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ing, but this Spon supplied by means of a MS. at Zara in Dalmatia, in which he had the good fortune to discover it entire as follows:

IMP. CAESAR. T. AELIUS. HADRIANUS ANTONINUS AUG. PIUS. COS. III. TRIB. POT. II. P. P. AQUAEDUCTUM IN NOVIS ATHENIS COEPTUM A DIVO HADRIANO PATRE SUO CONSUMMAVIT DEDICAVITQUE 1.

It appears, therefore, that one of the last favours conferred upon Athens by Hadrian, was the commencement of this aqueduct. Although it was nominally intended for Hadrianopolis only, there can be little doubt that the whole city enjoyed the benefit of it.

1

Spon, Voyage, &c. II. p. 99. His testimony is confirmed by a MS. in the Barberini Library, by Sangallo, an architect, deriving his information from Ciriaco d'Ancona, who travelled in Greece in the year 1436.

chesmus,

or Lyca

bettus.

SECTION III.

Of some other important but more disputable Questions of Athenian Topography-The Mountain Anchesmus, or Lycabettus-The Agora-The CerameicusDipylum, and the Peiraic Gate.

Mount An- ONE of the most striking features of Athens, one which enters into almost every view of its scenery, and is among the first objects to seize the stranger's attention, is that conical peaked summit considerably higher than the citadel, which, crowned with a small church of St. George, looks down upon the city from the northeastern side. It has generally been called Anchesmus, and not without reason; for although the name occurs but once in ancient history, and Pausanias, the author who mentions it, gives no certain indication of its locality, yet as he shows Anchesmus to have been distinct from Parnes, Pentelicum, and Hymettus, and describes it as a small mountain ',

.....

1 "Opn δὲ ̓Αθηναίοις ἐστὶ Πεντελικὸν . . . . . καὶ Πάρνης . καὶ Ὑμηττὸς . . . . . Πεντέλῃσι μὲν ̓Αθηνᾶς, ἐν Ὑμηττῷ δὲ ἄγαλμά ἐστιν Ὑμηττίου Διὸς . ... καὶ ἐν Πάρνηθα Παρνήθιος Ζεὺς χαλκαὶ ̓Αγχεσμὸς ὄρος ἐστὶν οὐ μέγα καὶ Διὸς

κοῦς ἐστι

......

ἄγαλμα Αγχεσμίου.

.....

Pausan. Attic. 32, 2.

which will not agree with any part of the ridge on the north-western side of the plain, known to have borne the names of Ægaleos, Corydallus, and Poecilum, while it is perfectly adapted to the hill of St. George, we can hardly avoid the conclusion that this hill was Anchesmus. On its acute summit is a small platform, partly artificial, to which there was an access by steps cut in the rock; the church which stands upon it is itself, in some degree, an argument that the summit was a hierum, as throughout Greece churches are generally the successors of Pagan temples.

But if the presumption is strong that this height was the Anchesmus of Pausanias, there is still better reason to believe that it was the ancient Lycabettus. According to one of the fables of Attic mythology, Minerva, who had gone from Athens to Pallene to procure a mountain for an outwork in front of the Acropolis, was met, in returning, by a crow, which informed her of the birth of Erichthonius, when she dropped Mount Lycabettus where it still stands '.

This fable is related by Antigonus of Carystus, an author of the third century B. C., on the authority of an Athenian antiquary, not much earlier in date, named Amelesagoras. The infant Erichthonius was said to have been inclosed by Minerva in a box, which she delivered to the three daughters of Cecrops, with strict injunctions that it should not be opened until her return from Pallene. Agraulus and Pandrosus (Agraulus and Herse, according to Apollodorus, 3, 14, § 6, and Pausanias Attic. 18, 2), disobeying her commands, opened the box, and found two serpents (one, according to Apollodorus) coiled around Erichthonius. The crow, for being the herald of bad news, was forbidden ever to enter the Acropolis.

Εριχθόνιον· ὃν τρέφειν τὴν ̓Αθηνῶν καὶ εἰς κίστην

Pallene was a demus to the north-eastward of Athens'. We may infer, therefore, that Lycabettus was on that side of the city.

Again, in the life of Proclus, a philosopher of the fifth century, who taught and died at Athens, we are informed that he was buried in the same tomb with his master Syrianus, to the eastward of the city near Lycabettus. It seems clear, therefore, that Lyca

καθείρξαι, καὶ παραθέσθαι ταῖς Κέκροπος παισὶν ̓Αγραύλῳ καὶ Πανδρόσῳ καὶ Ερσῃ, καὶ ἐπιτάξαι μὴ ἀνοίγειν τὴν κίστην, ἕως ἂν αὐτὴ ἔλθῃ· ἀφικομένην δὴ ἐς Πελλήνην, φέρειν ὄρος ἵνα ἔρυμα πρὸ τῆς Ακροπόλεως ποιήσῃ· τὰς δὲ Κέκροπος θυγατέρας τὰς δύο ̓́Αγραυλον καὶ Πάνδροσον τὴν κίστην ἀνοίξαι καὶ ἰδεῖν δράκοντας δύο περὶ τὸν Εριχθόνιον τῇ δὲ ̓Αθηνᾷ, φερούσῃ τὸ ὄρος, ὃ νῦν καλεῖται Λυκαβηττὸς, κορώνην φησὶν ἀπαντῆσαι καὶ εἰπεῖν ὅτι Εριχθόνιος ἐν φανερῷ· τὴν δὲ ἀκούσασαν ῥίψαι τὸ ὄρος ὅπου νῦν ἐστι· τῇ δὲ κορώνῃ διὰ τὴν κακαγγελίαν εἰπεῖν, ὡς εἰς ἀκρόπολιν οὐ θέμις αὐτῇ ἔσται ἀφικέσθαι. Antigon. Car. 12.

According to another legend, Erichthonius was said to have made his first appearance in the form of a serpent. See above, p. 120, n. 3. p. 149, n. 3. As to the crow, the explanation seems to be, that these birds, which are seen in great numbers around the rocks of the Acropolis, seldom rise to the summit. Though Pellene is the name in the text of Antigonus, Pallene is the real orthography, as Attic inscriptions prove, as well as the derivation of the name from Pallas, son of Pandion.

1 Peisistratus had begun his march from Marathon towards Athens, when the Alcmæonidæ, obtaining intelligence of the movement, proceeded from Athens against him : the adverse parties arrived, in face of each other, near the temple of Minerva Pallenis, in the demus of the Pallenenses. Peisistratus surprised his enemies as they were reposing after dinner, and defeated them. Herodot. 1, 62.

2

3 ἐτάφη ἐν τοῖς ἀνατολικωτέροις τῆς πόλεως πρὸς τῷ Λυκαβηττῷ, ἔνθα καὶ τὸ τοῦ καθηγεμόνος Συριανοῦ κεῖται σῶμα· ἐκεῖνος γὰρ αὐτῷ

bettus was to the north-eastward of Athens, and that Plato, when describing Lycabettus as over-against the Pnyx (καταντικρύ Πνυκός), intended its diametrical opposition to the Pnyx in reference to the circumference of the asty 1.

We may further remark, in confirmation of the

τοῦτο παρεκελεύσατο ἔτι περιὼν καὶ τὴν θήκην τοῦ μνήματος διπλῆν διὰ τοῦτο ἐργασάμενος.

The following was the epitaph composed by Proclus himself: Πρόκλος ἐγὼ γενόμην Λύκιος γένος, ὃν Συριανὸς

Ενθάδ' ἀμοιβὸν ἑῆς θρέψε διδασκαλίης

Ξυνὸς δ' αμφοτέρων ὅδε σώματα δέξατο τύμβος
Αἴτε δὲ καὶ ψυχὰς χῶρος ἕεις λελάχοι.

Marin. v. Procl. 36.

Although the work of Marinus was written as late as A. D. 485, his authority is not to be despised in an incidental allusion to topography. Even at that late period Athens cherished the memory of her history: the Platonic school was the centre of all that remained of ancient literature: and Marinus, both as a resident of Athens, and as a learned man, deriving his knowledge in an interrupted series from former times, may be supposed to have been correctly informed on the ancient topography.

1

' Plato was describing the ancient or fabulous state of the hill of the Acropolis prior to a certain deluge and earthquake, which were supposed to have removed a great quantity of soil, and to have effected an immense change in the site of Athens. The hill of the Acropolis (he says) was then so large as to extend to the Eridanus and Ilissus, comprehending within it the Pnyx, as well as the mountain of Lycabettus, which is opposite to Pnyx:

Τὸ τῆς ̓Ακροπόλεως εἶχε τότε οὐχ ̓ ὡς τὰ νῦν ἔχει· τὸ δὲ πρὶν ἐν ἑτέρῳ χρόνῳ μέγεθος ἦν πρὸς τὸν Ηριδανὸν καὶ τὸν Ἰλισσὸν αποβεβηκυῖα καὶ περιειληφυῖα ἐντὸς τὸν Πνύκα καὶ τὸν Λυκαβηττὸν ὅρον (al. ὄρος) ἐκ τοῦ καταντικρύ Πνυκὸς ἔχουσα. Plato Crit. 6.

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