that not far from the eastern front of that temple, stood the Apollo Parnopius by Phidias, and then, in the direction of that part of the southern wall which overhangs the Dionysiac theatre, the statue of Xanthippus father of Pericles, (that of Pericles himself was near the brazen chariot'), then the Anacreon, and the statues by Deinomenes, of Io and Callisto. The Olympiodorus, which was very near the part of the wall jnst mentioned, was probably towards the Erechtheium, as well as the Diana Leucophryene, dedicated by the sons of Themistocles, and the ancient statue of Minerva by Endous. Among the monuments of the Acropolis not noticed by Pausanias, may be mentioned as the most remarkable:-1. A brazen ram of colossal dimensions 2. 2. The temple of Rome and Augustus3, situated about ninety feet in front of Rome and the eastern face of the Parthenon. From a portion 1 See above, p. 151. 159. This was perhaps the Pericles alluded to by Pliny. Ctesilaus (fecit) Olympium Periclem, dignum cognomine. Plin. H. N. 34, 8. (19. § 14.) 2 * ἦν ἐν τῇ ̓Ακροπόλει κριὸς ἀνακείμενος μέγας χαλκοῦς· ἀσελγόκερων δὲ αὐτὸν εἶπε Πλάτων ὁ Κωμικός, διὰ τὸ μέγαν εἶναι, καὶ συναριθμεῖ αὐτῷ τὸν Δούριον ἵππον. Hesych. in Κριὸς ἀσελγόκερως. The following inscription is in five lines upon this marble: Ο δῆμος θεᾷ Ῥώμῃ καὶ Σεβαστῷ Καίσαρι, στρατηγοῦντος ἐπὶ τοὺς ὁπλίτας Παμμένους τοῦ Ζήνωνος Μαραθωνίου, ἱερέως θεᾶς Ρώμης καὶ Σεβαστοῦ Σωτῆρος ἐπ ̓ ̓Ακροπόλει· ἐπὶ ἱερείας Αθηνᾶς Πολιάδος Μεγίστης τῆς ̓Ασκληπιάδου ̓Αλαιέως θυγατρός· ἐπὶ ἄρχοντος ̓Αρήου τοῦ Μωρίωνος Παιανιέως. Augustus forbade the provinces to raise any temple to him, except in conjunction with Rome. Sueton. August. 52. Temple of Augustus. of its architrave still in existence, we may infer that it was circular, twenty three feet in diameter, of the Ionic or Corinthian order, and about fifty feet in height, exclusive of a basement, upon which undoubtedly it was raised. Diogenes Laertius remarks that, of all the statues (300, according to Plutarch) which were erected at Athens, in honour of Demetrius of Phalerum, one alone, standing in the Acropolis, was allowed to remain', and even of this Pausanias makes no mention. We find the following also noticed, as having been in the Acropolis. A Mercury, surnamed 'Auúntos, or the uninitiated'; a gilded Minerva dedicated by Nicias, which in the time of Plutarch had lost its gilding; an ox presented by Lysias, and much admired*; a man standing by a horse, dedicated by Anthemion, son of Diphilus, upon the occasion of his being made a Roman knight. These, or any others, which we may find recorded in ancient history, are either to be numbered among the εἰκόνες ἀφανεστέραι, or portraits of persons of little consequence, which Pausanias purposely passes by in silence, or among those which had been carried away by the plunderers who had despoiled Athens before his time. 1 Pausanias has admitted only of one exception, to 1 Diogen. Laërt. 5, 75. Plutarch. Præcept. Polit. 27. 2 Hesych. in Ερμῆς ἀμύητος. Clem. Alexand. Protrept. p. 28, Sylb. 3 εἱστήκει καθ ̓ ἡμᾶς τό τε Παλλάδιον ἐν ̓Ακροπόλει τὴν χρύσωσιν ἀποβεβληκός. Plutarch. Nic. 3. 5 Prov. Græc. p. 263, Schott. For the inscription on this monument see J. Pollux, 8, 131. Hesych. in 'Av0epiwr. Hesychius describes Anthemion as a place, (τόπος ̓Αθήνησιν ἐν τῇ ̓Ακροπόλει). his exclusion of Roman names in enumerating the monuments of the Acropolis. This was in favour of the emperor Hadrian, whom he takes every opportunity of distinguishing for his munificence towards Greece, and whom alone he seems to have acknowledged a fit companion for the illustrious men of former ages. But the Athenians had not failed to crowd the citadel, as well as every part of the town, with statues of powerful Romans. A few of their dedicatory inscriptions have been discovered and reported by modern travellers'. Pandion. An inscription copied by Chandler, alludes to a Temple of sanctuary of Pandion, which, if we may be allowed to draw any inference from the situation in which the marble was found, stood near the eastern extremity of the Acropolis 2. 'In the Inscriptiones Antiquæ of Chandler are several dedications to Romans, found in the Acropolis; among these are, one in honour of Nero Claudius Drusus, son of the emperor Tiberius (Boeckh, C. Ins. Gr. No. 317), another to L. Egnatius Victor Lollianus (ibid. No. 377); which monument had afterwards been converted into that of a Roman proconsul Rufius Festus, whose title of Comes shows that he lived in or after the time of Constantine (ibid. No. 372). The Lollianus thus displaced for a proconsul, had in the reign of Hadrian enjoyed a high reputation as a sophist and rhetorician. He was the first who filled a Opóvoc in this capacity to this dignity he added that of στρατηγὸς ἐπὶ τῶν ὅπλων; and having as such acquired great distinction by the supply of provisions to Athens, a statue was erected to him in the Agora, and another in a small grove planted by himself. The words, κηδεμονίας τῶν ̓Αθηνῶν, τὸν phropa, at the end of the inscription No. 377, prove this Lollianus to have been the same Ephesian whose life was written by Philostratus (Sophist. 1, 23). ' Chandler, Inser. Ant. p. 49. Boeckh, C. Ins. Gr. No. 213. In descending from the Propylæum, in the direction of the outer Cerameicus and the Academy, Pausanias describes the cavern of Pan and the Areiopagus, both these having been nearly in his route, and not having yet been noticed by him. They are two of the natural features of Athens, which afford the surest guidance in its topography. An observation has already been made that the Areiopagus, or hill so called, is to be distinguished from the court of that name', which occupied the summit of the eastern extremity, where a flight of sixteen steps ascends from the southward to an artificial platform, around which may still be distinguished some remains of seats cut in the rock. These appearances correspond with that simplicity which is remarkable in all the most ancient establishments of the Athenians, whether civil or sacred; as well as with the fact that the judgments of the court were given in the open air2. As the Areopagita formed a council (Bovλn), as well as a court (dikaorpiov), the building described by Vitruvius as having a roof of clay 3 may have served for their use in the latter capacity. Below the opposite or northern end of the eastern extremity of the hill of Mars, forty-five or fifty yards distant from the steps, is a deep fissure in the low precipices which border the height; within these is a source of water. This seems to be the situation of the sanctuary of the Erinnyes, or Furies, commonly called by the Athenians ai osuvai Osai, which some 2 1 See above, p. 243. 3 ὑπαίθριοι εδικάζοντο. J. Poll. 8, 118. "Athenis Areopagi antiquitatis exemplar ad hoc tempus luto tectum. Vitruv. 2, 1. incidents in Eschylus', and Euripides, as well as more direct testimony, show to have been near the court of Areiopagus 3. The cavern probably was the adytum of the temple, a subterraneous sanctuary being plainly alluded to in the Eumenides of Æschylus, and Euripides indicating still more clearly a chasm in the Areiopagus. On this supposition there was * ΑΘΗΝΗ. Χαίρετε χ ̓ ὑμεῖς· προτέραν δέ με χρὴ 3 ἐπιωρκηκὼς τὰς Σεμνάς Θεὰς ἐν ̓Αρείῳ Πάγῳ. Dinarch. c. Demosth. p. 35, Reiske. Φράζεο δ' "Αρειόν τε πάγον βωμούς τε θυώδεις Orac. Dodon. ap. Pausan. Achaic. 25, 1. Pausan. Att. 28, 6. See above, p. 160. 4 πάγον παρ' αὐτὸν χάσμα δύσονται χθονός. Εurip. Elect. 1269. These Γῆς τε καὶ σκότου κόραι, as they are designated by So |