Adams

in connection with the so-called 'Boston massacre' (1770), the soldiers being acquitted. From 1774 to 1777 he was one of the most conspicuous members of the Continental Congress, deeply impressing his fellow-members with his eloquence in debate, serving with untiring energy on nearly all of the important committees appointed and being at the head of the board of war, introducing he motion for adopting on benalf of the Congress the army then outside Boston and seconding the nomination of Washington as commander-in-chief, and, with his relative, Samuel Adams, leading the party of independence. On June 7, 1776, he seconded Richard Henry Lee's resolution that 'these colonies are, and of a right ought to be, free and independent states,' and by his eloquence did more than any other man to secure the passage of that resolution on July 2Jefferson afterward said that he was the ablest advocate and champion of independence on the floor of the house-and he was a member of the committee appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence, which document he signed. In 1778 he was one of the commissioners of the colonies in France; then returned to the U. S. and took an important part in drafting the first constitution of Mass. in 1779-80; and late in the same year was again sent to Europe, this time to negotiate, when occasion should arise, a treaty of peace. Other commissioners were subsequently appointed to cooperate with him, and Adams was associated with them in negotiating the final treaty. Meanwhile he served as minister to the United Provinces, and finally, after much difficulty, not only secured recognition (April 19, 1782)-Adams considered this the greatest success of his life-but also negotiated, Oct., 1782, a treaty of amity and commerce, the second in the history of the U. S. From 1785 to 1788 he was the first minister of the U. S. to Great Britain, writing, during this time, his Defence of the Constitution of the United States (1787); he then returned to America, immediately plunged anew into active political life, and was the first vice-president of the U. S. (1789-97), becoming, after the formation of parties, one of the leaders of the Federalists. He succeeded Washington as president, defeating Jefferson and serving from 1797-1801, a period marked by critical relations with France, resulting almost in war, by the passage of the hateful alien and sedition laws, which did much to bring odium upon the Federalists, and by the appointment of John Mar

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shall to be chief justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. During his term Adams became alienated from Hamilton, the real leader of the Federalists, and unable to secure the undivided and en

John Adams.

thusiastic support of his own party, he was defeated in 1800 by Thomas Jefferson. He lived for the rest of his life in retirement at Quincy, Mass., and died there on July 4, 1826, Thomas Jefferson, by a striking coincidence, dying on the same day.

Adams was in many respects a typical New Englander of his time. He was rigidly, scrupulously honest, thoroughly sincere, indomitably fearless and courageous, a tireless and self-sacrificing worker in the common cause, and quick to perceive and as quick to oppose oppression in any form, however subtly disguised; on the other hand, unfortunately, he was pompous, vain, opinionated, and contentious, impatient of contradiction or opposition, eager for applause. Both his writings and his speeches are characterized by vigor, great forcefulness, earnestness, and intensity of conviction, by warm emotion, exuberance, a certain splendor of truculence, and an affluence of ideas, theories, and speculations. See his Works, with Life and Notes, and Illustrations by Charles Francis Adams (10 v., 1850-6); Morse's John Adams (1885), in the American Statesmen Series' and Chamberlain's John Adams, the Statesman of the American Revolution, with other Essays and Addresses (1898).

Adams, JOHN (1772-1863), American educator, was born in Conn., and graduated at Yale. He was principal of Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., in

Adams

1810-33. It was of him that Dr. Holmes wrote the lines:

"Uneasy lie the heads of all that rule

His most of all whose kingdom is a school."

See The Story of John Adams, by M. E. B. and H. G. B. (1900).

Adams, JOHN, the principal survivor of the mutineers of the Bounty. His real name was Alexander Smith. See PITCAIRN ISLAND.

Adams, JOHN COUCH (181992), astronomer, born near Launceston, Cornwall; senior wrangler (1843); discovered simultaneously with Leverrier that the irregularity of the motions of Uranus were due to another planet, afterwards observed by Galle at Beriin, 1846, and called Neptune. In 1858 Adams was appointed professor of mathematics, St. Andrews, and, later, Lowndean professor of astronomy. Cambridge. See Life by Glaisher (1896-8).

Adams, JOHN QUINCY (17671848), the sixth President of the United States, was born in that part of Braintree, Mass., which is now Quincy, on July 11, 1767, and was the eldest son of John Adams, president in 1797-1801. He studied for a year (1778-9) in Paris, while his father was one of the U. S. diplomatic representatives there, and later (1780) at the University of Leyden; was private secretary (1781-2) to Francis Dana, then minister (unrecognized) of the U. S. to Russia; and in 1787 graduated at Harvard. Then, after studying law under Theophilus Parsons, he was admitted (1790) to the Mass. bar, and practised in Boston, but his interest was primarily in politics, and he soon attracted attention by a series of articles in the press opposing Thomas Paine's Rights of Man, arraigning certain aspects of the French Revolution, and urging the observance by the U. S. of rigid neutrality in the European conflicts of the time. In 1794 he was sent by Pres. Washington as minister resident of the U. S. at The Hague, where, however, after the occupation of Holland by the French, he was merely an observer; in 1797 he was transferred by his father, then president, to Berlin, where he was the first regular minister of the U. S. and where he negotiated (1799) a treaty of amity and commerce. He was recalled by his father in 1801; and in 1802 was elected to the State Senate. He was a Federalist member of the U. S. Senate from 1803 to 1808, when, defeated for reelection, he resigned. In this body he was prominent in debate and followed a course of such pro

Adams

nounced independence -among other things he supported the Embargo, bitterly opposed by his Federalist associates from New England-that he was read out of his party and became affiliated

John Quincy Adams.

with, but by no means subservient to, the Republican Party. While a member of the senate he was also for a short time (1806-9) professor of rhetoric and oratory at Harvard. He was minister to Russia (1809-14), and was one of the negotiators (1814) of the Treaty of Ghent terminating the War of 1812; was minister to England (1815-17), and with Clay and. Gallatin negotiated (1815) a treaty of commerce with that nation; and from 1817 to 1825 he was secretary of state in the cabinet of Pres. Monroe, negotiating with Spain the treaty by which Florida was ceded (1821) to the United States, and being probably the first to formulate what (somewhat modified) is now known as the Monroe Doctrine,' saying to the Russian minister on July 17, 1823, that we should contest the rights of Russia to any territorial establishment on this continent, and that we should assume distinctly the principle that the American continents are no longer subjects for any new European colonial establishments.' In 1824 he, Andrew Jackson, W. H. Crawford, and Henry Clay were candidates for the presidency; none of them received a majority of the electoral votes, and the House of Representatives was, therefore, called upon to decide between Adams, Jackson, and Crawford, Adams, with the help of Clay, being chosen (1825). As president (1825-9), he advocated internal improvements, and steadily refused, in spite of considerable pressure, to remove office holders

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for political reasons; he was not, however, popular, was bitterly attacked both in and out of Congress, and among other things was unjustly charged with having gained Clay's support in the presidential contest of 1825 by a corrupt agreement with him to make him secretary of state. His own followers, refusing to ally themselves with the Jacksonian Democrats, became known as the National Republican Party, which, however, was as such short-lived and, with the Anti-masonic Party, formed the basis of the Whig Party, soon afterward organized. Nominally as a Whig, but always acting wholly independently of party, he was a representative in Congress from 1831 until his death in 1848. This was in many respects the most noteworthy part of his career, and was marked by his long and finally (1844) successful fight to secure the repeal of the 'gag rules,' which virtually took away the right of petition as regards slavery; and, in general, by his resolute, courageous, unflagging, and remarkably able fight against all measures, such as the annexation of Texas, in the interest of the institution of slavery. He was not, however, technically an Abolitionist. In one of his speeches (May, 1836) he seems to have been the first to assert that slavery could be legally abolished by the exercise of the war powers of the Federal Government. On Feb. 21, 1848, while in his seat in the House of Representatives, he suffered a stroke of paralysis and died two days later.

Adams's chief characteristics were his extreme independence, his unyielding courage, his conscientiousness and self-sacrificing devotion to duty, his sturdy patriotism, his thoroughgoing honesty, his capacity for work, his coldness and unbending pride, his pugnacity, persistent censoriousness, and irritability, and his frequent indulgence in keen, biting invective. He was never really popular, had few intimate friends, and numerous and bitter political enemies; but his qualities everywhere compelled respect. His Memoirs. comprising Portions of his Diary from 1795 to 1848 (12 v., 1874-7), edited by C. F. Adams, constitute a vast storehouse of valuable material for the period during which he was active in diplomatic and political life, and are full of personal estimates and criticisms, often acrid and depreciatory in the extreme. See Morse's John Quincy Adams (1882), in the American Statesmen Series,' and Quincy's Memoir of the Life of John Quincy Adams (1858).

the

Adams, JOHN QUINCY, 2d (1838-94), American legisla

Adams

tor and municipal reformer, was born in Boston, the son of Charles Francis Adams. He was educated at Harvard, was admitted to the bar, served in the Mass. Legislature three terms; in 1867 and 1871 was an unsuccessful candidate for governor on the Democratic ticket, and in 1872 was candidate for vice - president on the ticket with Charles O'Conor.

Adams, JULIUS WALKER (1812-99), American civil engineer, was born in Boston, and educated at West Point. He was associated with several railway enterprises in New England and New York, was chief engineer of the Brooklyn board of city works in 1869-78, and held a similar position in New York City in 1878-89. He had a part in organizing the company which undertook the building of the Brooklyn bridge, and in the draft riots in New York City commanded the troops which faced the mob in Printing House Square.

Adams, MAUDE KISKADDEN (1872), American actress, was born in Salt Lake City. She became a member of E. H. Sothern's company when sixteen years old, and played with other stock companies subsequently. She also played with John Drew in The Masked Ball (1892), Lady Babbie in The Little Minister (1899), and in 1899 attempted Juliet, with William Faversham playing Romeo. In 1900-1 she appeared as the Duke of Reichstadt in Rostand's play, L'Aiglon, in 1902 she played Miss Phoebe in Barrie's Quality Street, and in 1905 was cast in the same author's Peter Pan. For portrait, see plates with article ACTING.

Adams, NEHEMIAH (1806-78), Congregational clergyman, born at Salem, Mass., and educated at Harvard and at Andover Theological Seminary. His ministry, extending over a long period at Cambridge and at Boston, gained him the reputation of a scholar and man of eloquence. He antagonized the anti-slavery element by contending that slavery heightened the religious character of the negroes. These opinions were expressed in a volume entitled South Side View of Slavery (1854). He also published a Life of John Eliot.

Adams, OSCAR FAY (1858), American author and lecturer in literature and on architecture, was born at Worcester, Mass., educated at Leicester Academy, and at the New Jersey State Normal School. He has written or edited a large number of works, but is chiefly known by his useful Dictionary of American Authors (new edition, 1905) and by his edition of Through the Year with

Adams

the Poets (12 vols., 1886). He is also known as editor of the American issue of the Henry Irving Shakespeare.

Adams, SAMUEL (1722-1803), American statesman, born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 27, 1722, the son of Samuel Adams (d. 1748). a man of considerable wealth, of some political prominence, and a founder (1724) and member of the Caulkers' Club,' a political organization from whose name the term caucus is said to have been derived. The younger Samuel graduated at Harvard in 1740, and in 1743, in taking the degree of A.M. there, presented a thesis, 'Whether it be Lawful to resist the Supreme Magistrate, if the Commonwealth cannot otherwise be preserved,' which was curiously prophetic of his future political career. He took up but soon abandoned the study of law; for several years engaged in business, for which he had little taste and less aptitude; inherited from his father, and managed, or, more properly, mismanaged, a malthouse in Boston (which ultimately failed), and from 1756 to 1764 was one of the local taxcollectors. It was not, however, until he was forty-two, in 1764, that he entered upon the career for which he is famous. In that year he drew up the instructions for the representatives of the township of Boston in the Mass. General Court. These instructions, besides suggesting the cooperation of the various colonies, contain what is thought to be the first public denial of the validity of the Stamp Act, about to be passed; the following is, perhaps, their keynote: If taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal representation where they are laid, are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves?' From 1765 until 1774 he was a member, and after 1766 was clerk of the lower house of the Mass. General Court, and during all this period he was preeminently, though not always ostensibly, the leader of the opposition in Boston, and, therefore, in Mass. and the New Engand colonies, to the arbitrary measures of the British government. He virtually controlled and inspired the policy of the Boston town meeting; he drafted nearly all of the more important papers of that body; he was instrumental. after the so-called Boston Massacre' of March 5, 1770, in forcing the withdrawal from Boston of the two British regiments the Sam Adams regiments '-quartered there; he brought about the appointment of the Boston Committee of Correspondence,' and thus-for the action of Mass. was speedily imitated elsewhere-put into opera

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tion one of the most efficient means for securing colonial and intercolonial union and coöperation; he probably inspired the destruction of the tea in Boston harbor on Dec. 16, 1773; and, above all, by personal contact with his fellow-citizens and by innumerable articles in the press, he won over many waverers to the Whig, or Patriot side, and greatly influenced the views of the mass of the colonists. By this course he naturally incurred the bitter enmity of the royal authorities of Mass.; it was partly to capture him that the famous expedition of April 18-19, resulting in the battle of Lexington, was sent from Boston to Lexington and Concord, and he and John Hancock were expressly excepted in the proclamation of pardon issued by Gov. Gage on June 12, 1775, their offences, it was said, being of too flagitious a Nature to admit of any other Consideration than that of condign Punishment.' From 1774 to 1782, the year 1779 excepted, he was a member of the Continental Congress, and exercised a powerful influence over its deliberations, especially exerting himself to win over his fellow-members to the cause of independence, he having recognized the necessity of separation as early as 1768, long in advance of the other colonial leaders, and having worked persistently, energetically, and__ effectively to bring it about. During the war, too, he served as secretary of state of Mass.; took an important part in drafting (1779-80) the first Mass. constitution, and in 1782 was president of the Mass. senate. At first opposed to the Federal Constitution framed at Philadelphia in 1787, he finally, as a member of the Mass. convention, used his influence to secure its ratification. He became recognized as the leader of the Republicans in Mass.; from 1789 to 1794 was lieutenant-governor of the state, and from 1794 to 1797 was governor. He died in Boston on Oct. 2, 1803.

Adams's great services, services of inestimable value, were rendered immediately before and during the Revolutionary War. Fiske speaks of him as being in the history of the American Revolution second only to Washington'; Jefferson said, 'I always considered him, more than any other member, the fountain of our more important measures,' and that If there was any Palinurus to the Revolution, Samuel Adams was the man': Bancroft calls him 'the_type_and representative of the New England town-meeting '; and his biographer, Hosmer, has said. Such a master of the methods by which a town-meeting may be swayed, the world has never

Adams

seen.' Astute, cool and clear headed, wonderfully tactful, shrewd and far-seeing, skilled in all the arts of the practical politician, he was preeminently a manager of men. Careless of personal fame, he was capable of continual self-effacement, other men put forward by him often appearing responsible for measures or acts which he himself originated or inspired. Though not a great orator, he was always an effective speaker, and he was, besides, says Tyler, perhaps the most voluminous political writer of his time in America and the most influential political writer of his time in New England'; but he concealed the authorship of his contributions to the press, and altogether used as many as twentyfive different fictitious signatures.

The first volume of a collected edition of the Writings of Samuel Adams appeared in 1905. See Wells's Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams (3 v., 1865), Hosmer's Samuel Adams (1885), in the American Statesmen Series,' and Tyler's Literary History of the American Revolution (1897).

Adams, SARAH, née FLOWER (1805-48), English hymn writer; author of the hymns 'Nearer, my God, to Thee' (1840) and 'He sendeth sun, He sendeth shower.' Her principal work is Vivia Perpetua, a. dramatic poem (1841).

Adams, SUSANNE (1873), American operatic singer, was born in Cambridge, and studied in Paris, making her début there in Romeo and Juliet in 1894. She sang in London with the Maurice Grau company for several years, and in 1898-99 was a member of the Metropolitan Opera House company in New York City. Her principal roles have been Juliet. Marguerite, Gilda, Mimi and Micaela.

Adams, THOMAS, Puritan preacher, who held charges in Bedfordshire, Buckingham, and London between 1612 and 1653. His works were collected and printed by Joseph Angus and Thomas Smith (3 vols., 1862). Southey named him the prose Shakespeare of Puritan theologians.' He died before the restoration. For his sermons, see Nichol's Puritan Divines (1862).

Adams, WILLIAM (1575-1620), English navigator, born at Gillingham, near Chatham. He went to Japan about 1600, was taken into the government service (after having been imprisoned), and after 1613 was active, with Richard Cocks and other Englishmen, in developing the industries of that country. He married Japanese woman. A Yedo street bears his name, and his memory is still honored. See vol. i. of

a

Adams

Purchas, his Pilgrimes, and Diary of Richard Cocks (Hakluyt Soc., 1883).

Adams, WILLIAM (1807-80), American Presbyterian clergyman, and President of the Union Theological Seminary of New York City, was born at Colchester, Conn., and educated at Yale and at Andover. His career as a pastor began at Brighton, Mass., in 1831, and three years afterward he removed to New York, where he had charge of the Broome Street Presbyterian Church, which in 1853 became the Madison Square Presbyterian Church, of which he was pastor until 1873, when he was appointed president of the Union Theological Seminary.

Adams, WILLIAM DAVENPORT (1851-1904), English author and journalist, and largely known as a literary and dramatic critic. After editing several country newspapers he worked on the editorial staff of the London Globe. His published work includes a Dictionary of the Drama (1899), a Dictionary of English Literature (1877), and a number of anthologies in prose and verse.

Adams, WILLIAM TAYLOR (1822-97), popularly known as Oliver Optic,' American author of juvenile fiction, was born at Medway, Mass., and for many years was a teacher in the public schools of Boston and Dorchester, Mass. His books include the Young America Abroad series, the Riverdale, and the Great Western series; he also edited Oliver Optic's Magazine, Student and Schoolmate, Our Boys and Girls, and Our Little Ones, all somewhat sensational in style.

Adam - Salomon, ANTONY SAMUEL (1818-81), French sculptor, deserted a commercial for an artistic career, and went to study in Paris, where he achieved a brilliant success with a bust of Béranger. He also executed busts of numerous well-known persons, including Rossini, Lamartine, George Sand, and Delphine Gay. The Duke of Padua's tomb is his work.

Adam's Apple, the protuber ance in the throat caused by the thyroid cartilage.

Adam's Bridge, a ridge of sand and rocks, about 30 m. long, between the islands of Rameswaram and Manaar. It formed at one time a portion of an isthmus which connected India with Ceylon, and is referred to in the Ramayana as the bridge over which the gcd Rama passed to invade Ceylon. A railway across is projected.

Adam Scotus (The Scot,' or "The Premonstratensian'), d. 1180; entered the order of Premonstratensians (1158); became ultimately bishop of Whithorn in

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Galloway, and left works.

numerous

Adam's Needle. See YUCCA. Adamson, PATRICK (1537-92), Scotch prelate; born at Perth. He went to France as a tutor (1566), where he suffered imprisonment for referring in a Latin poem to Queen Mary's son as king of France and England. He returned to Scotland (c. 1572), became minister of Paisley, chaplain to the Regent Morton, and in 1576 was appointed by the regent to the as yet unabolished archbishopric of St. Andrews. From this time he was at open war with the General Assembly, until his excommunication in 1588 on various charges. He was the author of many religious works, and ranks high as a Latin poet. See Baillie's The Recantation of Patrick Adamson (1646).

Adamson, ROBERT (18521902), English professor of logic and rhetoric in Glasgow University. His chief philosophical works are, Roger Bacon: The Philosophy of Science in the Middle Ages (1876); The Philosophy of Kant (1879); The Philosophy of Fichte (1881).

Adam's Peak (7,420 ft.), called by the natives SAMANELLA, an isolated granite mountain on s.w. edge of the central highlands, Ceylon, and a place of pilgrimage for Buddhists and Moslems. At the summit is a depression in the rock, said by the former to have been made by Buddha's foot, and by the latter to be the scene of Adam's penitential exercise after his expulsion from Eden, when he stood for 1,000 years on one foot.

Adana, vilayet in S.E. of Anatolia, Asia Minor. Pop. 405,000. Also chief tn., on the r. bk. of the Sihun, 528 m. S.E. of Constantinople; present terminus of railway from Mersina. Pop. 32,000 (Moslems, 14,500; Christians, 17,500).

Adanson, MICHEL (1727-1806), French botanist, was born at Aix in Provence; studied in Paris; published Hist. naturelle du Sénégal (1757): Familles des Plantes (1763); Hist. de la Botanique et Plan des Familles Naturelles des Plantes (2 vols., ed. by his son, A. Adanson, and Payer, 1864). See Cuvier's Eloge Historique (1819). Adansonia, See BAOBAB.

Adaptation. One of the most striking characters of living things is their fitness for their surroundings. This fitness is never absolute, but where it is specially marked in any species. the members of that species tend to increase in number, such increase being at the expense of other forms, less well-fitted for the given environment. Characters which obviously render an organism well suited to its peculiar

Addams

environment are termed adaptive characters, or adaptations. But it is clear that organisms not nearly related may have a common environment, wherefore the term adaptive character' has a secondary significance in addition to that indicated above, and implies that the particular character is of no value in classification, but has been acquired as a consequence of a certain method of life. Thus, parasites tend to lose locomotor organs and sense organs, are usually hermaphrodite and invariably prolific. But the possession of these common characters does not indicate that all parasites are nearly related; they are rather to be described as adaptations to the parasitic mode of life. In general, it may be said that every organism possesses two sets of characters-(1) those whose use it is often difficult to define clearly, which it has inherited from its ancestors. and which are of supreme importance in classification; and (2) those which are adaptations to a particular mode of life, which have been acquired during the evolution of the stock, and are of no importance in classification. It is one of the great problems of systematic biology to distinguish between these two sets of characters, and to determine whether a given character is or is not of adaptive nature. The study of natural history in the broad sense is the study of adaptation. The works of Darwin and of all subsequent leaders in biology exhibit the methods and results of research in this direction. Kerner's Natural History of Plants (trans. by Oliver, 1894) is particularly rich in such information as to plants: Otto Schmeil's Text-book of Zoology (trans. by Rosenstock, 1900) is similarly an attempt to point out the chief adaptations visible in the more familiar animals; and Morgan's Evolution and Adaptation (1903) contains the latest and fullest philosophical treatment of the subject.

Adar, the twelfth month of the sacred (and the sixth of the civil) Hebrew year-February-March. The 14th is the feast of Purim.

Adda, riv. of Italy, rises in the Bernina Alps, flows into L. Como; then s. through the Lombard plain, to enter the Po a few miles above Cremona. Length, 190 m., of which 77 are navigable.

Addams, JANE (1860), American social settlement worker, head of Hull House, Chicago. She was born at Cedarville, Ill., was educated at the Rockford Female Seminary (1881). and studied in Europe in 1883-85. With Miss Ellen Gates Starr she opened Hull House in 1889. Her

Addax

interest in sociological theories has been expressed by a life devoted to practical efforts to better the condition of the poor and the degraded, a work in which she has been highly successful. In 1909 she was made president of the National Conference of Charities and Correction, and in 1910 received the first honorary degree ever given by Yale to a woman. She has written: Democracy and Social Ethics (1902); Newer Ideals of Peace (1907); Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (1909); Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910).

Addax (Addax nasomaculatus), an antelope allied to the gemsbok, but having ringed horns which ascend in an open spiral, instead of being straight. These horns are present in both sexes, and measure nearly three feet along the spiral (see illustration under ANTELOPE). The addax is a desert animal, inhabiting North Africa and Arabia, but is becoming rare. It is of a general yellowish-white tint, the head, neck, and mane being brown save for a white band and spots on the muzzle. Its height is over three feet.

Adder, a viper (Pelias berus), widely distributed throughout Europe. It is the only British venomous snake. It attains a length of more than two feet; is brown, with a black, zigzag line down the back; feeds chiefly upon mice, and is viviparous. Its bite rarely proves fatal, except to weak persons and children. In the United States the term is applied to some poisonous snakes without rattles, as the moccasin (q.v.) or 'water-adder,' and the copperhead (q.v.) or 'red adder'; also to the harmless hognose (q.v.).

Adder's Tongue. Any one of a genus (Ophioglossum) belonging to the family of fern-allies (Ophioglossaceae). O. vulgatum is a widely distributed species, found in the

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U. S. Senator. His contest to this end was long the distinguishing feature of Delaware politics. He was widely charged with corruption and with attempting to debauch the electorate of the State, and was opposed by a large element of his own party (Republican). As a re

Joseph Addison. sult, Delaware was wholly without representation in the U. S. Senate from 1901 to 1903, and at previous times was represented by only one Senator. In 1905 Addicks was abandoned by a large part of his following, and ceased to be an important factor in State politics.

Addington, HENRY. See SIDMOUTH, LORD.

Addis Abeba. See ADIS ABEBA. Addison, town, Steuben co., New York. On the Canisteo R., and the N. Y., Erie and W. and Addison and Pa. RRs., 28 m. w. of Elmira. Its manufactures include boot and shoe factories, foundries and machine shops, etc. Tobacco is cultivated in the neighborhood. Pop. (1910) 2,509.

Addison, JOSEPH (1672-1719), one of the most influential of English writers; born at Milston, near Amesbury, Wiltshire, where his father was rector. He was elected

Addison

in 1689 to a demyship at Magdalen; and of that college he was a fellow from 1698 till 1711. Though in politics a Whig, Addison early made the acquaintance of Dryden, to whom he indited verses, and to whose Virgil (1697) he contributed an essay on the Georgics. In 1699

(After Kneller.)

Charles Montague (afterward Lord Halifax) obtained for Addison a travelling pension of £300 a year, after which Addison spent eighteen months in France (meeting Boileau, Malebranche, and others), a year in Italy, and some time in Switzerland. He continued his travels to Germany and Holland till late in 1703, when his father's death recalled him to England. Addison's first preferment a commissionership of appeal in the excise-came in 1704; thus endowed, he entered upon the composition of The Campaign, which launched him on his career of state service-a career which, thanks to the magnanimity of Swift, whose close friendship he won when in Ireland as secretary to the lord-lieutenant (1709), was not altogether broken even by the Tory triumph in 1710. This Irish visit also marks the opening of Addison's true literary vein. He