Arab. Formerly of great importance, its transit trade, though still considerable, has been reduced by the diversion of ancient trade routes to Persia. But the projected Bagdad railway (q. v.) will probably increase its commerce. Imports are European cotton goods and Indian cotton cloths, loaf-sugar, coffee, indigo, pepper, and tobacco.

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non game, Mississippi, and troumadame.

Bagaudae, BAGAUDI, or BAGAUDS, a name said to be of Celtic derivation, meaning mob or disorderly assemblage, applied to the coloni (or serfs) and peasants of Gaul who in the third century A. D. revolted against Roman misgovernment and oppression. A series of petty revolts culminated in 287 in a general insurrection. Several cities were sacked, and after a seven months' siege, Autun was captured and destroyed. The two leaders, Emilianus and Amandus, were declared emper

ors.

The Emperor Maximilian put an end to the general insurrection, though the country was

(From Sketch by Eug. Flandin.)

of Asiatic Turkey, is in the basin of the Lower Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, and includes ancient Mesopotamia and Babylonia. It is largely desert land, owing to the neglect of the irrigation canals; but an extensive system of irrigation has been undertaken by the Turkish government. There is a mixed population (about 850,000) of Persians, Armenians, Turks, Jews, Arabs, and Kurds. Grain and fruit are produced. The area is 54,540 square miles. The capital is Bagdad (q. v.). The vilayets of Bagdad, Basra, and Mossul are to be consolidated (1911) under one government, with headquarters at Bagdad.

Exports are wool, gum, galls, skins and hides, opium, carpets, and dates. The annual trade (1910) amounted to $17,951,875. River craft ply between Bagdad and Basra, on the Shat-el-Arab River, the port of transshipment to ocean steamers. The streets are narrow, crooked, and dirty, while the Tigris is used both as a sewer and as the source of the water supply. The buildings, of yellowish brick, are insignificant, except for the beauty of colored tiles in the interiors. But the palm and date trees, closely planted in the considerable spaces between the houses, and the numerous mosques, give the city a picturesque appearance.

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liphate (1901); Chiha's La Province de Bagdad (1908); Fraser's Short Cut to India (1909).

Bagdad Railway. In 1899 the Anatolian Railway Company obtained a concession from the Turkish government for the construction of a railway line from Konieh, the extreme east point of the Anatolian Railway, to Bagdad and Basra (Bussorah), and thence to the Persian Gulf. When completed, the length of the line, including its branches, will be some 1,550 miles. It starts at Konieh and goes southeast to Adana, thence east to Aintab and Birejik, where it crosses the Euphrates, afterward farther east to Mosul, and again

Bagdad Railway

announced in that year, whereby the German group controlled 40 per cent. of the capital and the French group 20 per cent. A company was floated at Frankfort, with a capital of $750,000, to construct the first section (Konieh-Eregli-Burgurlu), and this was completed and opened in October, 1904. The Anatolian Railway Company has undertaken irrigation works in the region served by this first section of the Bagdad Railway, which will convert the country into a fertile plain.

Lack of funds caused a long halt in the work of construction beyond Burgurlu; but in June. 1909, fresh loans were assigned

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and is subject to great extremes. · Pop. (est. 1911) 150,000.

Bagdad was built out of the ruins of Ctesiphon by Al-Mansur in 763. It became the capital of the Abbaside caliphate, and was enlarged and improved in the ninth century by Harounal-Raschid (immortalized in the Arabian Nights). The city was sacked by Hulaku, grandson of Jenghiz Khan, in 1258, and again by Tamerlane in 1400, and after many vicissitudes, and at least one memorable siege (1627), came into the hands of the Turks (1638). It suffered from the plague in 1773, and again in 1831, when the population was reduced two-thirds. Consult Le Strange's Bagdad during the Abbasid Ca

south down the river bank of the Tigris to Bagdad. Principal branches will be from Aintab to Aleppo, and from Birejik to Urfa. The concession is for ninety-nine years, and the entire line was to be completed in eight years. The Turkish government guarantees net receipts to the amount of $2,500 per kilometre (.621 of a mile) per annum, and $900 per kilometre for working expenses. The railway is being built of the normal gauge of 1.44 metres (4 ft. 8 in.), with a single line.

In 1903 the British government refused to be a party to the plan which put the railway entirely under German control. A new financial agreement was

by the Turkish government for the next four sections of the road, from Burgurlu to El Helif (840 kilometres). The question of British co-operation is again under discussion, and the question of the terminus is still unsettled (1911). Koweit, on the Persian Gulf, is most commonly named. But Koweit is under British influence, and there is some opposition in England to the construction there of a railway terminal and harbor works which, under foreign control, might be a menace to British supremacy in the Persian Gulf. British control of the section from Bagdad south has been suggested, as well as the internationalization of the whole line. A branch line, to be built

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