when the savages had a superabundance. This she was obliged to earn by dragging heavy logs of wood, and fetching water, and she was not allowed to enter their huts; but, destitute of all covering as she was, she was obliged to lie out the whole night, even in the heaviest rains. This is but a slight sketch of what she went through; a detailed account would fill a quire of paper. When we had got about half way to our boats, we were obliged to carry her in turns. We did not arrive until the next morning, when, after taking some rest, she begged I would send her some hot water to her tent, as she was anxious to restore her face and person to their natural colour. I suspect she found it no easy task, as, besides her exposure to the sun and wind, the natives, in order to bring her as near as possible to their own complexion, had rubbed her every day with charcoal and fat.

"Our only anxiety was to get away, as we had accomplished our errand, and the Blacks were keeping us constantly on the watch. We were detained by contrary winds for four days, during which one of our men got a spear sent through his thigh. At length we had a fair breeze, and reached the settlement in two days and a night.

"Since our arrival, Mrs. Frazer has been suffering very much from the effects of her hardships, which showed themselves in pains in her limbs and joints. She is now coming fast round, and I dare say will be soon quite well."

These savage tribes vary in colour, some being black, others copper-coloured; further, in some the hair is curly, in others straight. I have examined a

number of skulls of these savages, and uniformly found a compressed and receding frontal, as well as all those cerebral characteristics for which the lowest grades of human nature are remarkable, and which assimilate the savage to the brute creation.

Indeed, it would appear, that in the division of the human race, colour has not been sufficiently regarded. The White man admits of two sections, the Caucasian and the Mongolian. The Red man of America stands alone. At the head of the Black division must be placed the Hindoo, followed by the Malay, and lastly, by the Negro. It is very well known that the Spaniards, the Arabs, and indeed the greater part of those people included in the white varieties of human nature, exhibit a swarthy, or very dark appearance; yet there is nothing in their colour which will identify it with the black division of their fellow-men. On the contrary, if we consider the three varieties of the latter, we shall find, that although they differ very much in the form and expression of the countenance, yet, as relates to the characteristic of colour, they are referable to one and the same class-the colour of the eye, for instance, is similar in all. Further, that effluvium which exudes from the skin of the Blacks is very perceptible in the Hindoo, stronger in the Malay, and superlatively so in the Negro.

The Hindoo may be regarded in the black division of our species as equivalent with the Caucasian variety of the white, and in his well-developed features may be frequently observed an impressive approximation towards those of the white man; generally speaking, the countenances of the Hindoos are much more intellectual than those of the lower varieties

of the same division, while the ancient monuments or mementos of these people, though immeasurably inferior to those of the ancient Greeks and Romans, incontestably prove their comparative superiority.

The Red man of America is referable neither to the white nor the black variety. As this vast country differs geologically from the other three quarters of the globe, so its animal productions are at variance also: the beasts which inhabit its boundless savannas and almost interminable forests, are not precisely similar to those of Asia, Africa, or Europe; a similar observation may be applied to the feathered tribes which animate its dismal swamps and gloomy wildernesses; therefore, as if to maintain a sort of corresponding exclusiveness, we find its aborigines inclassable with either the white or the black division of the human race, or yet with any of the varieties of which these classes are composed.

Let it be duly impressed upon the mind of the reader, that, where the varieties have intermingled, it not only precludes distinct classification, but renders definite opinion impossible; and yet, owing to the improvement in navigation, and the consequent extension of commerce, this mixture of blood, though very undesirable, is common enough in all those parts of the world where different people have been brought together. If, however, we duly consider these mongrel productions, we shall perceive the powerful support which the hypothesis advocated in these pages receives from the evidence of facts. A Mulatto is the production of the Negro and the white; if the white and the Mulatto become connected, the production is a Quadroon; if the Mulatto approach the

Negro, the Samboe is the result: the superiority of the Quadroon to the Samboe, in beauty of conformation and intellectual capacity, is remarkable.

If, with the descending links in the chain of human nature, an inferiority of animal organization and mental capacity become conspicuous, a preponderance of the baser feelings is rendered remarkably perceptible also. All savages are cowardly, inclined to thieving, and intolerably cruel. In these respects, the Indian of America, the Negro, and the savage of the South Sea Islands, appear much the same, equally insusceptible of civilization, equally inclined to cannabalism, equally approximating the brute. Whenever these lowest grades in the scale of human existence have come in contact with the whites, they have uniformly evinced the propensities to which I have above alluded, when they happened to be the stronger party, and were only restrained from the relentless exercise of them by the fear of punishment staring them in the face.

The Haytian Republic. - The large island of Hayti, or St. Domingo, was the first place at which Columbus touched in his celebrated discovery of America. The original population of 1,000,000 dwindled into less than a fourth of that number, owing to the oppressive cruelty of the Spaniards; and when at length, Negroes were introduced for the purpose of cultivating the soil, the aborigines disappeared before the progress of commerce and colonization. In process of time, the French acquired a settlement at St. Domingo, and the island was divided between them and the Spaniards. When the French Revolution burst forth like a volcano, the explosion re-echoed throughout St. Domingo, and many of

the respectable settlers and planters, who had long groaned under European oppression, caught the idea of emancipation, and excited the Negroes to assist them in throwing off the intolerable yoke. As an historical detail of subsequent events is not the object of this publication, but the establishment of the degrees of intellectual capacity upon physiological bases, I have merely to observe, that all those leaders who distinguished themselves in the revolution of St. Domingo, were allied to the white man, most of them very nearly. Toussaint l'Ouverture was a Mulatto or Quadroon. Petion, the most distinguished amongst them for mental ability, made a nearer approach to white bloodhe was a Mæsti, the offspring of the white and the Quadroon. Dessalines exhibited the darkest complexion of any of these St. Domingo chiefs, and his mind was formed to correspond with his physiological inferiority ignorant, capricious, and cruel, he was no sooner possessed of supreme power, than he became a relentless tyrant; his intolerable proceedings excited revolt, and he was very unceremoniously put to death.

When at length foreign enemies had been completely baffled, and civil commotion had given place to something like order and regular government, it must be admitted that the fairest possible opportunity was offered to the Black to prove what was so positively advanced by thousands of the unreflecting part of the community-his intellectual equality with his white brother. Many years have elapsed since the black population of St. Domingo settled under what may be called their own government, with the assistance, be it remembered, of many Europeans,

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