Built at the New York Navy Yard. Keel laid March 9, 1909; launched May 12, 1910; completed Oct. 31, 1911. Battery: ten 12-inch, 45-calibre guns in five turrets. Displacement, 21,825 tons. Trial speed (March 25, 1912), 22.54 knots.

Battleship

shields, afterward with casemates. The increase in number of these guns and the development of the rapid-fire gun brought about another change (1890-1900). The chance of penetration by a large gun was accepted; the armor was decreased in thickness and spread over a larger surface, which included a complete water-line belt and nearly complete side armor amidships.

The greater part of most battleships was now invulnerable against the attack of the rapidfiring six-inch gun of the intermediate battery, and increase in gun calibre was demanded. The Oregon class of our navy was the first in which this idea was realized; but the innovation was not generally accepted either here or abroad for more than a decade. The increase in power of the auxiliary battery was coincident with the general and rapid improvement in accuracy of gun-fire. The best size of main battery guns was universally accepted as twelve-inch. 1905 the calibre of secondary battery guns had reached ten inches. At the same time it was realized that the difficulty of fire control of a mixed battery would be greatly reduced, the battle range greatly increased, and the ship's battle efficiency improved if all the large guns were of the same calibre. The result was the all-big-gun battleship of the present day, the first of which was the celebrated British Dreadnought, which has given her name to the type.

By

The development of the type did not by any means stop with the Dreadnought. With smaller dimensions, and two less guns, but by a superior arrangement of battery, the U. S. battleships of the Michigan class were able to present a greater battle efficiency. This was obtained by placing all guns on the centre line, and raising the second and third turrets so that they could fire over the first and fourth respectively. In subsequent ships the turrets were increased to six. The advantages of greater calibre (increased battle range, greater accuracy, greater destructive power) became so apparent that the United States is now building ships to carry fourteen-inch guns, while 12.2 to 13.5-inch guns are being mounted in new foreign vessels. Until a size has been reached that upon test is found too great, there is reason to believe that the present tendency to increase will continue.

The accompanying plates (p.
Vol. I.-Mar. '12

620D

620B) show the arrangement of guns on typical ships built or building. The American 'centreline' system has become wellnigh universal, few vessels begun in 1911 having turrets otherwise placed. In order first to concentrate the battery, and improve the bow and stern fire without other sacrifice, a large proportion of the latest designs have some turrets mounting three guns each.

Coincident with the production of the Dreadnought, another important step was taken-the development of the battleship cruiser. This is also an all-biggun ship. Of the same displacement tonnage as the battleship, she carries fewer heavy guns and less thickness of armor, but has four to eight knots greater speed. Both the battleship and the battleship cruiser carry an auxiliary battery of four-inch, fiveinch, or six-inch guns; but these are for torpedo defence only, and are not expected to do much in a fleet action, most of which would take place at distances beyond their range. See NAVIES.

Battle, Trial by, the settlement of a dispute by personal combat in accordance with law. This mode of deciding controversies grew into high favor in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, and was established in England under William the Conqueror. It gradually took the place of trial by ordeal, and was itself slowly supplanted by the modern device of trial by jury. It was a regular part of the judicial procedure of the time, and was elaborately regulated by law. Originally it was applicable in both civil and criminal cases, but later it was restricted to appeals of felony in criminal cases, and to the trial of title to land by writ of right. The demonstrated superiority of the ordinary procedure of the law courts caused the process of trial by battle to fall into disuse, but in England it was invoked in an appeal of felony as late as 1818. It was abolished by act of Parliament in 1819.

Trial by battle was never employed in the United States.

Battonya, market town, Hungary, 25 miles northeast of Mako. The chief industries are cattle raising, the culture of tobacco and the vine, and the manufacture of wine. Pop. 15,000.

Battue (French battre, 'to beat'), the practice of killing game (chiefly pheasants and hares), practised in Europe, by having the birds or animals driven forward to a point where sportsmen are stationed to shoot

Bauble

them down, the driving being accomplished by beating the bushes.

Batu Khan (d. 1256), Mongol chief, grandson of Jenghiz Khan, led the Mongol hordes who devastated Russia, Poland, and Hungary in 1237-42.

Batum, province, Transcaucasia, Russia, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea. The province is mainly agricultural, but is rich in minerals also. Coal is found near the coast, and copper, manganese, and antimony in the mountain section. Mining is undeveloped, owing to lack of transportation. The mountain forests produce large quantities of walnut and boxwood. Cotton is grown in the valley region of the Kura River, the yield in 1911 being 54,168,000 pounds. The tea plantations are being extended; the output for 1911 was estimated at 200,000 pounds. Silk is produced, and in 1910 constituted the largest export of the province (in value, $21,576,675). Petroleum, carpets and rugs, grain and flour were the other chief exports. For 1910 the total imports amounted to $39,259,158, and exports to $37,061,223. Area, 2,693 square miles. Pop. (1910) 164,300.

Batum, or BATOUM, a strongly fortified town and port in the province of Batum, Transcaucasia. Russia, on the southeast shore of the Black Sea. It was a free port until 1886, when it passed into the control of Russia, on the stipulation that it should remain free to commerce and not be made a naval station. The climate is warm and mild, and oranges and lemons are grown; but Batum is now of importance chiefly for the export of oil from Transcaucasia, being the terminus of the railway from Baku and Tiflis (217 m.), through Poti, and of the pipe line to Mikhailov. After petroleum, manganese ore is the largest export, with some wheat, wool, and timber. Pop. 30,000.

Bauang, or BAUAN, a municipality of the province of Batangas, Luzon, Philippine Is., 5 m. northwest of Batangas. It is connected with Manila (54 m. north) by rail. It is in a rich agricultural section for sub-tropical products. The manufactures are principally hats and mats of palm fibre. Pop. 40,000.

Bauang, or BAUAN, town and pueblo of La Unión province, Luzon, Philippine Is., 6 miles south of Fernando. Pop. 10,000.

Bauble, a kind of staff or sceptre carried by the court jesters

Bauchl

of the Middle Ages: Later the name was given to a toy used in public merry-making, consisting of a fool's head at one end of a stick and a bladder at the other, with which to belabor the crowd.

Bauchi, a province in the British protectorate of Northern Nigeria, with an area of about 21,000 square miles. Formerly under the rule of the Fulani, it was taken possession of by a British expedition in 1902. In 1904 the province was organized on the same basis as the other provinces of Nigeria. The great plateau of Bauchi rises to a height of 4,000 feet above sealevel, and in the southwestern part to 6,000 feet. The soil is fertile, and the climate cool and healthful. Pop. 1,000,000.

Baucis. See PHILEMON AND BAUCIS.

Baudelaire, CHARLES PIERRE (1821-67), French poet, was born in Paris. He began his literary career as an art critic, and later became editor of a shortlived conservative journal. He translated Poe's tales in three volumes (1856-8). Under the inspiration of De Quincey's Confessions of an Opium Eater, he published, in 1861, Les Paradis Artificiels, which describes the sensations of an eater of hashish. In 1857 his volume of verse, Les Fleurs du Mal, gained notoriety by being made the subject of a criminal prosecution against his publishers for offence against public morals. Baudelaire is seen at his best in Petits Poémes en Prose, and a collection of clever critical essays entitled L'Art Romantique. He also wrote Théophile Gautier (1859) and Richard Wagner et Tannhäuser à Paris (1861). Souvenirs Correspondances, etc., were published in 1872, after his death. Consult his Euvres Complètes; Asselineau's Charles Baudelaire; James' French Poets and Novelists.

Baudin, CHARLES (1784–1854), French admiral, captured St. Jean d'Ulloa (1838), commanded in the Mediterranean (1848-49), and was made admiral in 1854.

Baudissin, WOLF HEINRICH, COUNT VON (1789-1878), German translator, was for some years in the diplomatic service of Denmark. He settled in Dresden in 1827, and helped Tieck to translate Shakespeare. Then he published German versions of Ben Jonson (1836) and other English dramatists; of Molière (1865-7), Coppée (1874), and Gozzi and Goldoni (1877), besides modernized versions of poems by Hartmann von der Aue (1845) and Wirnt von Gravenberg (1848).

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620E

Baudrillart, HENRI JOSEPH LEON (1821-94), French political economist, son of Jacques, taught at the Collège de France (1866) and the school of the Ponts et Chaussées (1881), and was editor of the Journal des Economistes (1855) and of the Constitutionel (1868). Among his numerous works are Histoire du Luxe (187880); Manuel d'Economie Politique (1857); Rapports de la Morale et de l'Economie Politique (1860).

Baudrillart, JACQUES JOSEPH (1774-1832), French authority on forestry and arboriculture; author of Dictionnaire de l'Aménagement des Forêts (1821), and Traité général des Eaux et Forêts (1821-34).

Baudry, PAUL JACQUES AIMÉ (1828-86), French painter and pupil of Drölling. His imaginative mural decorations are to be seen in the Cour de Cassation (1881), Chantilly (1883), and in the foyer of the Grand Opera, Paris (1864-74). La Perle et la Vague (1863) is an exquisite piece of nude painting. His Supplice d'une Vestale (1857) is at Lille, and his Fortune et la Jeune Enfant (1853) in the Luxembourg. Consult Van Dyck's Modern French Masters.

Bauer, BRUNO (1809-82), German theological and political critic, was born at Eisenberg in Saxe-Altenberg. As professor at Bonn he published critical works on the Gospel of John (1840) and the Synoptic Gospels (1841-2), in which he stigmatized the evangelical sources as mere fabrications. In consequence, the Prussian government dismissed him from his chair, and thenceforth Bauer played the rôle of a theological Ishmaelite. In his Kritik der paulinischen Briefe (1850-2) he denies the authenticity of all the epistles of Paul.

Bauer, CAROLINE (1807-78), a German actress who in 1829, in London, contracted a morganatic marriage with Prince Leopold of Coburg, afterward king of the Belgians. A separation following in 1830, she returned to the stage, from which she finally retired in 1844, on her marriage with the Polish count Ladislas of Broël-Plater. A posthumous volume of her Life was issued in 1878 (English, 1884).

Bauer, LOUIS AGRICOLA (1865), American mathematician and physicist, was born in Cincinnati, O. He was astronomical and magnetic computant for the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (1887-1892), and became docent in mathematics and physics in the University of Chicago in 1895. For three years (1896-99) he was instructor

Baumann

EDUARD VON

and professor of mathematics and mathematical physics in the University of Cincinnati. From 1899 to 1906 he was chief of the division of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and since 1904 has been director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution. He is editor of Terrestrial Magnetism. Bauernfeld, (1802-90), Austrian dramatist and poet, served in the Austrian civil service, but retired in 1848. He is best known as the author of light comedies of Viennese life, such as Leichtsinn und Liebe (1831); Bekenntnisse (1834); Bürgerlich und Romantisch (1835); Grossjährig (1846); Der kategorische Imperativ (1851); Aus der Gesellschaft (1866); Moderne Jugend (1868); though he also wrote poems and novels. His Gesammelte Schriften were issued in twelve volumes in 1871–2.

Baugé, town, department Maine-et-Loire, France, 22 miles northeast of Angers. The town is built on a plateau overlooking a narrow valley. Woollen weaving, canvas, clogs, oil, and horn utensils; commerce of fruit, oil, pork, and wood. It has a castle of the fifteenth century, built by René d'Anjou. The English, under the Duke of Clarence, were defeated here by the French in 1421. Pop. 5,000.

Bauhin, KASPAR (1550-1624), Swiss botanist, the first to adopt orderly methods of diagnosing the characters of plants. He was careful to distinguish genus and species, anticipated the binary nomenclature of Linnæus, and was, in fact, the Linnæus of the sixteenth century. His great work of forty years was the Pinax, in which he recorded all species of plants known to him, and their synonyms as given by his predecessors. The Bauhinia (q.v.) genus of plants was named after him and his brother John.

Bauhinia (named after the Swiss botanists Kaspar and John Bauhin), a genus of about one hundred and fifty species of tropical plants of the order Leguminosæ, many of which are lianas with flattened, twisted wooden stems which reach the tops of the highest trees. Ropes are made from the fibres of the inne bark of some Indian species.

Baumann, OSKAR (1864–99), Austrian geographer and traveller, was born in Vienna. He accompanied, in 1885, Oskar Lenz in his exploration of the Congo as far as the Stanley Falls. In 1886 he explored the island of Fernando Po, in the Gulf of Guinea; in 1890, Usambara and

Baumbach

the adjoining territories on the mainland; and in 1893-5, the Victoria Nyanza. He published Fernando Póo und die Bube (1887); Usambara und seine Nachbargebiete (1891); Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle (1894); Der Sansibar-Archipel (1896-9). After his death appeared Afrikanische Skizzen.

Baumbach, RUDOLPH (18401905), German poet, who wrote the epic Zlatarog (1877); Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen (187880); Spielmannslieder (1881), and various Märchen (1881 to 1896).

Baumé, ANTOINE (1728-1804), French practical chemist. He was a professor of chemistry and pharmacy in Paris, and conducted a large laboratory for the preparation of drugs and chemicals. He was the inventor of many valuable industrial chemical processes, and devised the Baumé system of graduating hydrometers, now widely used in applied chemistry.

Baumé hydrometer, THE, exists in two forms: one for liquids heavier than water, and the other for liquids lighter than water. For the first, the zero point on the scale is fixed by marking the level at which the instrument floats in distilled water. A solution is then made of 15 parts of pure sodium chloride in 85 parts of water. The level at which the hydrometer floats in this is marked 15, the space between this point and zero is divided into 15 equal degrees, and this graduation is extended downward on the tube.

For liquids lighter than water, the zero point is fixed by the level in a solution of 10 parts of sodium chloride in 90 parts of water; the level on the instrument in distilled water is marked 10, and the space from zero divided into 10 equal degrees, the graduation being extended upward on the tube. See HYDROMETER.

Baumgarten, ALEXANDER GOTTLIEB (1714-62), German philosopher, was born in Berlin. He studied at Halle, and was appointed professor of philosophy at Frankfort on the Oder in 1740. His Aesthetica is an elaboration of the system of Wolff as modified by Leibniz. His other principal works are Metaphysica (1739); Ethica Philosophica (1740); Jus Nature (1765); Philosophia Generalis (1770).

Baumgarten-Crusius, LUDWIG FRIEDRICH OTTO (1788-1843), German theologian, was born in Merseberg. He studied theology and philosophy at Leipzig, and in 1817 was appointed professor of theology at Jena. He showed himself to be a learned historian Vol. I.-Mar. '12

620F

of dogma in his Kompendium der Christlichen Dogmengeschichte (1840-6). Among his other works are Lehrbuch der Christlichen Sittenlehre (1826); Grundzüge der biblischen Theologie (1828); Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte (1832).

Baumgärtner, ANDREAS FREIHERR VON (1793–1865), Austrian natural philosopher, was born in Friedberg, Bohemia. Professor of physics (1817-33), then director of factories (1833-46), he was (1847) head director of railway construction, afterward minister of public works (1848) and of finance (1851). The Zeitschrift für Physik was founded by him (1826-37). Among his works are Mechanik in ihrer Anwendung auf Künste und Gewerbe (1824); Naturlehre (1823).

Baur, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN (1792-1860), German theologian, was born near Stuttgart. In 1817 he was appointed to a professorship in the theological seminary at Blauberen. Strongly influenced by Schleiermacher's writings, he wrote Symbolics and Mythology (3 vols., 1824-5), in which the principles of modern religious philosophy are made to elucidate the history of ancient religions. This work led to his appointment as professor of historical theology in Tübingen (1826), where he labored assiduously till his death. The rest of his writings, on the New Testament and early church history, were dominated by the postulates of Hegel's philosophy. Of Paul's Epistles he accepted as genuine only Romans, Galatians, and those to the Corinthians, pronouncing the canonical Gospels to be late productions. Among his works are Paul the Apostle (1873); History of the Church in the First Three Centuries (1873); Die christliche Lehre von der Versöhnung (1838); Die christliche Lehre von der Dreieinigkeit (1841-3). Consult Mackay's Tübingen School and Its Antecedents; Pfleiderer's Theological Development in Germany; Bruce's F. C. Bauer.

Bautain, LOUIS EUGÈNE MARIE (1796-1867), French theologian, was born in Paris. Professor of philosophy at Strassburg (1816), he took orders (1828). Appointed (1838) dean of the faculty of letters in Strassburg, he became vicar-general (1849), and professor of moral theology in Paris (1854). His many works include Psychologie Expérimentale (1839); Philosophie Morale (1842); La Morale de l'Evangile (1855).

Bautzen, a walled town in the kingdom of Saxony, the capital of

Bavaria

Upper Lusatia (Lausitz). It is built upon a height on the right bank of the Spree, and dates back to 928. It has an ancient cathedral of the fifteenth century. It manufactures hosiery, gloves, cloth, and machinery. Here, on May 20 and 21. 1813, Napoleon defeated the allied Prussians and Russians. Pop. 32,000.

Bauxite, an earthy mineral, grayish white to red in color, an impure aluminium hydroxide. It is found at Baux, near Arles, in France, Austria, Italy, in County Antrim, Ireland, and ir the United States (Arkansas, Georgia, and Alabama). It occurs massive or often in pockets, generally regarded as the remains of hot springs, or as concretionary grains scattered through compact limestone, and is the principal source of aluminium. It is used also in the manufacture of alums and the abrasive alundum, and is mixed with clay in the manufacture of firebrick and other refractories, and to line crucibles in steel production.

The output of bauxite in the United States for the year 1910 amounted to 149,679 tons, valued at $778,203.

Bavaria, or BAYERN, a kingdom of the German empire, consists of two detached portions, with a strip of foreign territory (Baden and Hesse) lying between. The smaller part, known as the Palatinate (2,289 sq. m.), lies west of the Rhine. The larger part (26,997 sq. m.), comprising the provinces of Upper, Middle, and Lower Franconia, Upper Palatinate, Upper and Lower Bavaria, and Swabia, lies next to Austria on the east, and north of the Austrian Tyrol. The whole population is 6,876,497 (1910).

South of the Danube, Bavaria consists of a plateau backed by the northern foothills of the Salsburger, Algauer, and Bavarian Alps, crowned by the Zugspitze (9,725 feet), the highest summit in Germany. On the northern side there are two plateau regions, with the Bavarian Forest, the Bohemian Forest, and Fichtelgebirge to the east, the Franconian and Thuringian Forests to the north, and the Rhön Mountains, Spessart, and Odenwald to the northwest; and in the south the Swabian Jura. The Main is the chief river in the northern region (the Franconias), and is connected with the Danube (the chief waterway of the south and centre) by the Ludwig Canal. In the detached Palatinate the Haardt Mountains are the most prominent, and the Rhine is the principal river.