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Admirable Crichton

should as soon as possible advertise for claims against the estate; and until he has done this he cannot safely distribute the property. The office of an administrator, unlike that of an executor, does not at death devolve upon his legal representatives, but a new administrator must be appointed. In the United States an administrator is usually entitled by law to remuneration in the form of a commission on the moneys received and disbursed by him. See ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES; Ex

ECUTOR.

Admirable Crichton. See

CRICHTON, JAMES.

Admiral (butterfly).

ADMIRAL.

Admiral.

See RED

The title of a naval

officer of the highest rank. It has been in use among maritime countries since the 13th or 14th century. In its earliest application in England, the title was used only for the official in supreme command of all the naval forces, and it was not until 1311 that it became of general use in application to all commanders of fleets and squadrons. The functions of admiral had previously been discharged by officers in the king's service known as 'Guardians of the Sea,' 'Leaders and Constables,' 'Justices,' 'Captains and Keepers of the Sea.' The office of Lord High Admiral seems to have been first created about 1406, and vested in John, Earl of Somerset.

The increase of the British fleet demanded an increase of admirals, and the grades of vice-admiral and rear-admiral were established. Admirals in command of great fleets were styled 'admirals o the fleet' while so commanding. This afterward became an honorary rank, to which admirals are appointed after virtual retirement from active service.

UNITED STATES.-The American Navy derived its organization chiefly from the British, and adopted British naval titles; but no rank above that of captain was actually conferred until 1862, when the grades of commodore (hitherto a courtesy title given to captains commanding squadrons) and rearadmiral were successively established, and the corresponding rank conferred upon David Glasgow Farragut, whose previous rank had been that of captain. In 1861 Congress established the grade of vice-admiral, and in 1866 that of admiral, and in each case Farragut was promoted to the new rank. Since their establishment the grades of admiral and vice-admiral have been held as special honorary grades to which officers may be appointed for particularly distinguished service in war. The officers who have attained the rank of admiral are David G. Farragut, David D. Porter, and George

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Dewey; those who have held the rank of vice-admiral are David G. Farragut, David D. Porter, and Stephen C. Rowan. At present (1911), Admiral Dewey is the only admiral, and there are no viceadmirals, but the increasing size of the United States fleets has caused efforts to be made to have the rank of vice- admiral conferred upon the rear-admirals commanding the North Atlantic and Asiatic fleets, as each of these officers has from two to six rear-admirals commanding divisions or squadrons of the fleet under him.

Flag officers of the navy take rank with general officers of the army as follows: Admirals with generals, vice-admirals with licutenant-generals, rear-admirals (first half of list) with major-generals, and rear-admirals (second half of list) with brigadier-generals. All officers of the navy are retired at the age of 62, but the age of retirement is extended for those officers who, receive the thanks of Congress for specially meritorious and important services. For admiral's table of pay, sce PAY DEPARTMENT; for personnel, see NAVY, U. S.

Admiralty, the administrative and supreme executive body of the British royal navy. Until the beginning of the 15th century the naval affairs of the country were conducted by the King's Council. From 1406 until 1628 there followed successive lords high admirals. The office was then put into commission; and its powers, with but one or two short intervals, have been ever since vested in the Admiralty authorities, now known officially as the Commissioners for Executing the Office of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, etc. The organization as it stands at present (1911) consists of a first lord, who has under him four naval lords, a civil lord, and a financial secretary. The senior naval lord, who is always an admiral of high rank and general experience, practically fills the position of commander-in-chief of the navy. See Clowes' Royal Navy.

Admiralty Court, a court of great antiquity in England in which the lord high admiral or his representative exercised limited jurisdiction over matters arising on the high seas. In the reconstitution of the courts by the Judicature Acts, 1873 and 1875, the functions of the Admiralty Court were transferred to the High Court of Justice.

Admiralty Law. TIME LAW.

See MARI

Admiralty Division. See SuPREME COURT.

Admiralty Inlet, east arm of Puget Sound, Washington, connecting it with Strait of Juan de Fuca. Greatest width, 10 m.,

Adolphus

navigable for largest ships. Seattle, Tacoma, and Port Townsend (qq.v.) are upon this inlet.

Admiralty Island, belonging to the United States, N.E. of Sitka, between Chichakov and Baranov Islands and mainland of Alaska; lat. 58 20' N., long. 134° 30' w. Length 90 m. Contains extensive deposits of coal and copper, and is well wooded.

Admiralty Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean, N. E. of New Guinea, between lat. 2° and 3° s., long. 146° and 147° E., belonging to Germany. The largest is nearly 60 m. long. The islanders are short, and have dark brown skins and crisp, curly hair.

Admiralty Sound, 43 m. long, is an extension of the Strait of Magellan, penetrating Tierra del Fuego. Admission, in law. See CONFESSION; EVIDENCE.

Admonitionists, the supporters of a Puritan memorial called An Admonition to the Parliament, issued by two clergymen about 1572; and also of a second document, which similarly urged the advantages of the Presbyterian method of ecclesiastical government as opposed to that of the Church of England.

Adoa, Adowa. See ADUA.

Adobe (Span.; Anglicized into doby, pl. dobies, in New Mexico), the sun-dried brick of Spanish America and ancient Egypt, Asia, and North Africa.

Adolescence, the period between the ages of thirteen and twenty-five with boys, and eleven and twenty-one with girls, during which the human body and its functions mature. The development of the organs of reproduction which takes place during this period is commonly accompanied in both sexes by general physical and mental instability, due to new functioning in the body and the widening of the sphere of the feelings and desires." At this time, too, when the diseases of childhood are losing, and those of maturity are gaining, in power, the boy or girl is peculiarly liable to the lighter forms of both. Adolescence is the crucial period in the development of character, the whole future depending on how the newly acquired powers are organized and directed. See PUBERTY. Consult Hall's A dolescence (2 vols., 1904); Lindheim's Saluti Juventutis (1908); Mendousse's L'Ame de l'Adolescent (1909).

Adolphus, or ADOLPH (?125598), king of Germany, was elected king of the Romans on the death of Rudolph of Hapsburg (1292), but, disgusted with the German princes, he formed an alliance with England. He accepted sums of money from the latter, but failed to supply the help against France to which he had pledged himself. For seizing Meissen and other

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brecht.

Adonal, a Hebrew name for God. Adon means 'lord,' and Adonai is probably a 'plural of The final i means excellence.' 'my,' but the original possessive signification came to be ignored, as in 'monsieur,' madonna.' See JEHOVAH.

Adonai Shomo. See COMMUNISTIC SOCIETIES.

Adoni, or ADWANI, town, province of Madras, India; 64 miles from Bellary. It has cotton and silk manufactures, especially carpets. Pop. 30,000.

Adonic Verse consists of a dactyl and a trochee, and was so called because the songs sung at the festival of Adonis (q. v.) were written in this metre.

Adonijah. (1.) The fourth son of David, king of Israel, was the next heir to the throne on the death of Absalom, but was set aside in favor of Solomon, who caused him to be put to death (1 Kings ii. 22) on the charge of conspiring for the crown. A Levite teacher to the Judæans (2 Chron. xvii. 8). (3.) One of the 'chiefs of the people' after the Captivity (Neh. x. 16).

(2.)

Adonis, a beautiful youth beloved by Aphrodite. He was slain by a boar while hunting, and the goddess, coming too late to his rescue, changed his blood into flowers. Her grief was so great that Pluto, the god of Hades, allowed him to spend six months of every year on earth. A yearly festival was celebrated in honor of Adonis, and consisted of two parts-a mourning for his departure to the under world, and a rejoicing for his return to Aphrodite. The myths connected with Adonis belong originally to the East. They display a worship of nature conjoined with that of the heavenly bodies, and Adonis himself appears to be the god of the solar year.

Adonis, a small genus of the Ranunculaceæ. A. autumnalis (Pheasant's Eye), found in European cornfields, is about 12 inches high; flower terminal, small, and bright scarlet with a black centre flowers in autumn. A largerflowered variety is cultivated in gardens as Flos Adonis. A. vernalis has large yellow flowers, opening in early spring.

Adonis Gardens, small jars containing lettuce and other quickly growing plants, used by the Greeks in their annual fes

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73

tival of Adonis; typical of shortlived beauty. Plato (Phæd., 276) and Shakespeare (1 Henry VI. I. 6) allude to them; and Isa. xvii. 10 (R. V. margin) reads ‘plantings of Adonis.'

Adoptianism, a heretical doctrine regarding the person of Christ, allied to the tenets of Nestorius, which, arising in a crude form in the fourth century, was recast toward the close of the eighth century, and maintained in Spain by Elipandus, archbishop of Toledo, and by Felix, bishop of Urgel. These held that Christ was the Son of God only in His divine nature; in His human nature He was, like the rest of humanity, but a child of God, becoming the Son by adoption. Charlemagne summoned various synods (Ratisbon, 792; Frankfort, 794; Aixla-Chapelle, 799) to deal with Felix and his teaching. Adoptianism was condemned, and Felix deprived of his bishopric. Its ablest opponent was the English monk Alcuin. The subject remained under discussion, first by the schoolmen, to be revived by Georgius Calixtus of Helmstadt, and finally by Johannes Major in Jena (1656).

Adoption, in law, is the admission of a child, not the lawful issue of the adopter, to the legal rights and privileges of a son or daughter. In the United States, the common law makes no provision for adoption, and the practice is therefore based on statutes in the several States. The regulations governing adoption vary considerably, requiring judicial proceedings, or at least an order of the court, in some States, while it may be effected by a deed of adoption in other States. In all cases, however, the status of the adopted person is substantially that of a child born in lawful wedlock. (See PARENT AND Child.)

Adoption, or the admission of an alien to the full rights and privileges of a gens or family, is a practice of very ancient date. Its primary motive was that of strengthening the influence of the clan; and it is to this custom that Sir Henry Maine traces the beginning of civilization, for it was by this means that tribal life developed into federal and national life.

The law of adoption fills an important chapter in Roman law, where the practice was not limited to the adoption of children. A person alieni juris (i. e., under the patria potestas of another) entering a new family was adopted by means of a threefold fictitious sale (mancipatio). If

Adoration

the stranger was sui juris (his own master, free of patria potestas), he entered the new family by arrogation, which in ancient times was effected by a vote in the comitia, who jealously watched such proceedings, lest the last of a gens should arrogate himself, and its sacra be lost. Simpler modes of arrogation and adoption were employed in later times, especially by Justinian, who decreed that unless the adopter was an ascendant, the person adopted should not pass out of his natural family.

Exogamy, the custom of taking a wife from an alien tribe, still invariable in some savage races, is one form of adoption; and among the Somalis of Northeast Africa such exogamous marriages, which are only of occasional occurrence, are avowedly made for the purpose of obtaining immunity from the blood feud existing between the rival tribes. 'Blood brotherhood' between men of different race, symbolized by an exchange or transfusion of blood, is held to make them thenceforth actual kinsmen.

Transferred into religious usage from its usual and legal significance, the term adoption is employed by Paul to designate the new filial relation subsisting between Christians and the Father. In the Bible the word does not occur outside the letters of Paul; it is rare in Greek literature, but is found with great frequency in inscriptions of the Hellenistic period.

Adoration (Latin ad, 'to,' os, 'the mouth'), among the Romans, was the act of kissing the hand and waving it toward some person or object as a sign of deep reverence. The kissing of a sovereign's hand or of the cross on the Pope's slipper is the modern form of this practice. In our time, adoration denotes a mental attitude of worshipping devotion to God.

The Roman Catholic Church recognizes three kinds of worship: (1) latria, the worship due to God alone; (2) dulia, the honor paid to angels and saints or relics and images of the saints; (3) hyperdulia, the veneration of the Virgin Mary. Adoration of the Cross is a special ceremony carried out on Good Friday. Adoration of the Host is the supreme act in the celebration of the Mass.

In Christian art and archæology an Adoration is a representation of the adoration of the Infant Jesus by the Magi. It has been the subject of many pic

tures.

Adorf

Adorf, town, Prussian Saxony; 65 miles south of Leipzig. It manufactures cottons and mother-of-pearl goods. Pop. (1910) 7,861.

Adour (ancient Aturus), river, France, drains the west half of the northern slopes of the Pyrenees and flows to the Bay of Biscay. It passes through Dax and Bayonne; receives on the right the Midouze, on the left the Gave de Pau. It is navigable for about 80 miles. Length, 207 miles.

Adowa. See ADUA.

Adra (Abdera or Abdora of the Phoenicians), port in Almeria, Spain; 8 miles from Berja, on the Mediterranean. It has canesugar industry, lead mining, and exports grapes. Pop. 12,000.

Adrammelech. (1.) A form of the sun god worshipped by the inhabitants of Sepharvaim (2 Kings xvii. 31), and introduced into Samaria by the Sepharvite colonists. (2.) A son of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (2 Kings xix. 37; Isa. xxxvii. 38).

Adramyti (Turkish Edremid), town, western coast of Asia Minor, opposite Mitylene, amid rich olive groves. To the east lay the ancient Adramyttium. Pop. 6,000.

Adrar. See RIO DE ORO. Adrastus, king of Argos, whose daughter married Polynices of Thebes, who had been exiled from his native city by his brother Eteocles. He led the expedition of the 'Seven against Thebes,' but was the only one that survived, as Amphiaraus had foretold. Ten years later he led the six sons of the heroes to a new attack on Thebes-the war of the Epigoni ('descendants'). This time the attack was successful, but a son of Adrastus fell in the struggle, and the father immediately died of grief.

Adrenalin. One of the most important advances in pharmacology and therapeutics in recent years has been the discovery of adrenalin, the active principle of the suprarenal glands. These glands have been shown to contain a body which possesses a very powerful action on the organism, and which the glands normally secrete into blood vessels. The active principle was discovered about the same time by a Japanese scientist, Takamine, and an American investigator, Abel.

When very small doses are introduced into the system there is a great increase in the blood pressure, with a slowing and strengthening of the heart beat, these results being due chiefly to a profoundly stimulating action VOL. I.-Oct. '13

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on the non-striped muscle in the walls of the blood vessels, but also to a stimulating effect on the heart and vasomotor centre. As a result of the constriction of the blood vessels the parts supplied by them become blanched. An extremely minute dose suffices to produce this effect if injected into the vein; more is required for subcutaneous injection; and much more to produce the effect by oral administration. It produces its effect when locally applied to different mucous membranes, such as the conjunctiva, nasal and uterine mucous membrane, but it has no action on the unbroken skin. Its action is, as a rule, of short duration. A remarkable feature is that the vessels of the lungs are in no way influenced by this active principle. Another striking feature is the occurrence of glycosuria, due to an increased production of sugar by the liver; the mechanism of this is not fully understood.

The uses of adrenalin are many, and of very great value. If directly applied to a bleeding surface it is a most valuable hæmostatic, and is so used for bleedings from the uterus, nose, bladder, and eye. A solution of a strength of 1 to 5,000 to 10,000 suffices for this purpose; and in the case of bleeding from the nose it is often applied in the form of a spray. The complete local bloodlessness induced by it is also of great value to the surgeon, more especially in operations on the nose and eye. For this purpose it is often combined with cocaine and other local anæsthetics. Locally applied it is of value in hay fever. It is also valuable as a rapidly acting stimulant in heart failure due to shock, more especially in chloroform poisoning. In a few cases the internal administration of adrenalin has proven of value in Addison's Disease, but as a rule it has been inefficacious in the treatment of this disease. See ADDISON'S DISEASE; SUPRARENAL GLANDS.

Adria, town, Rovigo province, Italy, between the Rivers Po and Adige; 20 miles by rail southwest of Chioggia. It was an important seaport of the Etruscans, and was formerly on the Adriatic, to which sea it gave its name, but from which it is now 14 miles distant. Here, in 213 B.C., the Romans built a large port, which flourished until the twelfth century; but the continual deposition of alluvium on the eastern coast of Italy gradually separated it from the sea. Pop. 16,000.

Adrian di Castello

Adrian, city, Michigan, county seat of Lenawee county, on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Detroit, Toledo, and Ironton, and the Wabash Railroads; 73 miles southwest of Detroit. It is well furnished with water power, commands the trade of a large grain-growing region, and has several factories, especially flour and planing mills. Adrian College, the State Industrial Home for Girls, and St. Joseph's Academy (R. C.) are situated here. Pop. (1900) 9,654; (1910) 10,763.

Adrian, Emperor of Rome. See HADRIANUS.

Adrian, the name of six popes of the Roman Catholic Church.

ADRIAN I. (772-95) obtained the help of Charlemagne against Didier, king of the Lombards, and was visited at Rome by the great monarch, whom he afterward eulogized in Latin verse.

ADRIAN II. (867-72) took part in the struggles between Louis II. and Charles the Bald, and freely used against his opponents the terrors of excommunication. During his term of office the schism between the Eastern and Western Churches began.

ADRIAN III. (884-5) passed a decree restraining the Emperor Charles III. from interfering with the papal election.

ADRIAN IV. (1154-9), Nicholas Breakspeare, was the only English pope. He was born at Langley, near St. Albans; entered a French house as a menial, but rose to be its abbot. The canons' complaints of his severity resulted in his election as cardinal (1146), and in his mission to the Scandinavian kingdoms; after which, owing to his success as Apostle of the North, he was made Pope (1154). Adrian's pontificate was a constant struggle for the supremacy which Frederick I. stubbornly claimed.

ADRIAN V. (1276) held office only for a month.

ADRIAN VI. (1522-3) had held office as canon of St. Peter's, professor of theology, dean of the Church of Louvain, bishop of Tortosa, cardinal (1517), tutor to Charles V., ambassador to Ferdinand of Spain, and regent of Spain during the minority of Charles v. He tried to arrest the progress of the Reformation in Germany.

Adrian di Castello (1460?— 1521?), Italian cardinal, who was English ambassador at Rome, and held the bishopric of Hereford and of Bath and Wells. He was implicated in the plot to poison Leo X., and was degraded (1518). He wrote poems and philosophical works,

Adriano ple

Adriano ple, former vilayet of European Turkey. It is chiefly an agricultural region, producing grain, tobacco, wool, cheese, eggs, skins, and milk. Most of the vilayet lies in the territory ceded to the Balkan allies in 1913. Area, 14,822 square miles. Pop. 1,500,000.

Adriano ple (Turkish Edirné; ancient USKUDAMA or ORESTIA), city, capital of the vilayet of the same name, in that part of European Turkey which was ceded to the Balkan allies by the Treaty of London (May, 1913); on the Oriental Railways, and on the left bank of the Maritza, at its confluence with the Tunja; 137 miles by rail northwest of Constantinople. The principal edifices are the beautiful mosque built by the Sultan Selim II., the Serai (palace), the Michael bridge (built by Byzantine emperors), a modern railroad station (1912), and a great bazaar for the products of the vicinity, especially cereals and wine. The city is an important centre of commerce. There are carpet factories, distilleries, tanneries, and manufactures of textiles and perfumes. Pop. (1912) 83,000.

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The name Adrianople dates from the second century, when the Emperor Hadrian enlarged and beautified the town (hence Hadriano polis). It was tured by the Turks in 1361, and was the capital of the Ottoman empire until 1453-i. e., previous to the capture of Constantinople. It was occupied by the Russians in 1829, and here, in September of that year, was signed the Treaty of Adrianople, which concluded the war between Russia and Turkey. In the war of 1877-8 it was again occupied by the Russians. It was afterward strongly fortified by a line of defences 24 miles in circumference; and the construction of outworks in 1909 made it one of the strongest positions in the country.

In 1912-13, with a garrison of 50,000 men under Shukri Pasha, Adrianople sustained for five months a siege by the Bulgarians and Servians; but it finally surrendered after a three days' assault, on March 26, 1913. King Ferdinand of Bulgaria entered the town two days later. After conflicting territorial claims had resulted in hostilities between Bulgaria and the other Balkan allies in July, Adrianople was recaptured by the Turks. It was then declared in Constantinople that Adrianople was within the new confines of European Turkey. See BALKAN WAR.

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Adrian, Saint (A.D. 300), one of the soldier-saints of the early Christian Church. A member of the Prætorian Guard, he was converted through his admiration for the steadfastness of certain Christian martyrs, and was beheaded after torture. His wife, Natalia, was canonized with him, their day of commemoration being Sept. 8.

Adriatic Sea (Mare Adriatico), or GULF OF VENICE, an arm of the Mediterranean, extending from Venice for 460 miles southeast to the Strait of Otranto (less than 40 miles wide), lies between 12 Uding Gora

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Adularia

artificially enlarged for the busy trade in agricultural produce. The Dalmatian coast is inhospitable; provisions and even fresh water are scarce. The chief industry is fishing; the sponge fishery has been improved by artificial propagation. The chief ports are Brindisi, Ancona, and Venice, in Italy; Trieste, Pola, and Fiume, in AustriaHungary; Corfu, Zante, Vostitza, Patras, and Kalamata. The chief steamship lines are the Peninsular and Oriental, Austrian Lloyd, Florio-Rubattino, Italian Steamship Navigation

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The Adriatic Sea.

the low, sandy beaches of Italy on the west and the rocky cliffs, islands, and inlets of Dalmatia and Albania on the east. Its general breadth is about 90 miles. The depth on the south is from 550 to 860 fathoms, shoaling to 4 fathoms inshore and 36 fathoms in the centre of the northern part. The color is green, darker than that of the Mediterranean; the water is very salty. Tides are almost absent except at Venice and in the Strait of Otranto. A current runs up the east coast and down the west. Navigation is easy for steamers, but frequent heavy gales make it dangerous for sailing vessels.

The Italian coast is well populated, with many small harbor

Company, and Leyland. The annual wedding of the Doge to the sea on Ascension Day, a ceremony instituted in 1174, symbolized the maritime basis of Venetian prosperity. Consult F. H. Jackson's The Shores of the Adriatic-The Italian Side (1906), The Austrian Side (1908).

Adua, ADOA, or ADOWA, city, Abyssinia; 150 miles northeast of Gondar, and 120 miles southwest of Massowah. It is an important place for trade between the coast and the interior. The railway line from Massowah to Gondar will pass through it. Here Menelik inflicted a crushing defeat on the Italian forces on March 1, 1896. Altitude over 6,300 feet. Pop. 3,000. Adularia, a clear, transparent,

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