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the Ptolemies 1. These remains are situated about half way between the choragic monument of Lysicrates and the Arch of Hadrian, and stood a little to the right of a line directed from the site of the Prytaneium to the latter monument. If these be the remains of the Sarapium, no vestiges of the temple of Lucina have yet been discovered.

Not far from the Olympium, and advancing, as it Pythium. would seem from the succeeding part of the narrative of Pausanias, in a direction parallel to the course of the Ilissus, he describes the sanctuaries of Apollo Pythius, and of Apollo Delphinius 2.

Thucydides shews us that the Pythium was in the same quarter as the Olympium, and Strabo indicates that it was near the city walls, by describing a sanctuary of Jupiter Astrapæus, as situated near the wall between the Pythium and Olympium *. It appears from the story of Theseus, related by Pausanias, that the Delphinium was a vaòç or roofed building, and probably of considerable extent, as a court of justice was held here, named τὸ ἐπὶ Δελφινίῳ 5. Nor can it well be doubted that the Pythium was a sanctuary of the same kind, although Pausanias in

1

These columns are one foot ten inches in diameter at the base, and sixteen feet high, are not fluted, and have an intercolumniation of three diameters and a half: the architrave is only two feet high.

2 See above, p. 132.

3

Thucyd, 2, 15; see above, p. 173.

4 ἀπὸ τῆς ἐσχάρας τοῦ ̓Αστραπαίου Διός· ἔστι δ' αὐτὴ ἐν τῷ

τείχει μεταξὺ τοῦ Πυθίου καὶ τοῦ Ὀλυμπίου. Strabo, p. 404.

5

See above, p. 161; and below in Sect. VIII.

T

Cepi.

alluding to a statue alone, seems to intimate that the temple no longer existed.

Pausanias next describes the quarter called Kо, or the Gardens, and the Gymnasia named Lyceium and Cynosarges. From the vicinity alone of these two celebrated gymnasia to the Gardens, we might presume that they were situated in the vale of the Ilissus, and the presumption is confirmed by the mention made of their shady groves, though they were placed near heights remarked for being dry and barren. The Lyceium was particularly noted for its plane trees; this Gymnasium, therefore, we may presume to have been very near the river.

Pausanias designates Cepi, or the Gardens, as a place or district (xwpiov), and in making mention of the Peribolus containing the cavern in which the

Philip, son of Demetrius, in his invasion of Attica in the year B.C. 200, encamped at Cynosarges, which was situated in a grove (templum gymnasiumque et lucus erat circumjectus), and destroyed not only these trees, but those of the Lyceium also. Liv. 31, 24.

Socrates was said to have discoursed under a plane tree in the Lycium : ἔλεγε δὲ ταῦτα μόνον οὐκ ἐν μέσοις Έλλησιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἴκοι καὶ δημοσίᾳ, ἐν συμποσίοις, ἐν ̓Ακαδημίᾳ, ἐν Πειραιεῖ, ἐν óð, væò πλаrávy v Avкei. Maxim. Tyr. 24 (4). In the next century, Aristotle and Theophrastus here enjoyed the shade of a plane tree, which although still young, spread over a space of twenty-three cubits: "Ηγε οὖν ἐν τῷ Λυκείῳ ἡ πλάτανος ἡ κατὰ τὸν ὀχετὸν ἔτι νέα οὖσα περὶ τρεῖς καὶ τριάκοντα πήχεις ἀφῆκεν. Theophr. H. Plant. 1, 11. In the Academy there was a plane, of which the roots and branches extended over a space of thirtysix cubits. Plin. H. N. 12, 1 (5). These noble trees, together with all the others in the Academy and Lyceium, were, according to Plutarch (Syll. 12), cut down by Sylla.

Arrephoræ deposited their unknown burthens, he describes it as near the temple of Venus in the Gardens, and as in the city (v T TÓλ)'. This seems very decisive in indicating Cepi as the name of one of the quarters within the walls, this testimony being of far more weight than that of Pliny, whose "extra muros" may have been merely an inference of his own mind from the name кnπоι2. There is reason, therefore, to believe that although this quarter may have really consisted of gardens before the enlargement of the Astic inclosure, in the same manner as Limnæ may once have been a marsh, a portion at least of those gardens was included within the enlarged inclosure, which was made by Themistocles. We may easily imagine that the gardens originally occupied all that lowest ground along the right bank of the Ilissus, which is about two hundred yards in breadth, but that the new walls following a direction parallel to the river, may have included a part of them within the city, leaving, however, sufficient space on the outside for that περίπατος ἔξω τείχους, or walk along the exterior of the walls, which is mentioned by Plato, and which had breadth enough, at least in the part to the northward of the Stadium, for verdure intermixed with the agnus castus, and doubtless with some others of the torrent-loving shrubs of Greece,

See above, p. 156.

2 Alcamenen Atheniensem docuit (Phidias) in primis nobilem, cujus sunt opera Athenis complura in ædibus sacris, præclaraque Venus extra muros, quæ appellatur Aphrodite i Koç. Huic summam manum ipse Phidias imposuisse dicitur. Hist. 36, 5 (4, § 3).

Plin. Nat.

Cynosarges.

as well as with large plane trees, amidst which were temples and sanctuaries containing statues'. Some remains of the town walls observed by Stuart and Fauvel, near the north-eastern angle of the city at a distance of about two hundred yards from the Ilissus, enable us to judge with tolerable accuracy of the breadth of this favourite place of recreation of the Athenians.

The "ambulatio extra muros was continued by Callirhoe or Enneacrunus to the southern side of the city, as appears from the Platonic dialogue named Axiochus, as well as from traces of the ancient wall near Enneacrunus, though it is equally evident from those remains, that the space between the wall and the Ilissus in this part was not so great as that towards the Lyceium described by Plato.

Cynosarges was a sanctuary and Gymnasium, deriving its name from an accident which occurred when Diomus, an Athenian, was sacrificing to Hercules 3. From Diomus the demus which comprehended Cynosarges, was named οἱ Διομειεῖς or Διομείοι ', and the Aioμɛiaι múλai, was a gate of the city near Cynosarges 5.

1

See the Phædrus of Plato; Pausan. Attic. 19, 6, and above, p. 135.

2

This dialogue, although it may be no more than an imitation of Plato, is almost equally valid as a topographical document. 3 See above, p. 133.

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Aristoph. Ran. 664. et schol.

Suid. in Διόμεια. Hesych. Hypereides ap. Harpocr. in According to

ἐν Διομείοις Ηράκλειον. Hesych. in Δημιάσι.

the Athenian mythology, Hercules, when he arrived at Athens,

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ἐν τῷ Κυνοσάργει τῷ γυμνασίῳ μικρὸν ἄπωθεν τῶν πυλῶν.

We find moreover, that Cynosarges was near a rising ground', a circumstance which leads at once to the belief that it was situated at the foot of the southeastern extremity of Mount Lycabettus, near the point where the arch of the aqueduct of Hadrian and Antoninus formerly stood. This position perfectly accords with that which was taken by the Athenian army after the victory of Marathon, when, hearing of the sailing of the Persian fleet from the Marathonian bay to the road of Phalerum, they marched in all haste to the defence of the city, moving from the Heracleium of Marathon to the Heracleium of Cynosarges. The place was peculiarly convenient to them from its proximity to the city, from its safety, as being in the rear of the walls, and from its having commanded a distant view of the road of Phalerum. The same situation illustrates the walk of Socrates, in the Axiochus. He is described as having issued from the city not far from Callirhoe, with the intention of proceeding along the Ilissus to Cynosarges, as turning in the opposite direction at the request of a friend, and as re-entering the city at the Itonian gate, which, there is good reason to believe, was the gate leading to Phalerum 3.

The situation of Cynosarges near the heights, gives reason for believing that there was a small interval between it and the walls; and such appears to

Diogen. Laërt. 6, 13.

Κυνόσαργες

τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶν ἔξω

πυλῶν γυμνάσιον Ηρακλέους. Plutarch. Themist. 1.

1

(Ισοκράτης) ἐτάφη δὲ μετὰ τῆς συγγενείας πλησίον Κυνοσápyove̟ inì roũ Xópov iv ȧpiσtepā.

2 Herodot. 6, 116.

Vit. X. Rhet. in Isocr.

3 See below in Section X.

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