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Gigantomachia.

statues of Jupiter, and which was called the Disoterium 1.

The subsequent course of Pausanias may be

deduced from the relative situations of the Parthenon, the Erechtheium, and three other monuments, which no longer exist, but the positions of which are known from a comparison of other authorities with that of Pausanias. These monuments are: 1. The Gigantomachia, or battle of the gods and giants, dedicated by Attalus. 2. The brazen colossal statue of Minerva, by Phidias, dedicated from the tenth of the spoils of Marathon. 3. The brazen chariot with four horses, dedicated from the tenth of the spoils of the battle of Chalcis.

1. Pausanias informs us that the Gigantomachia stood upon the wall of the Acropolis, called Notium, which was near the Dionysiac theatre; and Plutarch relates, that a violent wind which, at the time of the battle of Actium, threw down two colossal

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Τὸν Πλοῦτον, οὗπερ πρότερον ἦν ἱδρυμένος

Τὸν Ὀπισθόδομον ἀεὶ φυλάττων τῆς Θεοῦ.

Aristoph. Plut. 1188.

Schol. ibid.

Δισωτήριον καλοῦσιν ̓Αθήνῃσι τὸν ναὸν τοῦ σωτῆρος Διός. Bekker Anecd. Gr. I. p. 91.

οὔτε τὴν ̓Ακρόπολιν καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Σωτῆρος καὶ τῆς ̓Αθηνᾶς τῆς Σωτείρας, ἀφορῶν καὶ προδιδοὺς, ἐφοβήθη. Lycurg. cont. Leocrat. p. 148, Reiske. It appears from the same oration of Lycurgus (p. 231) that the temple once contained a statue of the father of Leocrates. And here also were statues of Conon, and of Evagoras king of Cyprus (Isocrat. Evagor. p. 200, Steph.).

Attic. 21, 4. 25, 2. See above, p. 140. 151.

statues of M. Antonius at Athens, precipitated also into the theatre a Bacchus, which was one of the figures of the Gigantomachia'. Hence it clearly appears that this composition stood upon the wall overhanging the theatre; that is to say, upon the southern wall, towards the eastern end. The three other dedications of Attalus, namely, the contest of the Athenians with the Amazons, the battle of Marathon, and the destruction of the Gauls in Mysia, were probably ranged in a similar manner on the summit of the Cimonian wall, and may thus have reached perhaps, as far as opposite the Parthenon.

Promachus.

2. The brazen colossus of Minerva, by Phidias, Minerva was distinguished from the two other celebrated statues of Minerva in the Acropolis, those of the Parthenon and Erechtheium, by the epithet of Promachus, as being armed and in the attitude of one

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Τῆς ̓Αθήνησι Γιγαντομαχίας ὑπὸ πνευμάτων ὁ Διόνυσος ἐκσεισθεὶς εἰς τὸ θέατρον κατηνέχθη. Plutarch. Anton. 60.

2 See above, p. 158. n. 3, and the description of the three statues of Minerva in the Acropolis, by the Scholiast of Demosthenes (c. Androt. p. 597, Reiske).

The three Minervas are alluded to in the following remarkable passage of the Knights of Aristophanes, pointed out by Mr. Wordsworth (Athens and Attica, p. 128), where the statue of the Parthenon is recognized by its ivory hands, the Minerva Promachus by its colossal dimensions, its brazen shield, and and the wooden Polias by the peplus which

its spear, covered it.

ΚΛΕΩΝ. Ἰδοὺ φέρω σοι τήνδε μαζίσκην ἐγὼ

ἐκ τῶν ὁλῶν τῶν ἐκ Πύλου μεμαγμένην.

ΑΛΛΑΝΤΟΠΩΛΗΣ. Ἐγὼ δὲ μυστίλας μεμιστυλημένας

ὑπὸ τῆς θεοῦ τῇ χειρὶ τἠλεφαντίνῃ.

ready for immediate combat. From an ancient coin of Athens, already referred to', we obtain not only the attitude and proportions of this gigantic figure, but its position also, which, to a spectator on the northern side of the Acropolis, was between the Parthenon and the Propylæa, but much nearer to the former. We perceive, from the same testimony, that it faced the west, as if guarding the entrance of the Acropolis through the Propylæa, and hence it is alluded to by Aristophanes as ἡ Παλλὰς ἡ Πυλαίμαχος. We may presume, therefore, that it was nearly opposite the centre of the Propylæa; and this is confirmed by Pausanias, who remarks that the crest of its helmet, and the point of its spear, were visible to those who were off the promontory Sunium, sailing towards Athens; for not these extremities only, but the whole statue would have been seen, when the Acropolis first became visible to vessels sailing up the Saronic Gulf, had it not, standing opposite to the Propylæa, been concealed by the Parthenon. And further,

ΔΗΜΟΣ. Ως μέγαν ἄρ ̓ εἶχες, ὦ πότνια, τὸν δάκτυλον.
ΚΛ. Ἐγὼ δ' ἔτνος γε πίσινον εὔχρων καὶ καλόν·

ἐτόρυνε δ' αὔθ ̓ ἡ Παλλὰς ἡ Πυλαίμαχος.
ΑΛ. Ω Δῆμ', ἐναργῶς ἡ θεὸς σ' ἐπισκοπεῖ,

καὶ νῦν ὑπερέχει σου χύτραν ζωμοῦ πλέαν.
ΔΗ. οἴει γὰρ οἰκεῖσθ ̓ ἂν ἔτι τήνδε τὴν πόλιν,
εἰ μὴ φανερῶς ἡμῶν ὑπερεῖχε τὴν χύτραν ;
ΚΛ. Τουτὶ τέμαχός σ' οὔδωκεν ἡ Φοβεσιστράτη.
ΑΛ. Ἡ δ' Οβριμοπάτρα γ ̓ ἑφθὸν ἐκ ζωμοῦ κρέας
Καὶ χόλικος ἠνύστρου τε καὶ γαστρὸς τόμον.
ΔΗ. Καλῶς γ ̓ ἐποίησε τοῦ πέπλου μεμνημένη.
Aristoph. Eq. 1163.

1 See plate I, fig. 1.

although standing opposite to the centre of the Propylæa, it would not have been intercepted from view by the Parthenon, when the latter first ceases to be hidden from ships in the Gulf, by the southern part of Mount Hymettus, had it stood many feet to the westward of a line produced from the western face of the Parthenon. The same words of Pausa

nias supply the means of forming an estimate of its height, which could not have been less than seventyfive feet, the roof of the temple having been about seventy feet higher than the platform of the statue. If we suppose the pedestal to have been about twenty feet, the statue itself was fifty-five feet high, or fifteen feet taller than the Minerva of the Parthenon.

3. A third monument of which the situation is Brazen Quadriga well defined, was the brazen quadriga dedicated from the spoils of Chalcis, having horses probably of the natural size 1. This, Herodotus informs us, was on the left hand of those who entered the Acropolis through the Propylæa 2.

Having fixed these three points, we shall find that the position of them all is exactly conformable with the order in which the monuments of the Acropolis occur in the narrative of Pausanias, if we conceive him to have turned to the right, after having entered

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τῶν λύτρων τὴν δεκάτην ἀνέθηκαν, ποιησάμενοι τέθριππον χάλκεον· τὸ δὲ ἀριστερῆς χερὸς ἕστηκε πρῶτον ἐσιόντι ἐς τὰ Προπύλαια τὰ ἐν τῇ ̓Ακροπόλι. Herodot. 5, 77.

2 Pausanias notices a chariot only possibly the horses may have been already carried away.

through the Propylæa; and thus to have advanced upon the Parthenon: after passing that building, to have described the objects at the eastern end of the citadel; and to have completed the circuit by returning to the Propylæa along the northern side of the citadel, including in that part of his course and narrative, the Erechtheium and the statue of Minerva Promachus. Some of the details of his description corroborate this supposition as to his route'. For instance, he treats of the temple of Minerva Polias, or the eastern division of the Erechtheium, before the Pandroseium or western after describing the monuments in the temenus of Minerva Polias, he mentions the statue of Minerva Promachus, which appears to have stood on the higher level, not far from the peribolus of that temenus: he then adverts to the brazen chariot, and after the latter monument describes only two statues; concluding his description of the Acropolis, by noticing the Pelasgic wall, which appellation seems in his days to have been particularly applied to the part of the northern wall adjoining to the Propylæa: thus the situation of the brazen tethrippus, as deduced from Pausanias, agrees perfectly with the description of Herodotus.

Following, therefore, the narrative of Pausanias, after he has described the Parthenon, we may infer

The discovery of the base of the statue of Epicharinus has already been mentioned as corroborating the order of the first part of his route.-Note of 1839. See above, p. 347, n. 2.

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