account. The common name refers to the fact that the anima! is fond of lying at the surface of the water, with the upper part of the back exposed.

Basnage, JACQUES (1653-1725), French Protestant clergyman; born at Rouen, where he became minister of the Reformed church. At the revocation of the Edict of Nantes he went to Rotterdam, where he was chosen (1691) pastor of the Walloon church;, and in 1709 he was transferred, in the same capacity, to the French church at The Hague. He is

one of the best of the church historians, his books being accepted by Catholics and Protestants alike. He published Histoire de la Religion des Eglises Réformées (1690; much enlarged in 1725), Histoire de l'Eglise depuis Jésus Christ jusqu'à présent (1699), and Histoire des Juifs depuis Jésus Christ (1706). See Mailhet's J. Basnage (1881).

Basoche, or BAZOCHE, a corporation of clerks of the Parliament of Paris, to which, about 1303, Philip the Fair granted special privileges, exempting its members from the jurisdiction of the common law. It survived to the revolution. See Fabre's Etudes Historiques sur les Clercs de la Basoche (1856).

Basque Road, THE ACTION IN. The French fleet, which had escaped from Brest, was, in April, 1809, ranged below the island of Aix, and was there assailed by Lord Cochrane with a British fleet.

The boom was broken by one of Cochrane's fireships. The French began hurriedly, to get under way, and panic and confusion arising among them, all but two ran aground. The vessels actually destroyed beyond repair were three ships of the line, a 50gun ship and a 40-gun frigate. Had Cochrane been properly sup ported by Gambier, all would have been destroyed. See Cochrane's Autobiography of a Seaman (1890); Chatterton's Memorials of Gambier (1861).

side, the Spanish provinces of Biscaya, Guipuzcoa, and Alava, and the Pamplona district of Navarra; on the north, one-third of Basses-Pyrénées. Á language of Basque type was in prehistoric times common to the inhabitants on both sides of the Pyrenees. Euskaldunac, Euskaldería, and Euskara are the native names of the people, country, and language respectively. The primitive Iberians have further, according to latest ethnographic evidence, to be grouped with the Ligurians of Italy, whose original home is traceable to the Mediterranean. The Ligurians, again, are, from evidence of craniology, archæology, etc., concluded to have been prehistorically settled in the valley of the Po and Rhineland. The Ligurians, it is further held, were spread over all Italy, as also Sardinia, Corsica, and

Basques

bines the Iberians and Picts in the term 'Ibero-Pictish.' Gabelenz has (1894) compiled 780 examples of verbal resemblance and structural correspondence between the Basque tongue on the north and the Berber tongue on the south of the Mediterranean. There seems ground, then, for the assumption that the Basques are descended from the aboriginal race of Europe.

The Basque language belongs to the agglutinative type, modifications of meaning and grammatical relations being denoted, not by inflection or by prepositions, but by adjunction and postfix. It lacks general and abstract concepts. Basque has only two conjugations-one for the intransitive verb, and to express the verb to be; the other for the transitive verb, and to express the verb to have. To the European the enunciation is about as hard as the grammar. The tongue is differentiated into as many as twentyfive dialects (L. L. Bonaparte), many mutually unintelligible.

R. Collignon, after most searching investigations, concludes that the physical traits of the Basques, out of all relation to those of any other type, assign them indisputably to the Hamitic branch of the whites, N. African or European (Afro-European). According to E. Reclus, there is no Basque type.' Among the Basques there are two forms of physique: the one tall, fair, and long-headed; the other short, dark, and roundheaded. The two are blended in a long range of proportions, yet, on the whole, the Basques are

Basques

Pe

On the seaboard the Basques are engaged in commerce and fishing; inland, in agriculture and

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year 1876. They still, however, retain a certain administrative autonomy and some commercial privileges.

The literature of the Basques is of very narrow compass. A few words in Basque occur in L. Marineo Siculo's Cosas illustres y excellentes de España (1539). The oldest printed relic of the Basque tongue dates from 1545-B. Dechepare's Lingua Vasconum Primitia. There are some five hundred volumes in the Basque language, nearly all translations from Latin, French, and Spanish. Other Basque books betray the French or Castilian culture of their authors. The Basque dramas-pastorales-are, it appears from the discoveries of Mr. W. Webster, editions of French chap-books. The Basque traditionary legends, comprising fortyseven stories, have been published (1877) by Mr. W. Webster. There is a collection of wider range published by Vinson, Le Folk-lore du Pays Basque (1883). Ignatius

Bass

Vinson's Les Basques et le Pays Basque (1882); Mahn's Denkmäler der Baskischen Sprache (1857); Prince L. L. Bonaparte's La Langue Basque et les Langues Finnoises (1862); Inchauspe's Le Peuple Basque: sa Langue, son Origine, etc. (1894); A. H. Keane's Man, Past and Present (1899).

Basra, BASSORA, or BUSSORAH, tn. and riv. pt. on the Shat-el-Arab 70 m. from Persian Gulf, Asiatic Turkey; head of navigation for steamers drawing nineteen feet of water. River steamers ply between this port and Bagdad, 200 m. farther N. The district around is marshy and unhealthy. The exports for 1900 exceeded $7,500,000, the bulk of which was in wool and dates. Its imports consist of silk, woollen, and cotton goods. Founded in 632 by Caliph Omar, Basra was long one of the most important centres of trade, and a place of historic note in Arabic literature. It was visited by Marco Polo in the 13th century. Pop. 18,000.

pastoral pursuits. The Basque Provinces are the centre of the iron-mining of Spain.

Pamplona (Pompeiopolis) testifies to the foundation of this town by Pompeius (74 B.C.). The Romans did not, however, succeed in imposing their language on the Basques. Routed, after a long and obstinate resistance, by the Visigoths about 580, a portion of the Basques sought refuge in Gascony. About 920 the Basque countries were consolidated into the kingdom of Navarre, which was ultimately incorporated in the kingdom of Spain. Basques still, however, retained their fueros or assemblies, one in each province, safeguarding their home rule. When, in 1832, the fueros were abolished by the Cortes, the Basques offered such stout resistance as to cause their reinstatement. In the insurrections of 1833-7 and 1873-6 the Basques fought gallantly for Don Carlos, grandfather and grand

son.

The

The fueros ended with the

Bas-reliefs from the Parthenon, Athens.

Loyola and Francis Xavier were
Basques.

The total population is reckoned at about 610,000, of whom 65,000 are in Bayonne, 60,000 in Mauléon, 150,000 in Navarra, 180,000 in Guipuzcoa, 10,000 in Alava, and 145,000 in Biscay. Of recent years there has been a heavy emigration, especially to the Argentine Republic, Mexico, and Cuba, where Basques are counted to the number of 200,000.

See Michel's Le Pays Basque: sa Population, sa Langue (1857); Garat's Origines des Basques de France et d'Espagne (1869); J. F. Blade's Etudes sur l'Origine des Basques (1869); Gabelentz's Die Verwandtschaft des Baskischen mit den Berbersprachen Nordafrikas (1894); Gèze's 'De Quelques Rapports entre les Langues Berbère et Basque, in Mém. Soc. Archéol. du Midi de la France; 'La Civilisation Primitive dans la Sicilie Orientale,' in L'Anthropologie (1897); Cénac-Moncaut's Hist. des Peuples Pyrénéens (1874);

Bas-relief (Fr. 'low relief'), or BASSO-RILIEVO (Ital.), in sculpture, a form of relief in which the figures or objects represented are raised upon a flat surface or background, slightly projecting, so that no part of them is entirely detached from it. When the figures stand out half of their proportions, the term used is mezzo-rilievo (middle relief'); and when they project more than half, the words used are alto-rilievo (high relief'). The finest known example of bas-relief is the frieze of the Parthenon, copied in the design of the Athenæum Club in London. Bas-reliefs were invented by the Egyptians, and their use in sculpture extended to India, Media, Persia, Greece, and Rome. See Sir C. Eastlake's Basso-rilievo.

Bass, in music, is the lowest and most important part of all harmony. In earlier times it was common to write the bass notes alone of a composition, and place figures to indicate the construc

Bass

tion of each chord: this was termed a 'figured bass.' Bass is also the name given to the lowest male voice.

Bass, any of several fishes, both fresh-water and marine, allied to the perch. In the United States the name commonly refers to the two closely related game fishes of our rivers and lakes, the largemouthed and the small-mouthed black bass of the sunfish family (Centrarchidae). The former is the larger, sometimes 10 lbs. in weight, and prefers quiet southerly waters, while the latter is more active, abounds in clear, rapid rivers and lakes, and has spread widely east of the Alleghanies, since the opening of the Erie and other canals. Both are favorites of the angler, taking a fly as well as baited hooks, and giving as much excitement in the catching as do gamy trout. Both are excellent eating; and have been extensively cultivated and transplanted by methods of fishculture. Various smaller and less attractive, yet interesting species, as the grass bass, red-eye bass, and others, abound in the streams of the Mississippi Valley.

The salt-water bass include many well-known species of Serranidæ, of which the original 'bass' (Morone labrax) of the European coast is a typical and valuable example; it is sometimes 24 ft. long. In eastern America the name belongs primarily to the rock or striped bass (Roccus lineatus), a handsome fish, caught in large numbers for market, and also a favorite with anglers, when it enters the bays and estuaries in spring to spawn. It is characterized by the series of dark longitudinal lines ornamenting its sides. Several close relatives permanently inhabit the rivers and landlocked lakes of the interior of the United States, one of which is the excellent white bass, or white perch, of the Great Lakes. The

term 'sea-bass' is applied to various other active and gamey sea-fishes as the weakfish and drum of the Eastern coast, and the white sea-bass of California, the latter a near relative of the Eastern bluefish. See Jordan and Evermann, American Food and Game Fishes (1902); Henshall, Book of the Black Bass.

Bass, EDWARD (1726-1803), American P. E. bishop, was born in Dorchester, Mass., and graduated (1744) at Harvard. He was licensed to preach as a Congregationalist, but took orders, in England, in the Episcopal church, 1752, and became rector of the church at Newburyport, Mass. He espoused the American cause in the Revolutionary War, and was consecrated first bishop of the reorganized church in Mass., 1797, and his jurisdiction was ex

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tended over New Hampshire and Rhode Island.

Bass, GEORGE (d. 1812), English explorer, was a native of Asworthy, Lincolnshire. After qualifying as a surgeon in London, he was appointed to H.M.S. Reliance, in which he served on the Australian coast with Flinders in 1795-1800. The strait between Tasmania and Australia which bears his name was, with Flinders Island, chartered by the two officers in 1798. See Flinders's Observations on the Coasts of Van Diemen's Land (1801).

Bassandyne, or BASSENDYNE, THOMAS (d. 1577), was a printer and bookseller at the Nether Bow, Edinburgh, who issued the first Bible printed in Scotland. Bassandyne commenced with the New Testament, which bears his imprint on the title, and the date 1576; while the Old Testament bears the name of Arbuthnot, and the date 1579. See Dobson's Hist. of the Bassandyne Bible (1887).

Bassano, tn., prov. Vicenza, Italy, 53 m. by rail N.w. of Venice; stands on the high 1. bk. of the Brenta. It possesses a cathedral, manufactures straw hats and silk, and in the vicinity grows wine, olives, and asparagus. Pop. (1901) 15,097.

Bassano, or JACOPO DA PONTE (1510-92), Italian painter, called IL BASSANO from his birthplace; noted as the first Italian painter of genre, and of landscape treated in the modern spirit. In his Biblical subjects he introduced episodes of contemporary country life; his coloring is of fine Venetian quality; his horizons are bathed in delicate gray twilight. His best work is an altar-piece of The Nativity, in Bassano. Among his other works areRest during Flight (Ambrosian Library, Milan); Assumption (S. Luigi, Rome); Presentation (Pinacoteca, Vicenza); The Good Samaritan, once belonging to Sir Joshua Reynolds; two portraits in the National Gallery, London; and three pictures in Edinburgh. See Kugler's Italian Schools of Painting (Layard ed., 1887).

Basse, or BAS, WILLIAM (d. 1653), English poet, was the author of numerous poems on country life. He lived most of his life near Thame, in Oxfordshire, as the retainer of a nobleman there. He is chiefly known by his Epitaph on Shakespeare (1633); and was also the author of Sword and Buckler (1602) and Urania (1653), though this latter has been assigned to a second William Basse. See Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica, i. 199–208 (1860-83).

Bassein. (1.) Town in Thana dist., Bombay Presidency, India, 28 m. N. of Bombay. It contains the ruins of a Portuguese fortress

Basset Hound

and of many churches. Pop. (1901) 10,702. (2.) Town in dist. of same name, Pegu division, British Burma, situated on the 1. bk. of the Bassein R. Pop. (1901) 31,372.

On

Basses-Alpes, dep., S.E. France, on w. slope of Alps, forming the Italian frontier on the N.E. The area is 2,685 sq. m. The whole department is drained by the Durance R. all sides high mountains (reaching 10,000 ft.) surround it. The chief peaks are Chaîne du Parpaillon in the N., Mt. Pélat in the E., Mt. des Trois Evêches in the s. The climate is severe, except in the lower valleys, where even the olive tree grows. Good pastures are found, but deforestation has spoiled large tracts of mountains. The natural beauties of the department attract many visitors. Cap. Digne. Pop. (1901) 115,021.

Basses-Pyrénées, the most S.W. department of France, forming the boundary of Spain along the ridge of the Pyrenees, and facing the Bay of Biscay for 17 m. between the Adour and the Bidassoa. The ridge of the Pyrenees rises slowly from w. to E.; the principal peaks are Pic du Midí d'Ossau(9,465 ft.)and Pic du Palais (9,765 ft.). Some twentysix passes lead from France to Spain, including the famous Pass of Roncevaux. The department has about the same limits as the former province of Béarn, but the s.w. is really Pays Basque, The inhabitants, Basques and Béarnais, have for centuries kept their characteristic customs, especially in the mountainous districts. The plain of Béarn is well culti vated. Extensive forests clothe the mountains, and the streams yield abundance of fish. There are copper mines and stone quarries. Pau and Biarritz are noted health resorts. Area, 2,943 sq. m. Pop. (1901) 426,347.

Basse-Terre, seapt., s.w. side of Basse-Terre or Guadeloupe, proper, w. half of Guadeloupe, W. Indies; cap. of island. Pop. (1901) 7,838.

Basseterre, seapt., s.w. side of St. Christopher (St. Kitts), Leeward Group, W. Indies; cap. of island, and has good trade, especially in sugar and salt. Pop. (1901) 9,962.

Basset Horn (Ital. corno di bassetto), a rich-toned wind instrument, invented in Bavaria about 1770. It is similar to and fingered like the clarionet, but has additional low keys and a prolonged bore, which enable it to sound the octave C, this being equivalent to F below the bass clef, as the instrument is tuned in F.

Basset Hound, a kind of dog originating in France, where it is used to turn game out of cover

Bassett

It has a long body, heavy head, short and crooked legs, and is extremely keen of scent. A few

Basset Hound. packs are kept for hare-hunting in England, but it is rarely seen in America.

Bassett, JAMES (1834), American missionary, was born near Hamilton, Canada, and graduated (1856) at Wabash. He studied for the ministry at Lane Theological Seminary, served as chaplain in the Federal volunteers during the Civil War, and held various pastorates until he became a missionary under the American Board in 1871. His principal services were rendered in Turkey and Persia, and he was instrumental in securing diplomatic relations between Persia and the U. S. Author of Hymns in Persian (Teheran, 1875), Persia the Land of the Imams (1886).

Bassett, JOHN SPENCER (1867), American educator and historian, was born at Tarboro, N. C., and graduated (1888) at Trinity College, N. C. He took the Ph.D. degree at Johns Hopkins, and was appointed professor of history at his alma mater in 1893. He became editor of the South Atlantic Quarterly on its foundation in *1892. Author of Constitutional Beginnings of North Carolina (1894), and a series of papers on slavery in the colony and State of North Carolina, and editor of Writings of Col. William Byrd of Westover in Virginia (1901).

Bassia, a genus of tropical trees, found in the E. Indies and Africa, of the order Sapotacea. From the seeds of several species a vegetable oil much used in the manufacture of soap is obtained, and their fleshy flowers yield an intoxicating spirit when distilled. Three varieties of the Indian butter-tree yield useful oils known as butters-Bassia Parkii, giving shea butter; B. butyracea, ghee butter; and B. latifolia, mahwa butter. These substances are used partly as medicines and food, partly for making candles and soap. From the bark, leaves, and oil of some species are extracted remedies for rheumatism and skin disThe timber is of excel

eases.

lent quality.

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Bassompierre, FRANÇOIS DE (1579-1646), marshal of France and diplomatist, was born at Haroué in Lorraine. As colonel of the Swiss Guards, he served against the Turks in 1603, at the siege of Château Porcien in 1617, and took part in the sieges of Montpellier (1622) and La Rochelle (1628). He was sent on diplomatic missions to Spain (1621), Switzerland (1625), and England (1626). He incurred the suspicion of Richelieu, and was imprisoned in the Bastille from 1631 till the death of the minister in 1642. While there he wrote his Journal de ma Vie (1665; best ed. 1870-7), an interesting review of the years, 15981631. See De Puymaigre's Vie de Bassompierre (1848).

Bassoon, an important orchestral wood wind instrument, the successor to the bombard of the 16th century. It forms the bass of the whole family of wood wind instruments, among which it occupies a position similar to that of the cello among the strings. Like the oboe, it is played with double reed, which is inserted and fixed in the S-shaped neck of the instrument. The compass extends from

a

Bastard

been the first to discover this quality of the bassoon. The most familiar example of the kind is, however, in the march in Mendelssohn's Midsummer Night's Dream music. In orchestral scores bassoon parts are written in the F and C clefs, and the instrument is generally designated by its Italian title, jagotto, a name applied to the bassoon from its resemblance to a fagot or bundle of sticks. See Prout's The Orchestra (1899).

Bassora. See BASRA.

Bass Rock, volcanic islet, mouth of the Firth of Forth, Haddingtonshire, Scotland, 3 m. E.N.E. of North Berwick, opposite the Tantallon Castle of Scott's Marmion. Its area is 7 ac., and its culminating point, on N. side, is 350 ft. above sea-level. Favorite resort of solan geese; used in Covenanting times (1671-94) as a state prison. There is a lighthouse on the s. side of the rock. See Hugh Miller's The Bass Rock: its History, Geology, etc. (1848).

Bass Strait, running E. and w. between Tasmania and Victoria, Australia; named after Surgeon George Bass, of H.M.S. Reliance, who discovered it in 1798. The breadth varies from 80 to 140 m., but navigation is interrupted by many islands and coral reefs.

Basswood, a name applied to the American linden, as the chief source of commercial bast.

Bast, in botany, is a structural element in the stem of dicotyledons and gymnosperms. In most plants long, tough, elastic fibres form part of the bast, and it is on this account that it has economic value. The linden tree (Tilia) is specially rich in these fibres; and when the bark is removed the inner portion, or bast, is separated, and dried to form Russian bass or bast mats, which are used by gardeners. Strands of linden bast are also used for tying plants, but not so much as those of Cuban bast, which is derived from a tree of the mallow order. Flax, hemp, and jute are bast fibres of different plants. Liber is a term used for bast, but it is becoming obsolete. See Bevan and Cross's Contributions to the Chemistry of Bast Fibres (1880).

Bastar, native state, India, at the s. extremity of the Central Provinces; has an area of 13,062 sq. m., is covered with jungle, and more than half the inhabitants are a timid, harmless race of aborigines of Gond origin. Pop. (1901) 306,501

Bastard, one born out of lawful wedlock; an illegitimate child. By the common law of England and the United States a bastard is nullius filius, i.e. deprived of all the advantages of consanguinity; He cannot therefore inherit real

Bastard Bar

property from any source nor can he transmit by descent to collateral relations. He may, however, acquire property real and personal by gift, will or purchase, and convey or devise the same, and may transmit it to his lineal descendants as heirs or personal representatives. Bastardy involves no civil or political disability and does not affect the right to sue and be sued in the courts, to exercise the elective franchise, or to hold office in state or church. A bastard child is entitled to support from the mother and the mother or the local authorities may under modern statutes devolve the charge of caring for the child upon the father. The peculiar disability of the bastard, above described, exists also in jurisdictions which owe their legal principles to the Roman law, but it may there be cured by the subsequent marriage of the parents. By statute in many of the American states, also, the subsequent intermarriage of the parents will render a bastard legítimate, but the English Parliament has, from the Statute of Merton (1235) to the present time, consistently refused to alter the common law rule on the subject. In a few of the U. S., moreover, statutes have been enacted permitting a bastard to inherit from the mother and to transmit property to the mother by inheritance or under the statutes of distribution. See ILLEGITIMACY.

Bastard Bar, in heraldry, an obsolete and somewhat misleading designation for the symbol of illegitimacy. The figure to which this term is applied is properly called the baton. As the bar proper is a horizontal and not

Bastard Bar.

a diagonal figure, it can be neither dexter nor sinister, so that a bar sinister is, in English heraldry, an impossibility. The size (ie. width) of the baton is half that of the scarp, which in its turn is half that of the bend sinister.

Bastard of Orleans. See DUNOIS, JEAN.

Bastia, dist. tn., Corsica, on the N.E. shore, 120 nautical m. from Nice, with a poor harbor, but a brisk trade in fish, fruit, oil, and marble. Here, during the siege of 1794, Nelson lost an eye. Pop. (1901) 25,425.

Bastian, ADOLPH (1826-1905), German ethnologist, was born at Bremen. In 1851 he went to

611

Australia as a ship's surgeon, and during the next eight years trav elled over a great part of the world. He was appointed keeper of the Ethnological Museum, Berlin, in 1868, and lecturer on ethnology in the university there in 1869. In conjunction with Virchow he founded the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, the organ of the Berlin Anthropological Society. His greatest work is Die Völker des östlichen Asien (186671), a colossal collection of facts of religious, ethnological, and psychological interest. His other works, huge congeries of facts, without much attempt at order, include Der Mensch in der Geschichte (1860), Die Kulturländer des alten Amerika (1878-89), Der Buddhismus in seiner Psychologie (1882), Religions philosophische Probleme (1884), Indonesien (1884-94), Kulturhistorische Studien (1900), Der Menschheitsgedanke durch Raum und Zeit (1901), and some fifty other books.

Bastian, HENRY CHARLTON (1837), English physician, born at Truro; studied at University College, London, and was professor of pathological anatomy there from 1867-87, and professor of medicine from 1887-95. He is an authority on the pathology of the nervous system, and is also known as an advocate of the theory of the spontaneous generation of life among the lower organisms. His publications include The Modes of Origin of Lowest Organisms (1871); The Beginnings of Life (1872); Evolution and the Origin of Life (1874); Clinical Lectures on the Common Forms of Paralysis from Brain Disease (1875); The Brain as an Organ of Mind (1880); Paralyses-Cerebral, Bulbar, and Spinal (1886); A Treatise on Aphasia (1898).

Bastiat, FRÉDÉRIC (1801-50), French political economist, born at Bayonne. He took a lively interest in the struggles of the English 'Anti-Corn Law League,' and in 1844 he published De l'Influence des Tarifs Français et Anglais sur l'Avenir des Deux Peuples. He visited England in 1846, and on his return founded at Bordeaux the first free-trade association in France. But health failing he retired to Italy, where he died. His best-known writings are Cobden et la Ligue (1845); Sophismes Economiques (1847; latest Eng. trans. 1888); Propriété et Loi (1848); Justice et Fraternité (1848); Propriété et Spoliation (1850); L'Etat (1849); Protectionisme et Communisme (1849); Gratuité du Crédit (1850). Les Harmonies Economiques (1850; 10th ed. 1893) was translated into English by Dr. P. J. Stirling. His works, which are full of wit and wisdom, and strongly antagonistic to all forms

Bastille

of protection and socialism, were collected and published by Paillottet (1881). See Bondurand's F. Bastiat (1879).

Bastide, JULES (1800-79), a French republican politician and author, who opposed the Orleans dynasty by sword and pen, was condemned to death in 1832, but escaped to England. After his pardon, in 1834, he returned to Paris, and again engaged in politics, advocating republicanism in the National and the Revue Nationale, which he had established. In 1848 he acted as foreign minister for six months. Among his works are Histoire de l'Assemblée Législative (1849); Histoire des Guerres Religeuses en France (1859).

Bastien-Lepage, JULES (184884), French realistic painter, studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, under Cabanel. He served during the war 1870-1 as a franctireur under the painter Castellani. He loved open-air nature, and painted the rustic life of his childhood. He was no student of sunshine, but preferred gray skies and quiet tones, and used a high horizon line. Among his chief works are: La Petite Communiante (1875); Les Foins (1878); a portrait of Sarah Bernhardt (1879). In 1879 he went to London to execute the portrait of the Prince of Wales (1879); and seizing the opportunity to study London street life, he painted the London Bootblack, a London Flower-girl, and later the Thames at London (1882). In 1881 he painted The Beggar, one of his best productions; Love in the Village in 1883, and The Forge in 1884. His influence on modern painting was far-reaching and beneficial. See André Theuriet's Bastien-Lepage: l'Homme et l'Artiste (1885; Eng. 1892); Brownell's French Art (1902); Julia Ady's (Cartwright) Bastien - Lepage (1895): Stranahan's History of French Painting (1899); and Fourcauld's Bastien-Lepage: sa Vie et ses Euvres (1885).

Bastille, a term applied in the middle ages to a tower or bastion, and sometimes to the movable wooden tower otherwise called a berfry. In modern times the word has the general sense of a prison; but this signification is derived from the great and dreaded Bastille of Paris, in which, from the time of Richelieu onwards, persons obnoxious to those in high place were summarily incarcerated on the strength of a lettre de cachet. It fell before the fury of the mob in 1789. Although in its later days more definitely a prison, the Bastille of Paris was originally a fortress, built in the latter part of the 14th century as one of the fortifications of Paris. For the story