Addison's Disease

had just started for Dublin when (April 12, 1709) Steele began The Tatler, and in No. 18 his first contribution appeared. But it was with the more famous Spectator (March 1, 1711, to Dec. 6, 1712) that Addison really found himself, and left the imprint of his genius upon literature. Under George I., Addison again became secretary to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland; then a commissioner for Trade and the Colonies; and finally (1717) Secretary of State, a post resigned in March, 1718, owing to ill-health. He had been M.P. for Malmesbury since 1710, and this he remained till his death. On Aug. 3, 1716, Addison married Charlotte, Countess of Warwick, who bore him a daughter (1719). He died that same year (June 17) at Holland House, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Apart from his Latin poems, Addison's writings fall under the heads of political journalisin, verse, and miscellaneous prose. His political writings embrace The Whig Examiner (Sept.-Oct., 1710), an opposition sheet to The Examiner, in which Prior, and afterward Swift, fought under the Tory flag; The Late Trial and Conviction of Count Tariff (1713), a squib on the treaty of Utrecht; The Freeholder (55 numbers, 1715-16); The Old Whig (1719), a reply to Steele's Plebeian, etc. Of verse, besides The Campaign, a number of hymns are still remembered. But neither his opera, Fair Rosamond (1706), nor the celebrated Cato (1713) lives either as poetry or drama. The Drummer, a prose comedy, shares their oblivion. In the sphere of the social essay, however, Addison's art was consummate. To an unfailing tact of style he added a perception of character not at all dramatic, but marked by well-bred humor and nice discrimination. Addison's works were first collected by Tickell (4 vols., 1721). Notable editions are Bishop Hurd's (6 vols., 1811); re-edited in Bohn's Library (6 vols., 1856), and Green's (6 vols., 1898). Reprints of the Spectator are many. Addison's Life has been written by Lucy Aikin (1843) and by Courthope. See also Beljame's Le Public et les Hommes des Lettres en Angleterre au XVIIIe Siècle (1897).

Addison's Disease is associated with disease of the suprarenal bodies, usually of a tuberculous nature, and is characterized by weak heart, low blood pressure, gastric and intestinal irritation, anæmia, increasing muscular weakness, and generally, though not always, by discoloration or browning of the skin. Recently the disease has been considered to be an affection of the entire sympathetic system. The disease was first described by Dr. Addison (1793-1860). The pigmentation usually begins on the face, neck, and hands, and is regularly deeper on

66

the exposed parts. After death the adrenals are usually found enlarged, nodulated, and changed into a dense, grayish, translucent fibroid material, enclosing opaque, yellow, cheesy masses, manifestly tuberculous. The abdominal sympathetic nerve is nearly always implicated.

TREATMENT.-Before the use of extract of the suprarenal gland, the disease was invariably fatal -usually within a few years; but since the use of the extract, several cases are said to have been cured, and many have been temporarily improved. The permanent efficacy of this treatment is doubted by many. Some cases die with no obvious change in the suprarenals, but with marked changes in the semilunar ganglia of the abdominal sympathetic. Rest, careful dieting, avoidance of certain drugs, notably arsenic, and general hygiene must not be neglected. The gland may be given hypodermically, or by the mouth in the form of raw or partly cooked adrenal gland, as a glycerine extract, or in tabloids containing the dried extract of the glands of sheep. A number of apparently recovered patients have died suddenly, after stopping the use of suprarenal glands. SUPRARENAL CAPSULES.

See

Addition. See ARITHMETIC. Addled Parliament, the name given to the second Parliament of James I. of England, which sat from April 5 to June 7, 1614. The royal purpose of getting supplies was supported by court politicians known as 'undertakers,' but Parliament insisted on redress of grievances, especially court interference in elections and the control of customs duties by the king. The result was the dissolution of Parliament before any act was passed (hence the nickname), and the imprisonment of the opposition leaders. See Gardiner's History of England.

Addorsed, in heraldry, said of figures placed back to back.

Address, Forms of. Social custom prescribes certain verbal forms for use in addressing by letter, and orally, persons of distinction, and those occupying official positions. In the United States, where there is no nobility with many grades of rank, the forms are few, and the usage not very strict. In Great Britain formal address is much more elaborate, owing to the custom of investing each rank with its appropriate terms of respect.

UNITED STATES.-The President of the United States, the Governors of States, and the United States Ambassadors and Ministers to foreign nations are addressed To His Excellency (the official title following); e.g., To His Excellency, the Fresident of the United States. It is considered correct, however, to write simply "To the President of

Address, Forms of

the United States,' No word should be abbreviated. Ambassadors of foreign nations are addressed 'To His Excellency... (the proper name and title following).' conversation the form prescribed is 'Your Excellency.'

The form To the Honorable, the... (official title following)' is prescribed for the Vice-President of the United States, the Secretaries of Departments at Washington, Justices of the Supreme Court of the nation and of the States, and judges of the superior courts, Members of Congress, the Lieutenant-Governors of the States, and the mayors of cities. The form for oral address in official relations, as with a judge on the bench, is 'Your Honor.' It is not incorrect to address simply, To the Secretary of State ...,' but the other form is considered more elegant. The Chief Justice of the United States is addressed 'Mr. Chief Justice,' as well as "To the Honorable'; and other Justices as Mr. Justice... (the surname following),' as well as 'To the Honorable.' Judges of all courts below the State superior courts are addressed as 'Honorable . . . (the personal name following, and preferably the official title also).'

'Honorable' is also the form of address for State senators, speakers of houses of representatives and delegates, ex-Presidents, and other former high officials.

'Mr.,' a contraction of Master, is used formally both in written and oral address for all persons not dignified with a specific title such as Dr.' or 'Prof.'; the latter is often spelled out in full. The address 'Professor' is frequently given by courtesy to persons of distinction in scientific and educational lines. It is customary with some to omit the prefix Mr.' in the case of persons of prominence, and to affix Esq.' to the surname.

In ecclesiastical circles the usages are more formal. The Pope is addressed To His Holiness the Pope,' or 'To Our Most Holy Father Pope... (the name following).' The form for the inscription and oral address is 'Most Holy Father,' or Your Holiness.' A cardinal is addressed Most Eminent and Most Reverend Sir,' and orally as "Your Reverence.' If he is also an archbishop, the form is To His Eminence the Cardinal, Archbishop of.... An archbishop is addressed "The Most Reverend the Archbishop of ....

Bishops of the Roman Catholic and Episcopal churches are addressed The Right Reverend, the Bishop of .. or simply 'The Right Reverend. (the personal name following).' The abbreviated form 'Rt. Rev.' is sometimes used, but is less elegant. "The Right Reverend Monsignor,' or the simpler form 'Right Reverend. (the personal name following),' is

Address, Forms of

correct for a monsignor. The vicargeneral is addressed 'Very Reverend.'

Clergymen and ministers of all denominations are addressed 'Reverend,' or more commonly with the abbreviation 'Rev.' prefixed to the personal name; or, often, 'Rev. Mr. . . . (the surname following).'

...

Sisters of Charity or of Mercy are addressed 'Sister,' or 'Mother.'

GREAT BRITAIN.-Among English people custom has ordained the forms summarized below for the address and conclusion of communications, and for oral address to the personages named.

King or Queen.-To His (or Her) Most Gracious Majesty: Sire (or Madam). Conclusion: 'I have the honor to remain Your Majesty's most obedient Servant.' Orally, Your Majesty.

Royal Family.-To His (or Her) Royal Highness, Prince (or Princess): Your Royal Highness.

I have the honor to remain Your Royal Highness's most humble Servant. Orally, Your Royal Highness.

Duke. To His Grace the Duke of...: My Lord Duke.... I beg to subscribe myself Your Grace's most obedient Servant. Orally, My Lord, or Your Grace. Duchess.To Her Grace the Duchess of My Ladyship, or Madam. Conclusion as for Duke.

Marquess.-To the Most Honorable the Marquess of...: My Lord Marquess... I have the honor to be Your Lordship's most obedient Servant. Orally, My Lord. The eldest son of a marquess takes his father's second title, and is addressed as if an earl or a viscount. Marchioness. The same as for the Marquess, substituting the feminine terms for the masculine. Orally, My Lady.

If the title is not taken from a place, the word 'of' is not used, the family name following the title.

Earl. To the Right Hon. the Earl of... : My Lord. I have the honor to remain, My Lord, your most obedient Servant. Orally, My Lord. Countess. To the Right Hon. the Countess of : My Lady. Conclusion as for Earl. Orally, My Lady. The eldest sons of earls have the title Lord and Right Hon., and their wives are addressed accordingly. The younger sons are styled Esquires, and Honorable; their wives, Honorable.

Viscount, or Baron.-To the Hon. Lord Viscount or My Lord...: My Lord.... Your Lordship's obedient Servant. Orally, My Lord. Wives of Viscounts are addressed My Lady. Sons and daughters are styled Honorable. If the daughters are married to a Baronet or Knight, The Hon. Lady ..; if to a commoner, The Hon. Mrs.

Baronet, or Knight.—To Sir ...

67

(first Christian name), Bart. (or Knight): Sir. (first Christian name). . . .Your obedient Servant. The wives of these nobles take the title Lady, and are addressed My Lady, concluding, Your Ladyship's obedient Servant.

Privy Councillor.-To the Right Hon. ... Sir. : Your obedient Servant. Orally, Sir.

Lord Mayor. To the Lord Mayor of : My Lord Mayor. Only the lord mayors of London and York are entitled to the prefix Right Hon. Mayor.-The Worshipful the Mayor of ... : Sir. Orally, Sir.

Lord Chief Justice. To the Right Hon. the Lord Chief Justice: My Lord. Orally, My Lord.

Judges. To the Hon. Mr. Justice... (personal name). On the Bench a judge is addressed My Lord. Councillors are addressed Mr. Councillor....

Ambassadors.-To His Excellency the Right Hon., or His Excellency the Ambassador for. . . . Orally, My Lord.

Archbishop.-To

the Most Reverend the Lord Archbishop of... My Lord Archbishop, or Your Grace.. I remain My Lord Archbishop, Your obedient Servant. Orally, Your Grace. Bishop. -The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of...: My Lord. Dean.The Very Reverend the Dean of Sir. Archdeacon.-The Venerable Archdeacon of . : Sir. Clergy. The Reverend (with personal name): Sir.

Members of Parliament have M. P. affixed to their names. Military and Naval Officers have their professional rank prefixed to the name. It is customary to add special initials to the address of those persons who are entitled to use them.

See SALUTATIONS. Consult Ransone's Good Form in England (1898); Clapp's Courtesies (1904); Davidson's The Correspondent; Thomas's Official, Diplomatic, and Social Etiquette of Washington; Gavit's Etiquette of Correspondence (1905).

Adé, GEORGE (1866), American author and playwright, was born in Kentland, Ind. He received the degree of Bachelor of Science from Purdue University in 1887, and in 1909 was elected a trustee of that university. Among his best-known books are: Fables in Slang; More Fables; The Girl Proposition (1992). His plays include: Sultan of Sulu (1902); Peggy from Paris (1903); County Chairman (1903); College Widow (1904); Father and the Boys (1907); U. S. Minister Bedloe (1910).

Adee, ALVEY AUGUSTUS (1842), American public official, was born at Astoria, N. Y., and educated privately. In 1870 he began his official career in the U. S. State Department as secretary of lega

Adelaide

tion at Madrid. In 1882-86 he was third assistant secretary of state, and in 1886 was appointed second assistant secretary. He had an active part in the diplomatic negotiations incident to the Boxer uprising in 1900. In 1910 he celebrated the completion of his fortieth year in the Government service.

Adelaar, CURT SIVERTSEN (1622-75), Danish admiral, born at Brevig in Norway. As a youth he took part in the famous battle of the Downs (1639) under Van Tromp, and in 1645 entered the Venetian service, during the republic's warfare with the Turks. On his return to Copenhagen, in 1663, he was made an admiral; in 1666, admiral-general, and ennobled. He died of the plague while in command of the fleet, on the outbreak of the war with Sweden.

Adelaide, capital of South Australia, 6 m. E. of Gulf St. Vincent, and 7 m. by rail from Port Adelaide, the chief shipping port of the state. It was founded 1837 by Col. Light; named after the queen of William IV. It stands on a large plain (alt. 154 ft.), bounded on the east and south, at a distance of 4 to 8 m., by the Mount Lofty range (alt. 2,333 ft.). North Adelaide, the residential quarter, is separated from South Adelaide, the business quarter, by a park m. wide, through which runs the Torrens River. Pop. (1908) 181,285.

Public buildings are the Government House; town hall; the houses of legislature; St. Peter's Cathedral (Anglican), and the Cathedral of St. Francis Xavier (Roman Catholic); the Adelaide University (q.v.); the vice-regal summer residence at Marble Hill (alt. 2,000 ft.), 12} m. from the city; art gallery, museum, public library, school of mines. The Botanic Gardens (40) acres) are adjacent to the Botanic Park and the Zoological Gardens (84 acres). At Belair, 40 minutes' journey from Adelaide, is the National Park (2,000 acres), a recreation reserve. Water is supplied from three storage reservoirs, with aggregate capacity of 3,895 million gallons. Under act of 1906 a trust was formed (1907) to take over and electrify the private horse-tram system. In 1910 about 25 route miles had been electrified, and were open for traffic. The transcontinental telegraph line runs from Adelaide to Port Darwin. Adelaide is connected by rail with Melbourne (506 m.), Sidney (1,082 m.), and Brisbane (1,805 m.)

At Port Adelaide (q.v.) extensive improvements are under way. Nearly $5,000,000 has been expended on the inner harbor; while the new outer harbor, authorized in 1903, was declared open in 1908, though still incomplete (1911).

Adelaide University

The new entrance channel will be 400 feet wide and 33 feet deep. See Gordon's Handbook of South Australia.

Adelaide University, established in 1874, owes its inception to the generosity of Sir W. W. Hughes and Sir Thomas Elder, to which Parliament added an annual grant of about $50,000, a land endowment of 50,000 acres, and a grant of five acres to the city of Adelaide for a site. The buildings were opened in April, 1882, and cost $200,000. Number of undergraduates in 1997 was 388; nongraduating students, 263. The university is affiliated with Oxford and Cambridge.

Adelbert College. See WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY.

Adeler, MAX, pseudonym of CHARLES HEBER CLARK (1811), American journalist and writer, was born at Berlin, Md. He was for ten years secretary of the Manufacturers' Club of Philadelphia, and as editor of their magazine, The Manufacturer, has written some important papers on economic subjects; but he is best known by his books, which include Out of the Hurly Burly; Captain Bluitt; In Happy Hollow; The Quakeress.

Adelochorda, or HEMICHORDA, a sub-class of the Chordata, embracing the worm-like Balanoglossus and allies, in which the spinal cord is very obscure. These are the lowest of vertebrates. See CHORDATA.

Adelphi College, located in Brooklyn, N. Y., is an unsectarian collegiate institution, with

nor

mal, art, and preparatory departments. It was chartered by the Board of Regents in 1896 as a college in the University of the State of New York, and its degrees are countersigned by the officers of the New York State Education Department. In 1910-1 11 it had a corps of 30 instructors, with an attendance of more than 450 students, and a library of 11,000 volumes. In its preparatory department, Adelphi Academy, there were 45 instructors and nearly 700 students.

Adelsberg (Slav., Postojna), town and summer resort of Carniola, Austria, 40 m. by rail s.w. of Laibach, with vast stalactite caves, the habitat of a newt-like amphibian (Proteus anguinus) with rudimentary eves. Pop. 4,000.

Adelung. (1.) JOHANN CHRISTOPH (1732-1896), German philologist and le icographer, born at Spantekow, Pomerania. From 1787 till his death he was librarian of the Electoral library at Dresden. He wrote Grammatischkritisches Wörterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart (1774-86); Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde (1806), completed by J. S. Vater. (2.) His nephew, FRIED

68

RICH VON ADELUNG (1768-1843), was an eminent philologist, Oriental scholar, and student of Russian history. His chief work is Kritischlitterarische Uebersicht der Reisenden in Russland bis 1700 (1846).

Ademption. See LEGACY.

Aden, port of the southeast coast of Yemen, Arabia, 105 miles cast of the Strait of Bab-el-Mandet, 1,300 miles from Suez. It comprises the peninsula of Aden proper (21 sq. m.), the peninsula of Little Aden (15 sq. m.), and the district of Shaikh Othman (34 sq. m.), on the mainland. The peninsula of Aden is an irregular oval, 5 miles long and 3 miles wide, connected with the mainland by a narrow, sandy isthmus. The peninsula of Little Aden is a mass of granite 6 miles in length by 3 in breadth. Between them is the harbor, Aden West Bay. The town, or Aden Camp, is on the east side, opposite the fortified island of Sira. climate is hot, but not unhealthy. The mean annual rainfall is 2.15 to 3 inches. Snakes and scorpions are numerous. The outer harbor affords anchorage in 19 to 28 feet of water; the inner harbor, which is the crater of an old volcano, is dredged to a depth of 26 feet.

The

Solyman the Magnificent fortified Aden, and it was afterward occupied successively by the Portuguese and the Turks, until taken possession of by the British East India Company in 1839 for a coaling station. It is now a British possession, strongly fortified, known as the Gibraltar of the East.' Pop. 45,000, of a cosmopolitan character. Aden, along with Perim Island, is under the government of Bombay. The imports include coal, cotton and silk fabrics, live stock, grain, provisions, tobacco, etc.; the exports, coffee, gums, spices, ivory, ostrich feathers, hides, pearls, etc.

Adenitis, Adenalgia. See GLANDS.

Adenoid Growths, of the lymphatic tissues of the nasopharyngeal vault, may occur at any age, but are most common in children from two to six years of age. The symptoms vary with the amount of the vault occupied by the growth. If the amount is small, there is simply a nasal discharge, regarded as a chronic 'cold,' and a more or less persistent cough. If the amount is sufficient to cause obstruction, the child breathes only through the mouth, snores at night, suffers from nasal catarrh and slight deafness, and is stupid and sluggish, with a characteristic facial expression. Adenoids are found both in the delicate and in the strong child.

Treatment.-Cure is effected by a simple operation of removal.

Aderno, town, Catania, Sicily, on s.w. slope of Mt. Etna, 22 m. by rail N.W. of Catania. Contains two Norman structures of Roger

Adiantum

1. a keep and a monastery (1157). Aderno stands on the site of Hadranum, famous for its temple of Hadranus. Pop. 26,000.

Adersbach Rocks, columns of Cretaceous sandstone in a valley close to the Bohemian frontier, near the town of Adersbach. Varying widely in size, they generally resemble one another in shape, and cover an area of about 4 by 14 m. The softer parts of the sandstone have been worn away by water, leaving the harder cores.

Adhesion, in physics. See CoHESION; FRICTION.

Adhesions of organs within the body arise from the growing together of surfaces, and are usually the result of inflammation. Thus, the lungs may be bound to the thoracic wall after pleurisy; peritonitis may result in coils of the intestine becoming matted; or the heart or stomach may be drawn to an abnormal position. Adhesions may interfere with the normal movements of organs, strangulating intestines, or destroying important vessels and nerves by pressure. On the contrary, postmortem examinations frequently reveal adhesions which have caused no inconvenience.

Adiabatic. See STEAM-ENGINE; THERMODYNAMICS.

Adiantum, a genus of ferns with marginal sori which run across the veins of the leaf, and which are

Adiaphora

woodlands. It has forking fronds, assuming a horse-shoe shape and spreading horizontally at the top of a slender, dark, shining stipe. It is used for basket making by the North American Indians.

Adiaphora (Gr., 'indifferent things'), in ethics, are such actions as lie between the spheres of good and of evil. The Stoics gave currency to the word in this sense, and Cicero (De Finibus, iii. 16) translates it by 'indifferens.' The Adiaphoristic controversy troubled the Reformed Church in Germany for a few years subsequent to 1548. In that year the Emperor Charles v., desiring to heal the breach between Catholics and Protestants, prescribed a certain rule of faith and ritual as binding on all till some permanent form should be promulgated by a general council. Thereupon the Elector Moritz of Saxony urged Melanchthon and his followers to declare what portions of the document they were willing to accept, and they decided, in the Leipzig Interim, to regard certain customs and tenets (e.g., the use of candles, pictures, Latin hymns, but notably the doctrine of justification by faith) as indifferent

adiaphora. This was more than the stricter followers of Luther would allow, and there ensued a bitter controversy.

Adige River (Lat. Athesis, Ger. Etsch), in Austria and Italy, rises in the Rhætian Alps in Tyrol (alt. 5,005 ft.). After a swift descent to Glarus, it traverses the Vintschgau eastward; at Meran it bends s., flowing past Botzen, Trent, and Roveredo; thence S.E. past Verona to Badia, and finally E. to the Adriatic. In its lower course the Adige is connected with the Po by canals, and is itself canalized. Length, 250 m., of which 120 are in Italy. It is navigable up to the confluence of its chief tributary, the Eisach, 190 m.

Adi Granth, the sacred book of the Sikhs, first redacted in the 16th century. It consists in great part of poems and legends, and is exalted in its ethical and intellectual tone. A second granth was composed in the 17th century. See Trumpp's Adi Granth (1877) and Die Religion der Sikhs (1881).

Adigrat, ADIGHERAT, ADDI GARAHT, or ATEGERAT, town, Tigré, capital of province Agamé, Abyssinia,

about 90 m. south of Massowah, at the summit of the Abyssinian plateau. It is an important market, and the centre of several routes. Altitude, 8,500 ft. Mount Aleghia (10,496 ft.) is near it. Pop. 2,000.

Adipocere is a white or yellow waxy substance that is formed in corpses buried in the absence of air.

It is probably a collection of the fatty acids present. Adipose Tissue. See FAT.

69

It

Adirondack Park, a park area in the Adirondack region of New York, was established in 1892. comprises all of Hamilton, and the adjacent portions of Essex, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Warren, and Herkimer counties, and contains 3,475,000 acres, of which the State owns about 1,200,000. The entire tract is under the direction of the Forest, Fish, and Game Commissioner, and is policed by fire wardens, game wardens, and foresters. The region is mountainous, and for the most part is densely wooded, comprising large areas of virgin forest, and embraces over a thousand lakes and ponds well stocked with game fish. Many private preserves and summer resorts are included within its borders. The park is visited annually by thousands in search of health and recreation. At Saranac Lake there is a sanatorium for consumptives.

a

Adirondacks, specifically group of mountains in Northeastern New York, occupying Clinton, Essex, and Franklin counties. The name has been extended to embrace nearly all the territory lying between Lake Champlain and the valleys of the St. Lawrence and Mohawk Rivers. The mountain section culminates in Essex County, the tallest peaks being Mount Marcy, the highest land in the State (5,344 ft.), McIntyre (5,112 ft.), Skylight (4,920 ft.), Haystack (4,918 ft.), and Dix (4,916 ft.). The central masses are of granite, hypersthene, and other Archæan rocks. The physical features of the region have a general northeasterly and southwesterly trend, and are heavily scored by the Pleistocene ice sheet which trayersed them from north to south. Toward the west and south the country assumes the form of a great plateau, elevated from 1,500 to 1,800 ft. above the sea;

and

this section has received the distinctive title of the lake region, owing to its profusion of lakes and ponds, among them Big and Little Tupper, Raquette, the Fulton Chain, Blue Mountain, and Long Lakes. In the mountain region, Lake Placid and the Upper and Lower Saranac Lakes are the largest. Much of the Adirondacks is heavily forested with beech, birch, and maple, with sore areas of spruce and hemlock, and a few remaining pines. The State holds about 1,400,000 acres as a forest preserve, the larger part lying within the Adirondack Park (q. v.). The wild beauty and healthfulness of the Adirondacks attract many summer campers and tourists; and for the sportsman there are deer, hares, and partridges, a few bears and wildcats, and a plentiful supply of game fish.

Adis Abeba, or ADDIS ABBEBA (FINFINI), capital of Abyssinia, in

Adjutant General

the midst of mountains, near one of the sources of the Blue Nile. Founded in 1885 as a pleasure resort, it is an important place of trade. Telegraph lines connect the capital with Harar and Jibouti, and a railroad to Harar is under construction (1910). Pop. (1909) 35,000.

Adit, a horizontal shaft into a mine from the side of a hill. See MINING.

Adjective. See PARTS OF

SPEECH.

Adjudication, in a general sense, is the decision of a court of law on a question of law or fact arising in an action. Specifically, it is the final judgment in a bankruptcy proceeding. See BANKRUPTCY; JUDGMENT; RES JUDI

CATA.

Adjustment of Average. AVERAGE; INSURANCE, Marine.

See

Adjutant, an East Indian stork (Leptoptilus dubius), characterized by its naked, flesh-red neck and throat, and large throat-pouch. Owing to its practically omnivorous habits, whereby it eats offal, troublesome reptiles, and so forth, it is protected as an efficient scavenger in the towns of India.

Adjutant, a staff officer of a post, battalion, squadron, or regiment, whose duties are to assist the commanding officer in the details of military work. The adjutant of a regiment of infantry or cavalry in the U. S. service holds the rank of captain. Each infantry regiment has three extra first lieutenants who are adjutants of its three battalions, and each cavalry regiment three squadron adjutants of similar rank. The tenure of office is four years, unless sooner relieved. Every army post has an adjutant detailed from the officers on duty thereat, and each artillery district has an adjutant; also each independent small command in the field.

The adjutant is appointed by the commanding officer, and assists him in the training, discipline, and administration of his command. He is responsible for the proper keeping of all records and rosters of duties in his command; also for the receipt and distribution of all orders from higher authority, and for the issuance, in proper form, of all orders of his commanding officers. Consult U. S. Army Regula

tions.

Adjutant General, the military staff officer who stands in the relation of adjutant to the commanding general, and who assists him in the details of his duties, such as issuing orders, receiving and executing orders from higher authority, consolidating and forwarding reports, regulating the details of service, etc. See ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. Consult U. S. Army Regulations.

1905, and assistant secretary, 19058. In 1908 he became president of the Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, in Philadelphia. He is also president of the American Jewish Historical Society, and a director of the Jewish Theological Seminary. He wrote The Shofar (1893), and, with Allan Ramsay, Told in the Coffee House (1898); also edited the Jefferson Bible, and wrote numerous papers on Jewish antiquities and American Jewish history.

Adler, FELIX (1851), American educator, was born in Alzey, Germany. He came to the United States in 1857; was graduated at Columbia University in 1870; professor of Hebrew and Oriental languages and literature there in 1874-76; established the New York Society for Ethical Culture in 1876; and became professor_of political and social ethics at Cofumbia in 1902. In 1908-9 he was Theodore Roosevelt exchange professor to the University of Berlin. His works include Creed and Deed; The Moral Instruction of Children; Life and Destiny; Religion of Duty.

Adler, FRIEDRICH (1827-1908), German architect and historian of art, was born in Berlin. He travelled extensively in Europe and Asia Minor, and returned to teach in Berlin. He carried out the designs of the Christuskirche and Thomaskirche at Berlin, and made valuable researches into ancient architecture in connection with excavations in the Peloponnesus. Among his works Baugeschichtliche Forschungen in Deutschland; Die Baugeschichte von Berlin; Die Weltstälte in der Baukunst.

are

Adler, GEORG (1863), German economist, was born in Posen. He was professor of sociology at the University of Basle, and professor of political economy at the University of Freiburg. He is an opponent of radicalism in social policy, and has published Karl Marxsche Kritik (1886); Internationaler Arbeiter-Schutz (1888); Staat und Arbeitslosigkeit (1894); Die Social-Reform im Altertum (1898); Geschichte des Socialismus und Communismus (1900); Die Bedeutung der Illusionen für Politik und sociales Leben (1904).

Adler, GEORGE J. (1821-68), German-American lexicographer,

70

was born in Germany. After graduating at the University of New York, he was for eight years (1846-54) professor of German there. He is best known for his German-English Dictionary (1848) and German Grammar (1868).

Adler, HERMANN (1839), Jewish rabbi, was born in Hanover, Germany. He taught in the Jews' College, and for nine years preached in the Bayswater Synagogue. In 1891 he succceded his father, Nathan, as chief rabbi of the United Hebrew congregations of the British empire. He is president of the Jews' College, and one of the vice-presidents of the Mansion House Council for the Dwellings of the Poor. In 1909 he received the degree of c.v.o. from St. Andrews, and of Hon. D.C.L. from Oxford. He has pub

lished Ibn Gabriol and Scholastic Philosophy; Jewish Reply to Dr. Colenso; Can Jews be Patriots?; Anglo-Jewish Memories.

Adler, JAKOB GEORG CHRISTIAN (1756-1834), Danish Orientalist; one of the best Arabic scholars of his day; author of an interesting treatise on the Cufic MSS. in the University of Copenhagen (1770), and of the celebrated Novi Testamenti Versiones Syriaca (1789). In 178993 he edited Abulfida's Chronicles in Arabic.

Adler, NATHAN MARCUS (180390), chief rabbi, was born in Hanover, Germany. Having filled the office of chief rabbi of the duchy of Oldenburg, and later of Hanover, he was in 1844 elected chief rabbi of London, where he played an important part in the reunion of the English congregations. He published Nethinah Lager, a Hebrew commentary on the Chaldee paraphrase of the Pentateuch.

Adler, SAMUEL (1809-91), Jewish rabbi of German-American nationality, was born at Worms, and educated at Bonn and Giessen universities. For fifteen years (1842-57) he was rabbi of congregations in Rhine-Hesse, when he was called to the Emanuel Temple, New York City. He was a learned scholar and a man of advanced and progressive views. His books include Jewish Conference Papers (1880); Benedictions (1882).

Ad libitum ('according to taste'), a musical term authorizing the use of discretion with regard to the tempo of the passage; or, in concerted music, indicating that the part thus marked may be omitted. Also a common expression, meaning 'to an indefinite extent.'

Admetus, king of Thessaly, and husband of Alcestis who died to deliver her husband from death, but who was rescued from Hades by Heracles. See Euripides' Alcestis; Browning's Balaustion;

Administrator

Meredith's Phœbus with Admetus; Lowell's Shepherd of King Ad

metus.

Administration, in law, is the settlement of the estate of a deceased person. This is effected through the agency of one who is known as the personal representative, because he represents the person of the deceased in his legal relations. When designated by will, this representative is known as an executor; when not so designated, as an administrator. In either case, the personal representative acquires title at once to the personal property of the deceased, subject to the obligation of paying the debts, funeral expenses, and legacies, so far as the assets received by him 'enable him to do so; or, if there be no bequests, subject in the same way to the claims of those entitled by law to the surplus assets. The administration of an estate comprehends every act of authority exercised by any one, whether rightfully or not, over the personal estate of a decedent. It begins with the taking possession of any part of the property; it includes the collection and settlement of claims by suit or otherwise, the payment of debts and legacies, etc., and it does not end until the final accounting and discharge in the probate court. The administration of estates is everywhere subject to legal supervision. In the United States it is executed by probate and surrogates' courts. See ADMINISTRATOR; ASSETS; EXECUTOR; PROBATE; WILL.

Administrative Law. See Ex

ECUTIVE.

Administrator. A person appointed by the Probate Court to administer the estate of a deceased person when the latter dies intestate, or when he dies having made a will, but having left no executor. If an executor dies without having distributed the estate, an administrator de bonis non is appointed-i.e., of the property not yet distributed. The next of kin is generally appointed administrator, but in default of any other person a creditor can obtain letters of administration. The functions of an administrator are mainly the same as those of an executor; but while the latter can do many acts before obtaining probate of the will, the former, who derives his title from the court, can do nothing before administration is granted to him, except acts necessary for securing perishable property and acts of necessity or humanity-e.g., feeding animals. An administrator is allowed a fixed period (usually a year or eighteen months) from the death of the intestate before he is obliged to distribute the estate, so that he may have time to deal with all claims against it. He