Bavaria Of Bavaria is foremost among the German states in agriculture. Upper or Southern Bavaria, which is drained by the Iller, Lech, Isar, and Inn, furnishes good pasturage, and many of the moors are being reclaimed. the entire area, over 60 per cent. is arable land. Barley and hops are important crops, and are locally consumed in the vast brewing industry of Bavaria. Wine is produced in the vicinity of Würzburg and in the Palatinate -the 60,000 acres devoted to its production yielding nearly 12,000,000 gallons. Fruit is a valuable crop in various districts, and 621 remberg), machinery, musical instruments, gold and silver wares, glass, leather, porcelain (Upper Franconia), cottons, linens, silks, chemicals and dyes, pencils, and toys (Augsburg and Fürth). Brewing is an important industry, the busiest centres being Munich, Erlangen, Kulmbach, and Nuremberg. The coöperative idea has been successfully developed in Bavaria, and has recently been extended under state laws to include sales of land, which, having become speculative, are now under the control of the coöperative agricultural associations. Bavaria in the king and two legislative chambers. The kingdom has six votes in the Bundesrat or federal council, and sends forty-eight deputies to the Imperial Diet. The army, of three army corps, forms a distinct part of the Imperial army, and is administered independently. Its peace footing stands at about 60,000 men and 10,000 horses. In time of war this strength may be trebled. HISTORY.-Baiern, or Boiaria, land of the Boii, overrun by Rome of the early empire, was divided into three provincesRhætia (Tyrol), Vindelicia (between Iller and Inn), and Nori cattle-breeding is of great importance. Forests cover nearly one-third of the total area, principally in Upper and Lower Bavaria and the Palatinate. They are well stocked with game, including deer, chamois, and wild boars. The minerals include coal (Amberg, Kissingen, Steben, Munich, and the Palatinate), iron, and salt (Reichenhall, Berchtesgaden, Traunstein, and Rosenheim); graphite, quicksilver, lithographic stones (Solnhofen), lead, and copper are also extracted. Immense iron ore deposits have been discovered recently in Northern Bavaria, estimated to contain 1,500,000,000 tons, sufficient to supply Germany for generations. Kissingen, Berchtesgaden, and Reichenhall have mineral springs. The chief industries are the manufacture of automobiles and locomotives (Munich and NuVol. I.-Mar. '12 There are upward of 3,500 miles of railroads, 13,670 miles of telegraph, and 186,440 miles of telephone lines, all owned by the state, and about 600 miles of privately owned railroads. Over seventy per cent. of the population are Roman Catholics, and about 28 per cent. Protestants. There are two Roman Catholic archbishoprics and six bishoprics. Bavaria has three universities -at Munich, Wurzburg, and Erlangen-and a technical high school at Munich. The chief towns are Munich (the capital), Augsburg, Nuremberg, Würzburg, Ludwigshafen, Fürth, Kaiserslautern, Ratisbon, Bamberg, Hof, Pirmasens, Bayreuth, and Erlangen. Education, generally, is free and compulsory. Bavaria forms a hereditary and constitutional monarchy, the legislative power being invested cum, west of these-Augsburg and Salzburg being chief towns, and Ratisbon and Passau frontier forts. On the break-up of the Roman power, the country, occupied by the Teutonic tribe of Baguwarians (Bavarians) at the close of the fifth century, was ruled by dukes, first elective, then hereditary. After a struggle of two hundred years, Bavaria, absorbed by the Franks, was ruled by Charlemagne, who left his descendants as margraves (788-900) to hold the marches against Hun and Bohemian. The title of duke was restored (920) for services rendered to the empire, and Bavaria, helped the Emperor Otto I. to defeat the Huns at Augsburg. In the Middle Ages there were constant quarrels between duke and emperor; and the towns, which were either imperial or free (Augsburg, Nuremberg), eccle Bavaria siastical (Bamberg),- or ruled by princes (Baireuth), rose into importance through the transit of Italian trade northward, and again declined owing to the development of sea-borne commerce. During the same period the boundaries of Bavaria underwent constant change. In 1180 Frederick Barbarossa conferred the duchy on Otto, Count of Wittelsbach, founder of the present royal house. Maximilian 1. (1598-1623) was made elector, and received the northern half of Bavaria, owing to Tilly's victory over the Elector Palatine. The French defeat of Blenheim (1704) was shared by Bavaria, but after the treaty of Utrecht (1713) the elector was reinstated in his dominions. Thereafter Bavaria oscillated between the French and German alliance, being invaded (1796) by Moreau, who occupied Munich; siding with Napoleon 1., who created Maximilian Joseph 1. a king (1805-6); and subsequently, secured in her new diginity by the allies, helping to overthrow her benefactor (1813). Four kings have reigned since then-Louis I. (1825-48), Maximilian II. (1848-64), Louis II. (1864–86), and Otto Wilhelm Luitpold (1886). In 1818 (May 26) Maximilian 1. granted his country a constitution, abolished serfdom, and established religious liberty. Louis I. restored the cathedrals of Bamberg and Regensburg, built a national Walhalla, adorned Munich with palaces and art galleries, obtained the crown of the Hellenes for his son Otho, and resigned (1848), having further enlarged the constitution. To Maximilian I.., patron of arts and commerce, succeeded Louis I., who, siding with Austria, shared her defeat by Prussia (1866); but in 1870 the Bavarian army aided Prussia against France. In November, 1870, a treaty was signed by which Bavaria became a part of the new German Empire. Louis, being adjudged insane and placed under restraint, committed suicide (1886). On the extinction of the elder branch of the house of Wittelsbach, the junior acceded (1777), thus reuniting the Rhenish Palatinate to Bavaria. It is here that the liberal party is strongest; while old Bavaria is the home of Catholic conservatism, and of a romantic and artistic race, probably of Celtic-Italic origin-characteristic Bavarians, as opposed to Teutons proper. See GERMANY. Consult Götz's Geographisch - historisches Handbuch von Bayern; Faber's Zur Vol. I.-Mar. '12 622 Hydrographie des Maingebiets Bronner's Bayrisches Land und Volk; Riezler's Geschichte Bayerns (4 vols.); Baedeker's Southern Germany. Bavarian Alps. See TYROL. Baviad, THE, a satire (1794) by William Gifford, which, along with the Mæviad (1795), attacked the insipid and nonsensical poetry of the Della Cruscans. It was so called from the two inferior poets, Bavius and Mævius, mentioned by Virgil in his Third Eclogue (v. 90). Bawbee, a small Scotch coin, first issued in 1542, in value about three halfpence. The name is now applied in Scotland to the English halfpenny. When used in the plural it expresses money in general. Bawian, or BAWEAN, populous island of Dutch East Indies, off the north coast of Java, in the Java Sea. It produces rice, etc. It is of volcanic origin, and hot springs abound. The capital is Sengka Pura. Pop. of island, 33,000. Baxar, or BUXAR, municipal town situated on the Ganges River, in Shahabad district. Bengal, India, 65 m. northeast of Benares. It was the scene of the defeat, in 1764, of the last independent nawab of Murshidabad -a victory which completed the conquest of Lower Bengal by the British. It is esteemed a sacred place. Pop. 50,000. Baxter, JAMES PHINNEY (1831), American historian, was born in Gorham, Me. He became a successful merchant and manufacturer in Portland, Me., of which city he was six times mayor (1893-7, 1904-5). He gave to Portland its public library (1888) and made a similar gift to Gorham (1907). He is known chiefly as a writer on early New England history, among his numerous publications being The British Invasion from the North (1887); Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine (2 vols., 1890); The Pioneers of New France in New England (1894); The Voyages of Jacques Cartier (1906), He also edited ten volumes of the Documentary History of Maine. Baxter, RICHARD (1615-91), English nonconformist divine, was a native of Shropshire, and chiefly self-taught. Entering the church in 1637, he acted, on the outbreak of the English Civil War, as chaplain to one of the Parliamentary regiments. When in ill health, and 'in continual expectation of death.' he wrote the first part of his famous work, The Saints' Everlasting Rest, which was published in 1650. Bay Recovering his health, he labored with great effect for fourteen years in Kidderminster. On the Restoration, Baxter, although he had greatly modified his views in the direction of Presbyterianism, was appointed one of Charles II.'s chaplains, and took a prominent part in the Savoy Conference. He declined the bishopric of Hereford; was driven out of the church by the Act of Uniformity of 1662; and settled at Acton, in Middlesex, until the Act of Indulgence in 1672 left him free to go to London. In 1685 he was tried for alleged sedition by the brutal Judge Jeffreys, who sentenced him to fine and imprisonment. After eighteen months spent in prison he was released. Baxter was an able, earnest, and eloquent writer and preacher. Among his writings may be mentioned The Reformed Pastor (1656), Call to the Unconverted (1657), and Now or Never (1663). The main authority for Baxter's life is his autobiography, entitled Reliquiæ Baxteriana (1696). Consult Lives by Bishop Hall, Calamy, Orme, Boyle, and Davies. Baxterians, a name applied to the followers of Richard Baxter (q.v.), prominent among whom were Isaac Watts and Philip Dodridge. Sweet Bay or Laurel. Leaves, flowers (male and female), and fruit Bay (French bais, 'berry'). first applied to the fruit of certain plants, and then to the plants themselves. The sweet bay tree (Laurus nobilis) of Southern Europe is the true Bayaderes laurel of the Romans, the Daphne of the Greeks, the victor's laurel and poet's laurel of romance. The fong, pointed, lance-shaped leaves have many culinary uses, on account of their aromatic properties; but as they contain prussic acid, they must be used with care. The bay tree bears inconspicuous yellow flowers in spring, and these are followed by purple berries in autumn. Propagation may be effected by means of seeds or cuttings. In order to obtain good bushes, the leading shoots of the young plants should be shortened in spring during the first few years. The bay tree of California is Umbellularia Californica. The cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus), wrongly named bay laurel, Red bay (Persea carolinensis), Rose bay (Rhododendron), loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus), and Sweet bay (Magnolia glauca), are all found in the southern states. Bayaderes, a class of women in India who follow the profession of dancers or pantomimic artistes. They are divided into two great classes-the devádasi, themselves of two divisions, who are more or less closely associated with the worship of the Hindu deities; and the nautchis, the dancing girls' of Anglo-Indian literature, who are not attached to a temple, but travel about the country, in bands, for hire. The first rank of the former are exclusively of the Vaisya caste; the latter are recruited from the low-caste natives, or are slave-girls. Bayard, common name for several famous horses of legend and story-e.g. in the story of the Four Sons of Aymon; the horse of Fitzjames, in Scott's Lady of the Lake; and under the Italian form of Bayardo, in Tasso's Rinaldo. It is also the name of a horse in a legend current in many parts of England, the horse being famous for a prodigious leap. Bayard, JAMES ASHETON (17671815), American lawyer and politi cal leader, born at Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1784, became one of the leaders of the Delaware bar, and was a Federalist representative in Congress (1797-1803), having, as such, an important share in securing the election of Jefferson rather than that of Burr in 1801. From 1805 to 1813 he was a member of the U. S. Senate, opposing the War of 1812, and in 1814 he was one of the negotiators, on the part of the U. S., of the Treaty of Ghent. Bayard, PIERRE DU TERRAIL, CHEVALIER DE (1476-1524), 'the knight without fear and without reproach,' was the most chivalrous hero of the middle ages-strong 623 yet tender, fearless and true, simple, humane, and magnanimous. He first won distinction at the battle of Fornuovo in 1495, when he received his knighthood. He next fought successively against the Spaniards (1503), winning great fame at the bridge of Garigliano and at Venosa; against the Genoese (1507): and against the Venetians, espe cially at Agnadello (1509) and Brescia (1512). In the war with Henry VIII. of England he was taken prisoner, but was released. On the accession of Francis I., in 1515, he was created governor of Dauphiny. In one expedition he made Prosper Colonna a prisoner; and at Marignano (1515), fighting against the Milanese, he gained such a victory for Francis that the young king himself asked for and received the honor of knighthood at the hands of Bayard. In 1521, when Charles v. besieged Mézières with a large army, Bayard defended the place against all assaults, and compelled the enemy to retire. While defending the passage of the Sesia, April 30, 1524, in another contest between France and Milan, Bayard was mortally wounded. His Life was written by his secretary, Joffrey, in 1527, and by Terrebasse (5th ed. 1871). The former has been translated into English, by Sara Coleridge (1825), Kindersley (1848), and L. Larchey (1883). Bayard, THOMAS FRANCIS (1828-98), an American statesman, was born at Wilmington, Del. He was privately educated, began the practice of law in his native city in 1851, and in 1853 was appointed U. S. district attorney of Del. In 1869 he was elected as a Democrat to succeed his father, James A. Bayard, in the U. S. Senate, and was reelected in 1875 and 1881. In 1876-77 he was one of the Electoral Commission which adjudged the majority of electoral votes, and the presidency, in favor of Hon. Rutherford B. Hayes, voting with the minority; and in 1881 he was president pro tem. of the Senate. His name was brought before the Democratic National Convention as a presidential candidate in 1880 and 1884, and he became Secretary of State in President Cleveland's cabinet in 1885. As first American Ambassador to Great Britain (1893-97), he did much to foster friendliness between the two countries. Throughout his public career Mr. Bayard was a moderate and cautious, though firm, statesman, faithful in the main to the traditions of his party, but maintaining his independence when a sense of duty demanded it. Although in the early part of his public career strongly op Bayer posed to secession, he was against coercing the southern states, and took no part in the Civil War. An urbane and skilful negotiator, he dealt ably, while Secretary of State, with the Bering Sea controversy and other important questions, and was the leading U. S. member of the AngloAmerican Commission which concluded in 1888 a treaty concerning the vexing Canadian fisheries question-a treaty which the U. S. Senate refused to ratify. Harvard, Oxford, and Cambridge Universities conferred honorary degrees upon him. See Spencer's Public Life and Services of Thomas F. Bayard (1880). Bayazid, or BAYAZET, fort. tn., Armenia, Asia Minor, near Persian frontier, 150 m. S.E. of Erzerum, on the caravan road between Erzerum and Tabriz. Pop. 2,000; of dist. 52,500. See also BAJAZET. Baybay, pueb. on w. coast of Leyte I., and prov., Philippines, at the mouth of the Pagbangauan R., 35 m. s.w. of Tacloban. It has a good harbor and a large trade in hemp. Pop. (1903) 22,990. Bayberry (1.) (Myrica acris), a plant belonging to the myrtle order. In the W. Indies it is the source of bay rum, an aromatic liquid obtained by distilling rum with the leaves of this plant, or by mixing various oils, as the oil of myrica, of orange peel, or of pimenta, with alcohol. It is used as a cosmetic and perfume. (2.) The waxberry (Myrica Carolinensis) is also called bayberry. It is a shrub, reaching 8 ft. in height, and common in sandy soils, especially near sea-beaches. It has a smooth gray bark, and oblanceolate or obovate coriaceous leaves, which are aromatic when crushed. The flowers are in aments, and the pistillate are short and oblong, succeeded by close clusters of hard drupes. These are globose, rough, and gray in color, on account of their thick coating of wax. These berries were formerly much used for candles, yielding a greenish wax, which, although rather brittle, was very fragrant, especially when the candle was extinguished. Bay City, city, Michigan, co. seat of Bay co., on the Saginaw R., near its mouth, and on the Michigan Central, the Bay City Division of the Pere Marquette and the Bay City Belt Line R. Rs., 13 m. from Saginaw. Its principal trade is in lumber, fish, and salt, and its manufactures are of considerable importance. There are beet-sugar and coal interests. West Bay City was consolidated with it in 1905. Pop. (1910) 45.166. Bayer, JOHANN (1572-1625), German astronomer, a native of Bavaria. He introduced the Greek and Roman letters into Bayern astronomic nomenclature. His Uranometria (1603), in 51 sheets, was at that date the most complete chart of the heavens. Bayern. See BAVARIA. Bayeux (anc. Bajocasses), dist. tn. and seat of a bishop, dep. Calvades, France, 7 m. from the sea, 18 m. W.N.W. of Caen. The cathedrai of Bayeux, with parts dating from the 11th century, is one of the most beautiful buildings of Normandy. The small museum contains the celebrated tapestry of Bayeux (see below). There are industries of lace, china, earthenware, etc. The town was burned by Normans, English, or French in 1106, 1356, 1450, 1563. Pop. (1901) 7,806. con Bayeux Tapestry. This unique piece of handiwork, described in 1743 (Palæographica Britannica) as the noblest monument of English antiquity abroad,' represents scenes nected with the conquest of England by William of Normandy, culminating in the battle of Hastings. It is embroidered on a piece of linen 207 ft. long and 20 in. wide, the part occupied by the historical scenes having a breadth of about 13 in., with a narrow ornamented margin on each side. The scenes number in all seventy-two, and over each is a short description in Latin. The first historical mention of the tapestry is in 1369, in an inventory of the goods belonging to the cathedral of Bayeux. Although annually exhibited in the church for eight days at the feast of St. John, it was practically unknown beyond the town till 1724, when a description, based on a drawing of a part of the work, was presented to the Académie des Inscriptions by M. Lancelot. The discovery of the tapestry itself was due to Bernard de Montfaucon, who published representations of it in bis Monumens de la Monarchie Française (172933). See F. R. Fowke, The Bayeux Tapestry (1898); Rev. J. C. Bruce, The Bayeux Tapestry Elucidated (1885); Jules Comte, La Tapisserie de Bayeux, with photogravures (1879); Vetusta Monumenta (1819), vol. vi. (contains beautifully colored drawings by C. Stothard); Archeslogia, vols. xvii.-xix. Bay Islands, a group in the B. of Honduras, to the N. of Honduras, ceded by Great Britain to Honduras in 1859. The trade is principally in bananas and cocoanuts with New Orleans and New York. Pop. 5,000. Bayle, PIERRE (1647-1706), French philosopher and critic, the son of a Calvinistic preacher, was born at Carlat, Languedoc; he withdrew to Geneva to escape threatened prosecution by the Catholics. In 1675 he was ap 624 pointed to the chair of philosophy at the University of Sedan, and in 1681 to the chair of philosophy and history at Rotterdam. Here he published (1682) his famous Pensées Diverses sur la Comète, and in 1684 his Critique Générale de l'Histoire du Calvinisme de M. Maimbourg; the latter was severely criticised by his colleague Jurieu. In 1684 he began the publication of the Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres, a journal of literary criticism, successfully carried on until 1698, and continued after his death to 1720. On the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Bayle wrote his Commentaire Philosophique sur ces Paroles de Jésus-Christ: 'Contrains-les d'entrer,' also attacked by Jurieu as unorthodox; and, after a prolonged controversy, Bayle was deposed (1693) from his professorship. He then applied himself to the completion of the Dictionnaire Historique et Critique (1696), his masterpiece, which shows to perfection his extensive information, fluency of style, and sceptical spirit. This work, condemned by his adversaries and censured by the Rotterdam consistory, met with widespread success, and exercis、d considerable influence upon the narrow dogmatism of the Reformed churches. His Œuvres Diverses were published at The Hague (1725-31). See Lives by Desmaizeaux (1730) and Feuerbach (2nd ed. 1848), and Damiron's Philosophie en France au XVIIe Siècle (1846). Bayley, JAMES ROOSEVELT (1814-77), American R. C. prel ate, was born in New York city, and graduated (1835) at Trinity College, Hartford. He studied for the Episcopal ministry, and was rector of the church in Harlem, N. Y., 1840-1. His views changing, he was received into the Roman Catholic church at Rome in 1842, and after study in Paris. was ordained a priest in 1844 by Bishop Hughes, whose private secretary he became in 1846, and whose plans for the advancement of the Catholic church in America he did much to further. He was consecrated bishop of Newark, N. J., 1853, and reorganized the diocese completely. In 1872 he was translated to the archiepiscopal see of Baltimore. As apostolic delegate, he imposed the beretta on Cardinal McCloskey, 1875. Author of A Sketch of the History of the Catholic Church on the Island of New York (1853). Bayley, RICHARD (1745-1801), American physician, was born at Fairfield, Conn., and began prac tice in New York, 1772. In the early period of his career he gave special attention to croup. He studied in England 1775-6, and Bayly came to America as surgeon in the English army; resigned this posi tion, practised in New York, and in 1792 was appointed first professor of anatomy in Columbia College. As health officer of the port of New York he secured the passage of proper quarantine regulations, and he made valuable investigations as to the nature of yellow fever. Bayliss, SIR WYKE (18351906), Eng. painter and author, born at Madeley, Salop, and studied at the Royal Academy. His paintings of great European cathe drals include La Sainte Chapelle (1865); St. Mark's, Venice (1880); Vespers in St. Peter's, Rome (1888); The Golden Duomo and Pisa (1892). He has written The Wit ness of Art (1876), The Higher Life in Art (1879), The Enchanted Island (1888), and Rex Regum: a Painter's Study of the Likeness of Christ (1898). Baylor, FRANCES COURTENAY (1848-), American author, was born at Fayetteville Ark., and travelled considerably in Europe, and after 1876 was a resident of Winchester, Va., and Savannah, Ga.; was married 1896, to George Sherman Barnum, author of On Both Sides, an international novel (1886), Behind the Blue Ridge (1887), Juan and Juanita (1897), A Georgian Bungalow (1900), and other works of fiction. Baylor, ROBERT EMMETT BLUDSOE (1793-1874), American jurist, was born in Lincoln co., Ky., and studied for the law; served in the War of 1812, and afterward practised in Kentucky. He removed to Alabama, where he became a member of the legislature, and was member of Congress from that state, 1829-31. Emigrating to Texas, he was there made a judge of the supreme court and was active in the movement for annexation, after which he was again appointed a judge and served for twenty-five years. Baylor University and a county of Texas are named for him. Baylor University, a coedu cational institution under Baptist control at Waco, Texas, founded in 1845. In 1905 its faculty numbered 45, and the students 1,130. The library contained 15,000 volumes, and the university had productive funds of $114,000, with an income of $60,000. Bayly, THOMAS HAYNES (17971839), English lyrical poet and miscellaneous writer, a native of Bath; wrote a number of pieces for the stage and several novels; but his fame rests entirely on his songs, some of which, such as The Soldier's Tear, We Met 'twas in a Crowd, and She wore a Wreath of Roses, are still popular. Memoir by his widow is prefixed to his Ballads and other Poems (1844). |