has been very small in the best preserved specimens, something may be allowed for the effect of twenty-two centuries; 66 therefore would seem to have been rather below the weight of the drachma during the ages when the Attic silver-mines were most productively wrought, and when the Athenians were most scrupulous as to the weight of their drachma, its multiples, and divisions.

A comparison of the drachma with the Roman pound will give more than 67 grains for the weight of the drachma. In the treaty of Antiochus with the Romans, he engaged to pay his tribute in Attic talents of eighty Roman libræ or pounds each'. The Roman pound, according to Raper', was 5040 grains Troy, or, according to Letronne 3, 6160 French grains, or rather 6154', equal to 5045 Troy. Taking the medium 50421, the drachma was equal in grains Troy to 5042 × 80 = 67. Again we find a remark of Galen', that the Attic mina contained sixteen and the Roman pound twelve Roman ounces. The drachma, therefore, was the

6000

100th part of 50424 × 4, which gives the same result.

3

From Demosthenes, in his oration against Phormio o, delivered about 335 B. C., we learn that the ordinary price of wheat at that time was five drachmæ the medimnus'.

1

μὴ ἔλαττον δ ̓ ἑλκέτω τὸ τάλαντον λιτρῶν ̔Ρωμαϊκῶν ὀγδοήκοντα. Polyb. 22, 26. Talentum ne minus pondo octoginta Romanis ponderibus pendat. Liv. 38, 38.

2 Phil. Trans. Ixi. p. 462.

3 Consid. sur les monnaies Grecques et Romaines, 4to, Paris, 1817.

* See p. 7.

5 V. ap. H. Stephan. Lex. in Append., p. 215, A.

6 P. 918, Reiske.

7 The Attic dry measure was the pediμvoç, divided into ¿Te or sixths, each of which contained eight χοίνικες. The medimnus was equal to six Roman modii (Corn. Nep. Attic. 2. Cicero in Verr. de frumento, 45 & seq.). Pliny, who has given us (H. N. 18,7 (11 & seq.) the weight of the modius of several kinds of wheat, remarks, that of those which were imported into Italy, the Gallic and the Thracian Chersonesan were the lightest, and that the modius of these grains weighed twenty libræ. We learn from Theophrastus (Hist. Plant. 8, 8) that the wheat of Attica did not contain more than three

In the age of Solon it had been no more than one drachma the medimnus'. About the year 435 the retail price of flour was two oboli the hecteus', or two drachmæ the medimnus. About 393 B. C., the hecteus, of wheat (TUρv) cost three oboli3, or three drachmæ the medimnus. This comparison of prices is the more worthy of attention as the price of corn was kept generally steady at Athens by a free importation, and that the gradual rise is sufficiently accounted for by the increase of silver in Greece, derived from mines, or from the plunder of the sacred deposits at Delphi and other places.

About the same time four oboli, equal in silver to sixpence of our present coinage, was the wages of the commonest kind of labour, as well as that of a foot-soldier, but who in Greeee, as in modern Europe at the present day, generally received about half as much more for provision. It has been reckoned that, about the time of Pericles, an Athenian family of four persons might be supported with severe œconomy at an annual expense of five hundred drachmæ, equivalent to about 207. in silver of our present currency. Under these circumstances we can hardly suppose that a thousand talents, equivalent in silver to 230,0007. was not capable of obtaining as much art and labour as two or three times that sum at the present time (1838).

fifths of the nourishment of the Boeotian, which Pliny considers to have been of the very first quality. Hence we may suppose that the wheat of Attica was nearly of the same quality and weight as that of Chersonesus, the soil of which peninsula very much resembles the Attic soil. We cannot be very wrong, therefore, in estimating the weight of the Attic medimnus at a hundred and twenty libræ, which, at 5042) grains to the libra, is equal to a hundred and five pounds troy, or to about eighty-six pounds avoirdupois. Suidas indeed (in Médiμvov) says that the medimnus was equal to a hundred and eight Airpat; but his authority is not to be placed in competition with that of Pliny, and the Airpa of his time may have been different from the Roman libra of the time of Pliny.

1 Plutarch. Sol. 23.

2 Plutarch. de Anim. tranq. 10. Stob. Serm. 95.

3 Aristoph. Eccl. 380. 543.

✦ Boeckh's (Economy of Athens, I. p. 151.

APPENDIX IV.

Page 30.

ON THE VARIOUS WRITERS NAMED PAUSANIAS.

THE identity of Pausanias of Magnesia, who wrote the Periegesis of Greece, with the Pausanias cited by Stephanus as the author of a work on Syria, is assumed on the following grounds:

1. There was a tradition in Lydia, that Ascalus, son of Hymenæus, and brother of Tantalus, had conducted from thence a colony into Syria, where he had founded and given name to Ascalon '.

2. Tantalus, according to Pausanias the Περιηγητὴς οἱ Greece, was a native of Magnesia, whence it appears that the expedition of Ascalus proceeded from that city.

3. Stephanus refers to a Pausanias, as having written on the colonies of his native city, and as having noticed Ascalon as one of them; it seems to follow therefore, that Pausanias of Magnesia was the author of that work.

1 Ξάνθος ἐν τετάρτη Λυδιακῶν φησιν, ὅτι Τάνταλος καὶ ̓́Ασκαλος παῖδες Ὑμεναίου· τὸν δὲ ̓́Ασκαλον ὑπὸ ̓Ακισμοῦ τοῦ Λυδῶν βασιλέως αἱρεθέντα στρατηγὸν εἰς Συρίαν στρατεῦσαι· κἀκεῖ παρθένου ἐρασθεὶς πόλιν κτίσαι, ἣν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ οὕτως ὠνόμασε. Τὰ αὐτὰ καὶ Νικόλαος (Damascus) ἐν τετάρτη ἱστορίᾳ. Stephan. in Ασκάλων.

2 Παυσανίας δὲ ἐν τῇ τῆς πατρίδος αὐτοῦ κτίσει Δωριεῖς αὐτοὺς καλεῖ, τῇδε γράφων, Τύριοι, Ασκαλωνῖται, Δωριεῖς, Ραφανεῶται. Stephan. in Δῶρος.

Both these articles are from the original work of Stephanus, but the

Again, I. Tzetzes and I. Malala refer, as well as Stephanus, to a Pausanias who wrote a work on the foundation of Antioch ('Αντιοχείας κτίσις) which agrees with the mention of Antioch, the Orontes, and Daphne, by the Periegetes of Greece; the article Aupos in Stephanus accords equally with his notice of some of the most remarkable places in Judæa. Malala describes Pausanias as a χρονογράφος, which concurs with the references in Tzetzes and Stephanus, to the extent of shewing that the work on Syria was chiefly historical'.

Pausanias of Cæsareia at Mount Argæus, wrote πEpì συντάξεως, περὶ προβλημάτων, καὶ ἕτερα. Philostratus speaks of him as a sophist and a rhetorician who betrayed his Cappadocian origin by his speech. He was a pupil of Atticus Herodes, a cotemporary of the Sophist Aristeides, resided long at Rome, and died there at an advanced age 2.

A third Pausanias, who was of Damascus, is classed by Constantine Porphyrogennetus among historians (Tv ioropíav yeypapórɛs) together with Strabo, Menippus, and Scylax. He seems to have been the same person described as the Syrian sophist (ἀπὸ τῆς Συρίας σοφιστὴς) by Galen, who cured him at Rome of a paralytic affection in his fingers'.

A fourth Pausanias was a Lacedaemonian ἱστορικὸς, who wrote Laconian chronicles and works on the festivals of Laconia, on the Hellespont, and on the Amphic

Epitome of Hermolaus (in A✩poç) deserves also to be cited as confirming the name of Pausanias which some critics have doubted.

1 I. Tzetz. 7, 118. I. Malal. Chronog. p. 86. Stephan. in ZeλevкóßnXoç. Malala correcting Pausanias, and asserting that Antioch had been named by Seleucus, not from his father, but from his son Antiochus, adds πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα ὁ αὐτὸς σοφώτατος Παυσανίας ποιητικῶς συνεγράψατο : where the adverb not unaptly describes the style of the historical narratives of Pausanias.

2 Philostrat. Sophist 2, 13. Suid. in IIavoaviaç. Eudocia in II. ap. Villoison. Anecd. Gr. I. p. 353.

3 De Them. 1, 2.

4 Galen. de locis affectis, 3, 14.

tyons'.

Arrian and Elian refer to another Pausanias, author of a work on Tactics 2, who lived apparently three or four centuries before the time of the Periegetes of Greece; and Photius as well as the Scholiast on Thucydides, to a Pausanias, author of an Attic Lexicon, which the former praises, and to which Eustathius often refers.

Different from all these probably was the Pausanias, whom Diogenes Laertius in his life of Heracleitus, names among the writers who had commented upon the work of Heracleitus Epì púoewe, for this Pausanias was distinguished from other authors of the same name, as Пavσaνίας ὁ κληθεὶς Ἡρακλειτίστης.

Suid. in Пlavoavías. Eudoc. in II. ap. Villoison. Anecd. Gr. I. p. 350.

2 Arrian. Tactic. p. 4, Blancard. Ælian. Tactic. 1.

3 Phot. Myriobib. p. 322. Schol. Thucyd. 6, 28.