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Bed

sented on the frieze of Edward the Confessor's chapel at Westminster. The illustrations of beds and bedding in the time of the Normans and afterward do not differ essentially from those of the later Anglo-Saxon times. In the reign of Henry III. we find a bed of rather modern appearance, with a tester and curtains. In the 15th century large square-post bedsteads came into fashion in England. Another common bed of the period was the truckle or trundle bed. This was a double bed, a smaller bed running underneath the larger one, which was drawn out for use at night. In the English universities the master of arts had his pupil to sleep in his truckle bed, and at an earlier period it was the place of the valet de chambre. Paul Hentzner, in his visit to Windsor Castle in 1598, noticed particularly the beds belonging to former princes as measuring eleven feet square, covered with quilts shining with gold and silver. Queen Elizabeth's bed, however, he says, was not so large as the others. The Great Bed of Ware, referred to by Shakespeare, and now in Rye House, is a bed twelve feet square, and capable of accommodating a dozen sleepers. It is assigned by tradition to Warwick the Kingmaker.

With the decline of massive furniture the dimensions of the bed were gradually reduced, and this was accompanied by simplicity of design. More recently increased attention has been paid to cleanliness and sanitary requirements, so that metallic beds are now preferred by people of all classes. There are also various forms of folding and portable beds, but these are not generally approved, on the ground that sufficient opportunity is not afforded for airing the bedclothes when not in use.

Among Eastern nations the bed is often nothing but a carpet, the bedclothes consisting of a rug or plaid. Even in very cold countries, such as Russia, the beds are closely allied to the Eastern carpet, the houses being kept so warm by stoves that much bed covering is no more required in winter than during the heats of

summer.

Bed, GEOLOGICAL. One or more layers of a stratified sedimentary rock possessing a homogeneous character. See STRA

TUM.

Bed-bug, a small, repulsive, ill-smelling, reddish bug (Cimex lectularius), one of a group of plant and animal sucking conenosed' bugs, some of which are large and formidable. It is probably a native of the Orient, but has for centuries been known as a human parasite, and a pest in

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Beddoes

the Zoological Society (1884), and sometime lecturer on biology at Guy's Hospital, London. Chief works: Animal Coloration (1892); Text-book of Zoogeography (1895); Structure and Classification of Birds (1898).

Beddoes, THOMAS LOVELL (1803-49), English poet, first attracted attention by the publication of The Bride's Tragedy (1822), a play directly inspired by the influence of Webster and Tourneur, the only work published by himself. He studied and practised medicine on the Continent; but his violent democratic sympathies led to frequent changes of residence. His principal work, Death's Jest-Book, or the Fool's Tragedy, was published (1850) by his friend T. F. Kelsall, followed next year by a volume of Poems by the Late Thomas Lovell Beddoes, with Memoir. See also Memoir prefixed to E. Gosse's ed. of Beddoes's Poetical Works (1890), and Beddoes's Correspondence (ed. Gosse, 1894).

Bede, or BEDA, THE VENERABLE (c. 673-735), a servant of God, and priest of the monastery of the blessed apostles Peter and Paul, which is at Wearmouth and Jarrow.' Although the most learned man of his age, he never left Jarrow, but had correspondents all over England and in several parts of the Continent. The extent of Bede's learning was surpassed only by the nobility of his character; he was also openminded and liberal to a quite extraordinary degree. His genius was encyclopædic rather than original. In some forty-five works he gathered together all the world then knew of physics, music, philosophy, grammar, rhetoric, arithmetic, medicine. They may be classified as (a) grammatical; (b) scientific-he was the first historian to arrange his material by the years from the Incarnation; (c) historical and biographical; (d) theological-chiefly commentaries, made up largely of allegorical exegesis. His great work is the Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum. For Bede's complete works, see Dr. Giles's edition in 12 vols. (1843-4), and the indispensable Migne (Patrologia Cursus Completus, XC.-xcv., 1844). The West Saxon vernacular of Historia Ecclesiastica, containing the beautiful story of Caedmon, has been edited by Miller for the Early English Text Society. The standard edition of the Latin text is Plummer's (1896). For life and criticism, see Morley's Eng. Writers, vol. ii., and Stopford Brooke's Eng. Lit. to the Norman Conquest (1898).

Bedell, FREDERICK (1868), American physicist, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., and graduated (1890) at Yale. After a scientific

640

course at Cornell, he was assistant professor of physics there 18931904, full professor 1904-06, then professor of applied electricity, in which department he conducted valuable investigations as to alternating currents.

Bedell, WILLIAM (1571-1642), bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh, was chaplain to the British embassy at Venice (1607-11), where he was intimate with Fra Paolo Sarpi, then defying the papacy. Appointed provost of Trinity College, Dublin (1627), and bishop (1629), Bedell devoted himself to the redress of ecclesiastical abuses. The translation of the Bible into Irish was completed under his supervision. See Life and Death of Bishop Bedell, by his son, ed. for the Camden Society (1872) by Jones.

Bedford. (1.) Parl. and munic. bor. and mrkt. tn., Bedfordshire, England, on the Ouse, 48 m. (Midland Ry.) from London. The principal buildings are the Bunyan Meeting-house (1850), on the site of the chapel in which John Bunyan preached; the Howard Chapel, named after the philanthropist; new law courts, town hall, corn exchange, and county jail, which replaces that in which Bunyan was confined. There are bronze statues to Bunyan and Howard. The Harpur Trust (Sir William Harpur, 1556) administers the grammar school and a group of other schools at an annual cost of about $70,000. Strawplaiting is an important industry, and engine and agricultural implement works, notably the Britannia Iron Works, give employment to many of the people. The town has also a large trade in grain. Pop. (1911)39,185. STOW (Helen's Stow'), vil. 1 m. s. of Bedford, is notable as the birthplace of Bunyan (1628). (2.) Vil. and popular summer resort, Halifax co., Nova Scotia, Canada, 10 m. from Halifax. Pop. c. 1,500. (3.) City, Ind., co. seat of Lawrence co., on the Evansville and Richmond, the Baltimore and Ohio, Southwestern, and the Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville R. Rs. It is a distributing point for building stone from neighboring quarries and there are extensive railroad shops. Pop. (1910) 8,716. (4.) Borough, Pa., co. seat of Bedford co., on the Pennsylvania R. R. Bedford Springs, with chalybeate waters, attract many visitors. It has many historic associations, having been settled c. 1756. There are some manufacturing interests. Pop. (1910) 2,235.

EL

Bedford, JOHN OF LANCASTER, DUKE OF (1389-1435), third son of Henry IV. by his first wife, Mary of Bohun. He was created Duke of Bedford (1414) by his brother, Henry v. After Henry's death, in 1422, he became re

Bedloe's Island

gent of England; and in the struggle for the French crown which followed the death of Charles VI., he commanded the English army in France, proclaimed Henry VI., a child of nine months, at Paris, and defeated the French at Verneuil (Aug. 17, 1424). His success was checked by the rise of Joan of Arc, and the desertions of the dukes of Brittany and Burgundy. He died at Rouen. (See The Wars of the English in France, and 'Blondel's "De Reductione Normannia, 1449-50, both published by the Master of the Rolls; Stubbs's Const. Hist., vol. iii., 1866.) The title was also conferred by Henry VII._ on his uncle, Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke (1431-95), in October, 1485. On the fall of the Lancastrians in 1470 he fled with his young nephew to Brittany, and returned with him to London in 1485, when Henry was crowned.

Bedford City, tn., Va., co. seat of Bedford co., on Norfolk and Western R. R. It has several educational institutions, including the Belmont Female Institute, the Randolph-Macon Academy, and the Union Co-operative School, and manufactures tobacco and woollen goods. Pop. (1910) 2,508.

in

Bedfordshire, inland co., S. Midlands, England, 36 m. length by 21 m. broad. The county is drained chiefly by the Great Ouse, with its tributary the Ivel. Limestone, coprolites (for phosphate), fuller's earth, and brick clay are the principal minerals. Market-gardening is important. Manufactures are limited. The chief towns are Bedford, Biggleswade, Leighton Buzzard, Dunstable and Luton. Area, 466 sq. m. Pop. (1911) 194,625.

Bedivere, SIR, the earliest knight of Arthur's Round Table, survived the great battle with Mordred, and nursed the king until he was borne away to Avilon.

Bedlam (corruption of 'Bethle hem'), Hospital of St. Mary's of Bethlehem at Bishopsgate, London, was originally founded in 1247 as a priory, but afterward used as a lunatic asylum. It was transferred to Moorfields in 1676, and it is to this place that Hogarth's picture and Pepys's statements refer. Since 1815 it has been situated at St. George's Fields, Lambeth.

Bedlington Terrier. See TER

RIER.

Bedloe's Island, or LIBERTY ISLAND, in New York Harbor, 1} m. s.w. of the Battery. It is the property of the U. S., and Fort Wood is situated here. On it stands the famous Bartholdi statue of Liberty Enlightening the World, presented by France to the United States.

APPENDIX OF PRONUNCIATION TO

NELSON'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA.

I. EXPLANATORY NOTE.

In the vocabulary of this Appendix the correct pronunciation is indicated of all titles which present any difficulty in that respect. Titles are omitted when the pronunciation is indicated by the spelling (as abatement, Adams, Aiken, Bates, etc.), or by connection with titles given in the Appendix.

A simple system of respelling is adopted based upon the usual values of the vowels and consonants in English; and such diacritical marks as are used are those in general use in school textbooks. The values of the symbols used are given in the accompanying Key, with explanations of the way to pronounce correctly the few foreign sounds which are not fairly well represented by English sounds. Except as otherwise noted in the Key, the letters used in respelling are to be given their ordinary English values. Further information as to the values of the letters in the alphabets of foreign languages will be found in the article on PRONUNCIATION in the Encyclopædia.

II. KEY.

a as in fate, rebate.

â as in care, mare, or as al in fair, or as e in there.

a (unmarked) as in fat, am.

å as in arm, father.

å as in ask.

a as in America.

e as in me, evade.

e (unmarked) as in met, end.

e as in moment, maker.

I as in ice, mine.

1 (unmarked) as in fit, it.

ō as in old, over, obey.

o (unmarked) as in odd, not.

Ô as in nor, or as a in fall.

of as in boil, noise.

as in boot, fool, or as u in rude.

oo as in book, or as u in full, put.

as in mule, unite.

Aachen, äк'en. Aalborg, ôl'borch. Aalesund, o'le-sun.

u (unmarked) as in but, up.

û as in turn, burn, or as e in her, or as t in fr; also for French eu and for German ö. ů for French u and German û. This sound may be imitated by pronouncing e as in English me and at the same time firmly rounding the lips as for pronouncing oo in fool. y as in yet. ch as in church. Ich as in German ich. This is the front palatal continuant, and is pronounced with the blade of the tongue raised almost to the hard palate, producing a sound resembling a strong pronunciation of the h in hew, or the sound of k in key pronounced without complete stoppage of the breath. as in go, girl.

h as in hit; also for Spanish g before e and i, and for other foreign sounds which are similar strong guttural fricatives.

hw as wh in when.

K as ch in Scotch loch. and German ach, or as g in German tag, schlag. This is the back palatal, or guttural, continuant, and is pronounced with the tongue raised almost to the palate, producing a sound somewhat resembling that made in clearing the throat.

a is used to indicate a nasal pronunciation of the preceding vowel, as in French bon. The nasal vowels are pronounced somewhat as if blended with the sound of ng in Bong, pronounced without the complete closure for the g.

th as in thick, though.

TH as in then, thus.

zh as z in azure, or as s in measure.

An apostrophe ['], when used, denotes an almost compiete elision of the vowel which it replaces or indicates a syllabic consonant, as in ta'k'n (taken), spaz`m (spasm).

VOLUME I.-Aachen to Becskerek.

Aali Pasha, ä'lē pä-shä'.

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Aché, à-sha'.

Achelous, ak-el-o'us.

Achenbach, äк'en-bäк.

Achene, a-ken'.
Achensee, äк'en-zā.
Achenwall, äк'en-väl.
Acheron, äk'e-ron.
Acheval, à-sh2vål'.
Achill, ak'il.
Achillas, a-kil'as.
Achillea, ak-i-lē'a.
Achilles, a-kil'ēs.

Achilles Tatius, ta'shi-as.
Achillini, ä-kil-lē'nē.
Achish, a'kish,

Achitophel, a-kit'ō-fel.
Achmet, äк'met.

Achondroplasia,

a-kon.

dro-plazhi-a or -zi-a.
Achray, äк-гä'.
Achroite, akʼro-it.
Achromatic, ak-rō-mat’ik.
Achsah, ak'sa.
Acidimetry, as-i-dim'i-tri.
Aci Reale, a'chē rã-ä'lā.
Acis, a'sis.

Ackermann, äk'er-män.
Aclinic, a-klin'ik.
Acœmetæ, a-sem'e-tē.
Acollas, à-ko-lä'.
Acolytes, ak'o-līts.
Acoma, a-ko'ma.

Aconcagua, ä-kon-kä'gwä.
Acosta, ä-kōs'tä.

Acoustics, a-koos'tiks or
-kous'tiks.

Acquaviva, äk-wä-vē’vä.
Acqui, äk'kwe.

Acre, 'ker or a'ker.
Acri, ä'krē.

Acroceraunian, ak-rō-sie

rô'ni-an.
Acrolein, a-krō'lē-in.
Acrophony, a-krof'ō-ni.
Acropolis, a-krop'o-lis.
Actæon, ak-te'on.
Acte additionelle, åkt &-
dē-syō-něl'.
Actian, ak'shi-an.
Actiniaria, ak-tin-i-aʼri-a.
Actinograph,
graf.
Actinometer, ak-ti-nom'
e-ter.

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ak-tin'ō

Ediles, e'dilz.

Edui, ed'a-1.

Actinomycosis, ak-tin-ō

MI-ko'sis.

Actium, ak'shi-um.
Acupressure, ak'α-presh-

oor.

Ada, od ́o.

Adabazar, ä-dä-bä-zär”.
Adagio, a-dä'jʊ.
Adalbert, ad'al-bert.
Adalia, ä-dä'li-ä.

Adam, E.ad'am; Fr.å-dän';

Ger. ä'däm.
Adamawa, ä-dä-mä’wä.
Adamnan, ad'ɑm-nan.
Adana, ä-dä'nă.
Adanson, a-dän sơn.

Adar, a'där.
Adda, äd'dä.
Adelaer, ä'de-lär.
Adeler, äd'el-er.
Adelsberg, ä'dels-berch.
Adelung, ä'de-loong.
Aden, ä'den or ĕ'den.
Adenalgia, ad-1-nalʼji-a.
Adenitis, ad-i-nÏ'tis.
Adenoid, ad'i-noid.
Aderno, ä-der'nō.
Adersbach, a'ders-bāk.
Adiabatic, ad-i-a-bat'ik.
Adiaphora, ad-i-af’õ-ra.
Adige, ä'di-ja.

Adi Granth, a'di granth.
Adipocere, ad-i-pō-sēr'.
Adirondacks, ad-i-ron'.

daks.

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Eetes, ē-e'tēs.

Egades, e'ga-dēz
Egean, e-je'an.
Egeus, e'jus.
Egilops, e'ji-lops.
Egina, é-ji'na.
Ægir, a'jir.

Ægirite, e'ji-rīt.

Egis, e'jis.

Egisthus, e-jis'thus.
Egium, 'ji-um.
Egle, e'gle or egʻlē.
Egospotami, e-gos-pot'a

mi.

Egrotat, e-groʻtat.
Egyptus, e-jip'tus.
Elfgar, alf'gar.
Elfred, al'fred.
Elfric, al'frik.

Elia Capitolina, eli-a
kap-i-to-Ir'na.
Elianus, e-li-â'nus.
Elius, e'li-us.
Ella, al'la.

Enaria, e-naʼri-a.
Eneas, e-ne'as.
Eneid, e-ne'id.
Eolian, e-o'li-an.
Eolipile, e-ol'i-pil.
Eolotropy, e-o-lot'ro-pi.
Eolus, &'o-lus.
Eon, e'on.

Epinus, e-pl'nus.
Epyornis, e-pl-or'nis,
Equi, e'kws.
Ærarium, ē-ra'ri-um,
Aerated, a'er-a'ted.
Aerial, a-e'ri-al.
Aeroclinoscope, ã-er-o-kli'.
no-skop.
Aerolites, &'er-o-lits.
Aeroscope, a'er-ō-skōp.
Aerostatic, -er-o-stat ́ik.
Aerotherapeutics, &'π-0--
ther-a-pu'tiks.

Aerschot, är'sKot.
Aeschi, esh'i.

Eschines, es'ki-nēz.

Eschylus, es'ki-lus.
Esculapius, es-kü-läpi.

us.

Esculus, es'kül-lus.
Esir, a'sir or ē'sir.
Æsop, 'sop.

Esopus, e-so'pus.
Esthesiometer, es-the-si

om'e-ter.

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e-thi-o-ne'

Agora, ag'o-ra.

Agoult, á-goo'.

Aetion, a-e'shi-on.

Agouti, a-goo'ti. Agra, ä'grä.

Etolia, e-to'li-a.

Afanasiev, ä-fä-näʼsief.

Affettuoso, äf-fet-two'so.

Affre, &f'r'.

Afghanistan,

af-gan-is

tän'.

Afar, ä'fär.

Afer, a'fer.

Affry, ȧ-fre'.

Afium-Kara-Hissar, ä-fi

oom'-kä-rä'-his-sär'.

Africander, af-ri-känʼder.

Afridis, a-fre'diz.

Afrit, a-frēt'.

Agram, ä'gram, og'rom. Agramonte, ä-grã-mōn'tā. Agrapha, a-graf'a. Agraphia, a-graf'i-a. Agricola, a-grik'ō-la. Agrigentum, ag-ri-jen'

tum.

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Aguesseau, à-ge-sʊ'.
Aguilar, ä-ge-lär'.
Aguilar de la Frontera,
ä-ge-lär'de lä frön-tä'rä.
Aguilas, ä'ge-läs.
Aguilera, ä-ge·lā'rä.
Aguinaldo, a-gē-näl’dō.
Aguirre, à-gērʼrā.
Aguja, ä-goo'hä.
Agulhas, ä-gool'yäs.
Agusan, ä-goo'sän.
Agustina, ä-goos-te'nā.
Ahab, a'hab.

Ahasuerus, a-haz-u-ē'rus.
Ahaziah, a-ha-zl'a.
Ahimelech, a-him'ē-lek.
Ahithopel, a-hith'o-fel.
Ahlqvist, äl'kvist.
Ahlwardt, äl'värt.
Ahmed, ä'med.
Ahmedabad,
bäd'.

a-med-a

Ahmednagar, ä-med-nug'.

ur.

Ahn, än.

Ahrens, ä'rens.

Ahriman, ä'ri-man. Ahwaz, -wäz'.

Aicard, -kär'.

Aidan, a'dan.
Aidé, ä-e-da'.

Aide-de-camp, ād ́d2käñ'.
Aidin, I-den'.

Aiguesmortes, ag-môrt'.

Aiguille, a gwel'. Aiguillette, a-gwi-let'. Aigun, I'goon.

Aikawa, I-kä'wä.

Ailanthus, a-lan'thus.
Ailly, a-ye'

Ailsa Craig, al'sa krāg'.
Aimak, f-mäk'.
Aimard, ä-mär'.

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Ajax. a'jaks.
Ajmere, uj-mēr.
Ajowan, aj'ʊʊ-an.

Ajurnoca, ä-zhōor-nō'kä.
Akashi, ä'kä-shë.
Akee fruit, a-kē',
Akershus, äk'ers-hüs.
Akhaltsikh, ä-Käl-tsēk'.
Ak-Hissar, äk-his-sär'.
Akhlat, äk-lät'.
Akhmim, āк-mēm'.
Akhtirka, äк-ter’kā.
Akiba, ä-ke'bä.
Akita, ä'ke-tä.
Akka, äk'kä.
Akmolinsk, äk-mo-lyēnsk'.
Aksaiskaya, ak-sf-skä’ya.
Akshehr, äk-shě′h'r.]
Ak-su, äk-sōo'.
Akyab, äk-yäb'.
Alabama, al-a-bäʼma.
Alabat, ä-lä-bät'.
Alacoque, a-la-kōk”.
Alacranes, ä-lä-krä'nās.
Alai (Mountains), ä-lï'.
Alais, à-la'.
Alajuela, ä-lä-hwa'lä.
Ala-kul, ä-lä-koōl'.
Alaman, ä-lä-män”.

Alameda, ä-la-mā'da.

Alamo, ä'la-mō.

Alamos, ä'lä-mōs.

Aland (Islands), o'lan or O'lån.

Alarcon, ä-lär-könʼ. Alarcon y Mendoza, ä-lärkūn ẽ men đô thả. Alaric, al'a-rik.

Alashehr, ä-lä-shĕ'h'r.

Alassio, ä-läs'sē-ō.

Ala-tau, ä-lä-tou'.

Alatri, ä-lä'trē.

Alatyr, ä-lä-ter'.

Alausi, ä-lou-se'.

Alava, ä'lä-vä.

Albacete, äl-bä-thä'te.
Albani, ül-bä'nē.

Albania, al-bā'ni-a.

Al-Battani, äl-bät-tä'nē.

Albaugh, al'bo.
Albay, äi-Lr'.

Albedo, al-be'do.

Alberoni, äl-be-rō'nē.

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Albert, Fr. al-bâr'; G. ăl

bert.

Albi, ål-be'.

Albigenses, al-bi-jen'sēz.

Albion, al'bi-un.

Alboni, äl-bō'nē.

Albornoz, äl-bor-noth'.

Albox, äl-bōh'.
Albrecht, äl'brecht.
Albret, al-bre'.
Albrizzi, äl-brēt'tsē.
Albuera, äl-bwā'rā.

Albula äl'boo-lä.
Albumin, al-būʼmin.
Albuminuria, al-bu-mi-

nu'ri-a.

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Alcæus, al-se'us..

Alcala de Guadaira, äl-kälä' da gwä-dl'rä.

Alcala de Henares, äl-kälä' dã ã-nä'rās. Alcala de los Gazules, äl

kä-lä' da lōs gå thōo'lās. Alcala la Real, äl-kä-lä' lä rä-äl'.

Alcalde, äl-käl'dā.
Alcañiz, äl-kän-yēth'.
Alcantara, äl-kän'tä-rä.
Alcaraz, äl-kä-räth'.
Alcaudete, äl-kou-dā'tā.
Alcazar, äl-käth ́är.
Alcazar de San Juan, äl-
käth'är dä sän hwän'.

Alcedo y Herrera, äl-thā'-
dō é er-ra'rä.
Alchemilla, al-ke-mil'a.
Alciati, äl-chä'tē.

Alcibiades, al-si-bl'a-dēz.

Alcides, al-si'dēz.
Alcinous, al-sin'ō-us.

Alciphron, al'si-fron.

Alcira, äl-the'rä.

Alcmæon, alk-mē’on. Alcmæonidæ, alk-me-on'.

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