Bathurst (2 Sam. xi.) was less shameful, according to Oriental ideas, than it appears when judged by modern and Western standards; and the fact that even in its time and place some were found to condemn it (2 Sam. xii. 1-25) is one of the glories of Israel. Bathsheba rose to great power (1 Kings i.). Some suppose that she was a granddaughter of Ahithophel (cf. 2 Sam. xi. 3 with xxiii. 34), but it is hardly justifiable to assume that Ahithophel's part in the rebellion of Absalom (2 Sam. xvi. 20 ff.) was caused by David's conduct with Bathsheba. Consult commentaries on 2 Samuel. Bathurst, town of the eastern district of New South Wales, on the south bank of the Macquarie River, 125 m. by rail west of Sydney. It is situated on the table-land (altitude 2,153 feet) in the midst of a large, fertile plain. There are mines of gold, both quartz and placer, silver, and copper, and quarries of slate, granite, and marble. The principal agricultural products are oats, wheat, and potatoes. The industries include tanning, brewing, and milling, and manufactures of boots and shoes, railway coaches, and brick. Pop. 11,000. Bathurst, capital of the colony and protectorate of Gambia, West Africa, is located on the island of St. Mary, on the tidal River Gambia. It is connected by an iron bridge with British Kommbo and Cape St. Mary, the resort during the unhealthy rainy season. The exports are chiefly ground-nuts, wax, palm kernels, and some indigo, amounting to about $1,550,000 annually. The imports are mainly cotton goods and provisions, valued at about $1,500,000. Pop. 9,000. Bathurst, district and town on the southeast coast of Cape Colony, South Africa. The chief town is the port of Port Alfred (pop. 1,600), connected by rail with the interior. It is a large fruit-growing section (oranges, lemons, etc.), and produces also oats, barley, mealies, and tobacco. Many milch cattle are raised, and butter is manufactured. There are over 8,000 ostriches in the district. Pop. 12,000, of which 2,500 are white. Bathurst, county town of Gloucester Co., New Brunswick, Canada, on Nepisiguit Bay, 175 m. north of St. John, and on the Caraquet Railway. It is a port of entry and a banking town, and has large salmon fisheries. It is a growing summer resort. (1911) 5,248. Pop. Bathurst, EARL, a title borne by several of the family.—ALLEN Vol. I.-Mar. '12 617 BATHURST, first earl (1684-1775), English statesman, was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, and. became a member of Parliament in 1705. In 1711 he was created Baron Bathurst of Battlesden. In 1742 he became a privy councillor, and in 1772 Earl Bathurst. He was a generous patron of literature-a friend of Swift, Addison, Pope, Sterne, and others.-HENRY, second earl (1714-94), son of the first earl, was educated at Baliol College, Oxford. He was elected to Parliament in 1735, was Lord High Chancellor (1771-78), and became earl in 1775. In 1779 he was appointed lord president of the council.-HENRY, third earl (1762-1834), son of the second earl, was elected to Parliament in 1783, and became earl in 1784. He was Secretary for War, and for the Colonies (18121827). Bathyblus, a name given by Huxley to a supposed protoplasmic organism found in some deep-sea ooze which had been preserved with alcohol. Eventually it was shown that the substance was nothing but a precipitate of flocculent sulphate of lime, thrown down from the sea water by the alcohol. Bathymeter, Bathymetry, the instrument for, and the art of measurement of depths in the sea. See OCEAN AND OCEAN OGRAPHY. Baticaloa. See BATTICALOA. Batignolles, formerly a town in the suburbs of Paris; now forming with Monceau the twenty-seventh arrondissement, in the extreme northwestern part of the city. Batik, or BATTIK, a cotton stuff made in India and the East Indies, on which patterns are impressed by waxing them over and dyeing the unwaxed parts. In Holland the same process is applied to silk, velvet, etc. Batiste, properly a fabric of very fine and closely woven linen. The name is applied also to a fine cotton fabric which shows the same peculiar texture as linen batiste. Batjan, BACHIAN, or BATSHIAN, one of the Molucca Islands, Dutch East Indies, lies west of the southern peninsula of Jilolo (Halmahera), the largest of the group. It has an area of about 900 sq. m., is mountainous (reaching 7,200 feet), very fertile, and has large sub-tropical forests yielding precious gums. It is sparsely inhabited along the coast. There is some coal of poor quality, and gold and copper have been found. The products are spice (principally cloves), Batrachomyomachia rice, sago, and cocoanuts. Pop. 13,500. Batley, municipal borough in the West Riding, Yorkshire, England, 8 miles southwest of Leeds. There are numerous factories making shoddy, heavy woollen cloths, and druggets. Pop. (1911) 36,395. Batman, a term used in the British army, originated in bât, a pack-saddle, but is now applied to a groom. Batna, vilayet, Algeria, 62 miles southwest of Constantine, on the railway to Biskra, at the base of the Aures Mountains. To the southwest are the great Roman remains of Lambessa. Pop. 7,500. Baton, the stick with which the conductor of a choir or orchestra beats the time. In early days the bandmaster beat time with his foot, and Lulli (1633-87) knocked on the floor with a sixfoot stick. Spohr was the first to employ the baton in England, at a philharmonic concert in 1820. Batons are made of wood, 21 or 22 inches long, and tapering from three fourths to threeeighths of an inch in diameter. The staves of field - marshals and drum-majors are also called batons. Baton, BATTON, BASTON, or BATTOON, in heraldry, the mark of illegitimacy, commonly called the bastard bar. Baton Rouge, city, Louisiana, capital of the State, on the Mississippi River, 120 m. above New Orleans by river and 80 by rail, on the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley, Frisco, and Southern Pacific Railroads, and on the line of the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company. It is the seat of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, and several other institutions of learning, including educational institutes for the deaf, dumb, and blind under State management. The State Agricultural Experiment Station is also located here. There are large manufactures of cottonseed products, mixed stock feed, artificial ice, and lumber. Baton Rouge was one of the first French settlements in Louisiana. In 1779 it was taken from the British by the Spaniards. Here, in 1862, the Federals under Gen. Thomas Williams defeated the Confederates under Gen. J. C. Breckenridge. Pop. (1910) 14, 897. Batoum. See BATUM. (Greek, 'The Battle of the Frogs and the Mice'), a mock-heroic poem, in hexameters, has been erroneous Batshlan ly ascribed to Homer, but is more probably the work of the Carian Pigres, brother of Queen Artemisia. Batshian. See BATJAN. Batta, Battak. See BATAK. Battalion, in the United States Army, is an organization composed ordinarily of four companies of infantry, or three batteries of field artillery, or four companies of engineers. A battalion is a tactical unit for manœuvres and instruction, and, in the infantry, is not an administrative unit, except when acting separately. Formerly it was regarded as the largest number of men which could be controlled by one officer in battle, but, owing to the modern tactics of attack, is now thought to be too large in this respect. It is prescribed as the command of a major, has an adjutant, a quartermaster and commissary, and a sergeant-major; but it has neither headquarters, records, nor colors. In the field artillery and engineers in the United States service the battalion is an administrative as well as a tactical unit. A battalion of U. S. infantry consists of four companies with a total strength of 15 officers and 513 enlisted men; a battalion of field artillery, of three batteries with a total of 15 officers and 481 enlisted men; and a battalion of engineers, of 19 officers and 658 enlisted men. Three battalions of infantry form a regiment. In foreign armies the battalion is the usual administrative and tactical unit. Each battalion of British infantry has a war strength of about 1,000 men, and is commanded by a lieutenantcolonel, assisted by an adjutant. On the Continent regiments consist generally of four battalions, the strength of a regiment varying from 1,000 to 1;500 men. See ARMY; INFANTRY; REGIMENT. Battam, or BATANG, island, Dutch East Indies, in the Riau Archipelago, 20 m. south of Singapore. It is fertile and well wooded, and produces catechu. Its chief harbor is Bulang Bay. Area, 160 sq. m. Battenberg, a title conferred, with the added distinction of 'serene highness,' in 1851 on Countess von Hauke, daughter of a Polish general of artillery and morganatic wife of Prince Alexander of Hesse. She was raised to the rank of princess in 1858. Of her four children, Princes of Battenberg, LOUIS ALEXANDER (1854) is a viceadmiral in the British navy, and in December, 1911, became a lord commissioner of the Admiralty; ALEXANDER JOSEPH Vol. I.--Mar. '12 618 (1857-93), born at Verona, was Prince of Bulgaria from April, 1879, till September, 1886, when he abdicated; HENRY (1858-96) married Princess Beatrice, youngest daughter of Queen Victoria, in 1885, and died at sea while returning from an expedition to West Africa. Battenberg, PRINCESS HENRY OF, PRINCESS BEATRICE (1857), the youngest daughter and constant companion of Queen Victoria, was married in 1885 to Prince Henry of Battenberg (d. 1896). On the death of her husband, who had formerly held the post, Princess Henry was appointed governor of the Isle of Wight by Queen Victoria. Her four children are Alexander Albert (1886), Victoria Eugénie (1887), who married Alphonso XIII., king of Spain, in 1906, Leopold Arthur (1889), and Maurice Victor (1891). Battens, commercially a form of squared timber less than 3 inches thick and 9 inches wide, of any length. In common usage the term is applied to flat strips of lumber, as cleats, furring strips, and the like. On shipboard battens are the strips of wood nailed to the deck to hold down the tarpaulin cover of a hatch. Batter, a backward slope in the face of a retaining wall, to make the plumb-line from the top fall within the base. It is a common construction in railway work, dams, etc., and in some architectural designs. Battering Ram, an ancient and effective engine of war, used by the Greeks and Romans, also in use in mediæval times, for Battering Ram. making breaches in the walls of cities and forts. It consisted of a beam of wood, sometimes 120 feet long and sometimes 2 feet in diameter, with a ponderous mass of iron or bronze-weighing a Battery ton in some instances at the head. The ram was driven against the wall by the soldiers who carried it, or it was suspended horizontally by ropes from a framework which carried a protecting roof, and was mounted on wheels. The wall was rammed by swinging the beam against it, and the blows were timed so that the wall would rock rhythmically, thus aiding in its disintegration. Battersea, borough of London, England, bordering the south bank of the Thames, between the Albert and Victoria bridges, noted for its park of 199 acres. The special feature of the park is the sub-tropical garden (about 4 acres). The district is mainly a residence quarter for artisans, and the Shaftesbury Park estate (40 acres) has been laid out to supply comfortable homes for workingmen. See LONDON. Battery, the criminal offence of inflicting violence upon another person, is the consummation of an assault; but there may be assault which does not involve actual violence, and which does not, therefore, amount to battery. Both offences are punishable civilly by action for damages as well as by criminal prosecution. See ASSAULT. Battery, in the military sense, a term the precise, meaning of which must be decided from the context. In the United States Army a battery of field artillery, corresponding to a company of infantry, consists of 123 officers and men, and this personnel is officially a battery, with or without guns and equipment. The assemblage of four guns and eight wagons is also styled a battery. The complete organization, consisting of all the guns, carriages, horses, men, and officers, is called a battery. And, finally, certain positions of the gun or any number of guns during drill or action is called 'in battery.' In coast artillery the term refers to the cannon (whatever their number) in position for service; to the structure (of whatever kind) erected for the emplacing, protecting, and serv ing of the cannon, and, in a larger sense, to the complete establishment, consisting of one or more companies of artillery, the guns, emplacement, stations for range finding, etc. The personnel of the coast artillery is called a company, not a battery. It consists of 112 officers and men. Seacoast batteries consist of one or more guns mounted and ready for service, and in the United States are named after deceased Battery, Electric Primary officers or others who have gained distinction in the service of the United States, consideration being given to geographical location of batteries in the selection of names. A light battery has horses only for the guns and wagons, while in horse artillery the men are mounted. Artillery batteries are usually designated according to the purpose for which or manner in which they are employed. For example, a Barbette battery fires over a parapet having its guns mounted en barbette; a Blinded battery is protected by bombproof defences; a Breaching battery is intended to breach the walls of the hostile defences; a Counter battery is to operate against guns attacking a breaching battery; a Mortar battery consists of mortars (eight in the U. S. service); a Mountain battery consists of guns which may be taken apart for transport to elevated positions; a Water battery is near and only slightly above high water; and so on. In naval parlance all the guns of a ship are called its battery: the guns on the starboard side are styled the starboard battery; on the port side, the port battery; or guns of the same size, or class, are grouped, as the six - inch battery, or the rapid-fire battery. See ARTILLERY; COAST DEFENCE; FORTIFICATION; GUNS. Battery, Electric Primary. See CELL, VOLTAIC. Battery, Electric Secondary (STORAGE BATTERY). See AcCUMULATORS. Battery, Floating. See FLOATING BATTERY. Battery Park (THE BATTERY), a park in New York City of about 20 acres, at the extreme southern end of Manhattan Island. It was formerly the site of a fort erected by the Dutch, which afterward became Castle Garden, and was later converted into the Aquarium. In the early days of New York the Battery was an aristocratic residential section. See NEW YORK CITY. Batteux, CHARLES (1713-80), abbé, professor at the Collège de France (1749), and member of the French Academy (1761), is known by his treatise on the Beaux Arts (1746), his Principes de la Littérature (4 vols., 1750), his edition of Les Quatres Poétiques d'Aristote, d'Horace, de Vida, de Despréaux (2 vols., 1771), and his translation of Horace (1760). He was one of the ablest of the French academic critics. Vol. I.-Mar. '12 619 Batthyanyi, one of the oldest families in Hungary, from which have sprung several prominent military leaders and statesmen. FRANCIS, BALTHAZAR, and KARL were warriors of note. COUNT CASIMIR BATTHYANYI (1807-54) was Minister of Foreign Affairs in Hungary in 1849. After the defeat at Vilagos he fled, and remained in Turkish territory till 1851, going thence to France, where he died.-COUNT LOUIS BATTHYANYI (1809-49) was appointed president of the new Hungarian ministry in March, 1848. He resigned in September. Civil war followed, and his party was vanquished. He was executed by the Austrians in 1849, under a sentence of martial law commonly regarded as unjust. Battiadæ, a dynasty of eight kings, who reigned at Cyrene from about 630 to 450 B.C. See CYRENE. Batticaloa, town, capital of the province of the same name, on the east coast of Ceylon. It is located on an island, and has a good harbor. It is surrounded by plantations producing rice and cocoanuts, and has an active trade. Pop. 11,000. Battle. See STRATEGY AND TACTICS; BATTLES, FAMOUS. Battle, market town, Sussex, England, 7 m. northwest of Hastings. In 1067 William the Conqueror founded Battle Abbey, in religious commemoration of his victory in the Battle of Hastings (q.v.) at Senlac. The remains, including parts of the refectory, cloisters, and church, and the fine fortified gatehouse, now belong to Lord Rosebery. Area, 8,253 acres. Pop. district, 3,000. Battle Above the Clouds, a name popularly given to that part of the Battle of Chattanooga which resulted (Nov. 24, 1863) in the capture of Lookout Mountain by the Federals under the immediate command of General Hooker, who charged up the mountain through a heavy mist. See CHATTANOOGA. Battle Axe, weapon of warfare used from primitive times down to the era of gunpowder, consisting of an axe blade, diversely shaped, and a handle of varying length. When the latter is long and ends in a spear, pike, or hook, and has a pick or spike opposite to the blade of the axe, it is called a pole-axe or halberd (q.v.). The earliest battle-axes had stone heads (celts), and these were succeeded by bronze blades. Among the Greeks and Romans the battle axe had either one broad cutting edge or was bipennate, Battle of the Spurs the latter being pre-eminently the weapon of war. The French battle-axe of the Middle Ages was bipennate, with convex cutting edges; the Francisca and Danish axes had but one blade of this kind, sometimes extended behind into a spike. Battle Creek, city, Calhoun co., Michigan, on the Michigan Central, Grand Trunk Western, and Detroit, Toledo, and Milwaukee Railroads; 120 m. west of Detroit, and 45 m. from Lansing, in a rich agricultural and fruitgrowing district. It is the seat of a well-known humanitarian sanatorium, which has established many kindred institutions throughout the country, under the American Medical Missionary Association; and of Battle Creek College-both managed by the Seventh Day Adventists. In its output of breakfast foods and health foods Battle Creek ranks first in the United States, and it has large trade in fruit and live stock. It is an active industrial centre, having upward of 80 factories, with manufactures of agricultural implements, locomotive engines, boilers, pumps, and threshing machines. Pop. (1910) 25,267. Battledore and Shuttlecock, a child's game played with small racquets and a piece of cork studded with feathers so as to keep it upright while falling, after being struck into the air. Battleford, town, province of Saskatchewan, Canada, situated at the junction of the Battle and NorthSaskatchewan Railroads on the Canadian Northern Railway, in the centre of a fine farming country. It was invested by Indians during the Northwest rebellion in 1885, and was relieved by Colonel Otter.Pop. (1911) 1,335. Battle Hymn of the Republic. See HOWE, JULIA WARD. Battlement, an indented rampart built round the top of a fortified building. The rising parts of the wall, termed cops or merlons, served as shelters to the soldiers, who fired through the openings, styled crenelles, or through loopholes pierced in the merlons. Battle of the Frogs and Mice. See BATRACHOMYOMACHIA. Battle of the Spurs, a name given to the victory of the Flemish over the French at Courtrai (q.v.) in 1302, because of the large numbers of spurs gathered on the field of battle. The name has also been applied to the victory of Henry VIII. and Maximilian over the French at Guinegate (q.v.) in 1513. sometimes because of the exhibition of a high order of strategy or sublime bravery on the part of a leader or an entire army, and often for the resulting effects of the battle upon the world's history. In the accompanying tables are recorded some of the memorable world's battles on land and sea. For the great battles of history, see also separate articles-e.g., AUSTERLITZ, GETTYSBURG, MANILA BAY, SARATOGA, WATERLOO. Consult Valentine's Sea Fights and Land Battles (1898); Creasy's Decisive Battles of the WorldVol. I.-Mar. '12 Vanquished. Persians, 100,000 Persians, 150,000 Vandals, 160,000 English English Wallachians, 300,000 Swedes, 24,000 Prussians Russians and Austrians Russians, 70,000 Confederates, 75,000 Vanquished. Persians, 1,000 vessels French, 111 ships French, 40 ships ful type, one fit to be placed in the line of battle of the main fighting force of a fleet. Such a ship must have strong powers of offence and defence, and as high a speed as possible without sacrifice of these powers. During the sailing-ship era the heaviest fighting ships carried guns on three or more decks, and were styled line-of-battle ships or ships of the line. Ships of the line having guns on two covered and one open deck (two-deckers') were often called 'seventyfours,' as this was the nominal complement of guns; similarly, Battleship 'three-deckers' were called '90gun ships' and 'four-deckers' 120-gun ships.' 'Razées' were 'seventy-fours' with the light upper works and guns removed; frigates had but one covered gun deck and one uncovered; corvettes were razéed frigates. The first steam man-of-war was the Demologos or Fulton (the first), designed by Fulton and launched at New York in 1814. She had oak sides nearly five feet thick, and carried the heaviest guns of her day. She was a true battleship; and had she been completed three years earlier, the history of naval development might have been far different. A lack of appreciation of her true powers, a magnification of her defects, and Congressional economy put her in retirement. It was many years before other steam battleships appeared. Paddlewheels with their exposed machinery were deemed inadmissible, and it was not until Ericsson developed a practicable screw propeller that it became common for the heaviest war vessels to be propelled by steam. The first screw-propelled war steamer was the U. S. S. Princeton, built in 1842. The screw propeller permitted all the propelling machinery and boilers to be placed below the water line, where they were well protected. After this date nearly all new naval vessels, large and small, were given screw propulsion, and many of the old ships of the line were fitted with screws. But the death-knell of this type of vessel had been sounded by the invention of the shell gun for firing explosive shells. Some form of protection against such formidable missiles was felt to be imperative. To armor the great high sides of the old vessels was considered impracticable, so that the first seagoing armor-clad, the French Gloire, carried guns on but one covered and one open deck, and was therefore styled a frigate. To make up for the power lost by the reduction in number, the guns were increased in size; and, to give greater penetration, they were rifled so that the heavier elongated projectiles could be used in place of the spherical. Even before the completion of La Gloire, which took place in 1859, Ericsson had presented the design of a turret vessel to the French government, and Captain Cowles had done the same in England. Ericsson's ideas took. shape in the Monitor, and Cowles designed and built the Danish turret ship Rolf Krake. The latter possessed excellent seagoing |