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lytus in the centre of the city'. Although the street through Collytus is designated as a στεvròç or narrow street, it appears nevertheless to have commenced in the Agora, and to have been a favourite place of residence. It terminated probably like the streets of Melite, Cerameicus and Diomeia, in a gate of the Astic inclosure.

næum.

The Kuda@nvautis were an urban demus, whose Cydatheimportance is evident from numerous monuments, as well as from ancient authors. The name indicates something distinguished in the situation of the demus*. Possibly, therefore, it occupied the Theseian city 5; that is to say, the Acropolis, together with the parts adjacent to it on the south, south-east, and east, as far as Enneacrunus and the Ilissus, bordering northward on Diomeia. There would still remain suffi

1 We have seen that the street through the inner Cerameicus was described as a dpóμos, and that from the gates of Melite through the suburb Cole, as an ódós.

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στενωπός τις ἦν Κολυττὸς, οὕτω καλούμενος, ἐν τῷ μεσαιτάτῳ τῆς πόλεως, δήμου μὲν ἔχων ἐπώνυμον, ἀγορᾶς δὲ χρεία τιμώμενος. Himer. ap. Phot. Myriob. p. 1139.

* Τὸ δέ σε μὴ κατοικεῖν Σάρδεις οὐθέν ἐστιν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ̓Αθηναῖοι πάντες κατοικοῦσι Κολυττὸν, οὐδὲ Κορίνθιοι Κράνειον, οὐδὲ Πιτάνην AáKwves. Plutarch. de Exil. 6. Plutarch. Demosth. 11. Alciphron, 1, 39.

Collytus was noted for having been the demus of Plato, and it was the residence of Timon the misanthrope (Lucian. Timon. 7. 44).

* Κυδαθηναῖος ἔνδοξος ̓Αθηναῖος. Hesych. in v. See Müller's Dorians, II. p. 72.

5 In like manner, the Eupatridae were originally inhabitants of the city, and were thus contrasted with the yɛwpyol, or peasantry. Etym. Μ. in Ευπατρίδαι.

Eretria.

cient space on the southern and south-western sides of the Asty, for the Scambonidæ, if this demus was within the walls. The reason in favour of this opinion is, that mention is made of a street at Athens in the Scambonidæ, named Myrmex, from a hero who was said to have been son of Melanippus', and who, according to Hesiod, was father of Melite, wife of Hercules, from whom the demus Melite received its name2. We must admit that this etymology tends to place Scambonidæ near Melite and the Melanippeium; but if Cerameicus, Melite, Collytus, and Diomeia, were respectively contiguous, and occupied all the northern side of the town, there is no place for Scambonidæ but to the south.

We learn from Strabo, that, according to some antiquaries, the Euboean cities Eretria and Histiæa were named from Attic demi'. Of the demus Histiæa we have evidence both from authors and monuments. In another place the geographer says of Eretria that it "is at Athens where now is the Agora"." The site of the Agora of the time of

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̓Αθήνῃσιν ἐν Σκαμβονιδῶν ἐστὶ Μύρμηκος ἀτραπός, ἀπὸ ἡρῶος Μύρμηκος ὀνομαζομένη. Hesych. in Μύρμηκος ἀτραπούς. Aristoph. Thesm. 106. Phot. Lex. in M. årрañós. Hesych. in Μυρμήκων ὁδοί.

2 Phot. Lex. in Mɛλírŋ.

3 Ενιοι δ ̓ ὑπ ̓ Αθηναίων ἀποικισθῆναί φασι τὴν ἱστίαιαν ἀπὸ τοῦ δήμου τῶν Ιστιαιέων ὡς καὶ ἀπὸ Ἐρετριέων τὴν Ερέτριαν. Strabo, p. 445.

4 Ερετριέας δ' οἱ μὲν ἀπὸ Μακίστου τῆς Τριφυλίας ἀποικισθῆναί φασιν, ὑπ ̓ Ερετριέως· οἱ δ ̓ ἀπὸ τῆς ̓Αθήνῃσιν Ερετρίας, ἢ νῦν iori ȧyopá. Strabo, p. 447.

Strabo, being well known from its extant portal, we have thus the position of an urban district exactly where a name seems wanting to complete the xwpia, or districts, which encircled the Acropolis: for bordering upon Eretria to the south-eastward was Tripodes, beyond the latter westward Limnæ, then Museium, Pnyx, Areiopagus, and the Inner Cerameicus, which met, or nearly met, the western end of Eretria. One might infer from the words of Strabo just cited, that Eretria was a demus as well as a district of the city; but as nothing has yet been found to confirm this opinion, and as Strabo shows that the name of the Euboean Eretria was by some persons traced to Triphylia, in the Peloponnesus, we may conclude, that if Eretria ever was an Attic demus, it had ceased to be so at an early time. Limnæ is stated to have been a demus by the Scholiast of Callimachus, but he has evidently mistaken the Limnæ of Athens for that of Messenia.

No more than nine gates are noticed by ancient Gates. authors; namely, the Thriasiæ, otherwise called Dipylum; the Diomeiæ, Diocharis, Melitides, Peiraicæ, Acharnice, Itoniæ, Hippades, and Heriææ. But there was certainly a greater number. Reckoning, as the first, the gate between Museium and Pnyx, which terminated the Longomural street, and the name of which is unknown, but may possibly have been Munychiæ, as leading directly to the Munychian peninsula, there was a second about midway between the summit of Museium and Enneacrunus (the Itonia); a third at Enneacrunus, for the sake of a ready access to that fountain (the name unknown); a fourth opposite to the Stadium (the name unknown);

a fifth at the eastern extremity of the city, leading to the Lyceium (the gate Diocharis); a sixth leading to Cynosarges (the Diomeia); a seventh at the end of the street Collytus (the name unknown); an eighth at the northern extremity of the city (the Acharnica); a ninth at the end of the street Melite (the Melitides); the tenth was Dipylum; the eleventh was the Peiraic gate; and there are vestiges of a twelfth in the hollow on the northern side of the hill of Pnyx.

The only one of the gates above mentioned, of which it is necessary to justify the name given to it, is the Itoniæ. That the Itoniæ led to Phalerum seems clear on comparing the commencement of the Platonic dialogue, named Axiochus, with a remark of Pausanias, who, in conducting his reader into Athens from Phalerum, says that the monument of Antiope stood just within the gate. In the Axiochus, Socrates, who had walked out of the Asty at a gate in the eastern walls, not far from Enneacrunus, encounters Clinias, and is persuaded by him to visit Axiochus, the father of Clinias, who was confined by sickness to his house at the monument of the Amazon, near the Itonian gate'.

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ταῖς Ἰτωνίαις πύλαις· πλησίον γὰρ ᾤκει τῶν πυλῶν πρὸς τῇ ̓Αμαζονίδι στήλη. Axioch. 1.

Plutarch differs from Pausanias, inasmuch as he places the monument of Antiope near the temple of Tellus Olympia, which was within the peribolus of the Olympieium; but there appears from Plutarch (Thes. 26 et seq.) to have been a difference of opinion among Athenian antiquaries as to the name of the Amazon who was slain by Theseus. Some said Antiope, others Hippolyte, and, according to Pausanias, it was Molpadia. Those, therefore, who considered the monument of the Olympieium as

The twelfth gate of the preceding enumeration, or that which stood in the opening between Pnyx and Museium, was possibly the Hippades, or Equestrian Gate, having taken its name from the cavalry who may have marched out by this gate to the Hippodrome; for, as the other places of exercise-namely, the Lyceium and Academy --were to the east and north, the Hippodrome was probably on the western side, where alone the vicinity of the town affords another favourable situation. The seventh, or intermediate, gate on the north-eastern side, between the Diomeia and the Acharnica, was perhaps the Heriææ ; so called from the noia, as that kind of sepulchre was called, in which the body was laid, together with its Kεμλia, in a cavity below the surface of the ground, constructed with slabs of stone at the side and ends, and similarly covered 2. This kind of tomb, in the absence of the stele, which anciently marked the site, presents little or no appearance externally; it is common in every part of Greece, and many of them have been excavated on the northern side of Athens.

These twelve gates were nearly equidistant, at intervals of about five hundred yards, except between the Itonian gate and the first, or the gate which I have supposed to have been called the Munychian.

that of Antiope, gave undoubtedly some other name to the monument at the Itonian gate.

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Xenoph. Hipparch. 3. See above, p. 300, n. 1.

· Ἡρία εἰσὶν οἱ τάφοι, φασὶ δέ τινες κοινότερον πάντας τοὺς τάφους οὕτως ὀνομάζεσθαι· κατ ̓ ἐξαίρετον δὲ τοὺς μὴ ἐν ὕψει τὰ οικοδομήματα ἔχοντας, ἀλλ ̓ ὅταν τὰ σώματα εἰς γῆν κατατεθῇ Harpocr. in v.

ὠνομάσθη δὲ παρὰ τὴν ἔραν.

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