with side projections; a long-han- | REFECTORY. The dining-room of a

PASSAGE OF ARMS. A feat of arms. RENDEZVOUS. The meeting-place of

PASTY. A sort of meat-pie.

PAYNIM. A pagan; an infidel.

appointment.

ROOD.

I. A cross. 2. A rod.

PENANCE. The performance of ex- ROSARY. A string of beads used in

piatory penalties. PENNON.

prayer.

A small banner or flag of ROUNDelay.

a swallow-tail form.
PILGRIM. A wanderer visiting some
holy place or shrine as a devotee.
PINNACLE. A turret rising above the
main building.

PLATE. An armor of steel plates.
PONIARD. A dagger.

POSTERN.

A gate or door, especially a back-door communicating with some private passageway. PRATING. Talking idly or foolishly. PRECEPTORY. A religious establishment of the Knights Templars. PRECINCTS. Bounds; limits.

A song.

ROWELS. The small sharp-pointed wheels of spurs.

RUNAGATE. A renegade; a deserting fugitive; a worthless vagabond. RUSSET. Red.

RUSSET.

spun.

SABER.

A coarse cloth; home

A heavy broad-bladed sword
used by cavalry,
SACRISTAN. A sexton.
SARACEN. A Mohammedan.
SATELLITE.
SATHANAS.

A servant.
Satan.

SCRIP. A small wallet; a bag.

PRIOR. The superior in charge of a SCROLL. A writing. priory.

PRIORY. A house of religion presided

over by a prior.
QUARTER-STAFF. A weapon consist-
ing of a tough, thick stick, in size
about the height of a man. It was
held by the center.
QUEST. A search.
QUOTH. Said.

RABBI. 1. A title of respect among
the Jews for an expounder of their
law. 2. A lord or master.
RANGER. An officer appointed to
look after the royal forests, and
see that no depredations were

committed.

RASCAILLE. Vulgar; common.
RECK. To care.

RECREANT. A coward; a craven.

SENDAL. A fine cloth; a kind of
silk.

SENESCHAL. The chief domestic offi-
cer in the household of a dignitary;
a steward.
SETTLE.

SEWER.

A bench or seat.

The head officer in a household, who had the care of the table service; a steward.

when the name of the person addressed is not known; also a title of respect, and again an expression of ironical contempt.

SIRRAH. A contemptuous (and sometimes jocular) expression for "fellow or "sir."

SLOWHOUND.

A sleuth-hound.

SOUBRIQUET. A nickname.
SOUL-SCAT. A kind of funeral duty
paid the Church for a requiem for

the soul.

SPED. Undone; made an end of.
SQUIRE. An attendant upon a knight.
STANDARD. A banner.

TRENCHER. A wooden vessel, a
plate or platter, used for the table.
TRIVET. A table having three legs.
TROTH. Truth; verity.
TROUBADOUR. A minstrel.
TROW. To think; to believe.
TRUNCHEON. A baton; a short staff.
TRYSTING-PLACE. A place of meet
ing by appointment.

TURBAN. A head-dress, especially of
an Eastern or Oriental character.
UNABSOLVED. Unforgiven.
UNCLE. A familiar term of address
frequently used by fools or jesters
in speaking to their masters.

STEWARD. A man who has charge of UNSHRIVEN. Unconfessed.

the domestic affairs of a house.
STOCK-FISH. Cod-fish dried hard,
and unsalted.
STOUP. A flagon.

SUMPTER MULE. A pack-mule.
TALE. An aggregate sum, weight, or

measure.

TAPESTRY. A fabric richly worked
with designs, pictorial or otherwise,
generally used as a hanging to cover
walls of rooms.
TARGE.

A shield; a buckler.

TELL. To count, number, or pay.
THANE. A military tenant and free-
holder in the sovereign's service.
THRALL. A bondman; a slave.
TILT-YARD. An inclosure where
tournaments were held.

TITHE. The part apportioned to the
Church.

TOURNEY. A tournament.

VIGIL. A watch; a waking.
WARD. 1. One under guardianship.
2. The day guard, as watch was the
night guard.

WARDER. 1. A truncheon of office
or authority. 2. A watchman; a
gate-keeper.

WASSAIL. (Anglo-Saxon, wesan, to
be; and hael, health.) A term used
by the Saxons in pledging health.
WEAL. Welfare.

WEEN. To think; to imagine.
WHITTLE. A knife.
WICKET. A small gate.

AN OUTLINE FOR STUDY.

The student should read the novel through for the sake of the story before beginning the study here outlined.

The value of historical fiction lies in the fact that it makes history real, for it reveals the life and spirit of the times portrayed. Properly read it helps the student to visualize to see history. In reading, the aim should be to get a clear idea of the various things which ga to make up the life of a people—the descriptions of the environment, the characters as types, appearance and dress of the people, food, homes and surroundings, amusements, occupations, religion, education, literature, and language.

I. PERIOD OF HISTORY COVERED BY THE STORY.

Only such events are considered as have direct bearing on the manners and customs. The time is that of the reign of Richard the Lion-hearted, when the results of the Norman conquest are felt and the fusion of the two races is going on. The numbers following the topics refer to pages and are suggestive rather than exhaustive.

Results of the Norman conquest.

Greater unity among Saxons; England brought into closer connection with the continent, 101, 152; changes in the administrative system; introduction of feudal and chivalrous ideas, 275, 286, 287; changes in language, architecture, and warfare, 4, 27, 67, 207; the amalgamation of the two races, 472, 473; Richard the Lionhearted and the crusades, 37, 45, 52, 429; the intrigues of Prince John for the throne, 159, 271, 294, 340–347.

II. CLASSES OF PEOPLE.

1-Different classes represented.

King Richard; Prince John; Norman nobility: Front-de-Boeuf,
Waldemar Fitzurse, De Bracy; Saxon nobility: Athelstane,
Rowena; military and religious orders: Lucas Beaumanoir, Brian
de Bois-Guilbert, Albert Malvoisin; monastic orders: Prior
Aymer, Prior of St. Botolph; palmer; Saxon thane, or franklin,
Cedric: jester, Wamba; Jews: Isaac, Rebecca; Saxon and Norman
yeomen; Saxon slave, Gurth; outlaws: Robin Hood, Friar Tuck;
minstrel.

2-The Saxons.

The characters are types of the classes they represent, and their
characteristics are those of the Saxon people; their spirit, inde-
pendence, and pride, 23, 25, 34, 103, 157, 188, 260; character of
Athelstane, 81, 194; of Cedric, 23, 25, 30, 35, 155, 193; of Rowena,
221, 223; of Ivanhoe, 132–135, 270; of outlaws, 9, 10, 32, 196, 314,
318, 323, 328, 420, 426, 454; of Wamba, 9, 32, 194, 202, 245, 415;
their hatred of the Normans, 21, 23, 34, 40, 58, 82, 157, 258; their
hospitality, 35, 46, 47, 155; their hopes, 186; their grievances:
treatment, 20; the curfew, 33; forests set aside for hunting, 41.
3-Norman characteristics.

Their pride, 20, 80, 322, 345; hatred of the Saxons, 20, 154; char-
acter of Richard, 73, 407, 429; character of Prince John, 78, 86,
100, 104, 160, 344; character of the Knight Templar, 23, 36, 43,
52; their learning, 233.

4-Jewish characteristics.

Hated by all classes, 47, 48, 49, 61, 64, 65, 69, 76; treatment by all
classes, 56, 63, 83; their fear, 64; their wealth, 67, 112, 333; their
desire for position, 83; their cupidity, 115; their knowledge of the
art of healing, 267, 391; robbed by all, 65, 84, 110, 190, 213;
Isaac's love for his daughter, 218; Rebecca's character, 270, 372,
380, 400.

III.-MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE PERIOD.
5-Dress and appearance.

King Richard, 73, 407, 412, 422, 429; Prince John, 78; Knight
Templar, 14, 15, 38; Norman nobleman, 220; the monk, 13, 14.
18, 37, 77; Cedric, 30; Rowena, 24, 43; Ivanhoe, 91, 99; Wamba,

OUTLINE FOR STUDY.

487

7; Gurth, 5; outlaws, 145, 146, 167, 170, 195; Isaac, 48, 57, 76;
Rebecca, 76, 79, 380, 456; classes at the tournament, 73.

6-Homes and surroundings.

Saxon royal residence and its defense, 433, 436; Saxon home and
its defense, 27, 28, 31, 67; Rowena's room, 59; stalls for low-rank
guests, 62; Norman castle and its defense, 205, 210, 219, 227, 279;
room in Jew's home, 110, 268; preceptory of the Templars, 353;
the hermitage, 166, 167; change in style of architecture, 27, 207,
256.

7-Food, 36, 101, 152, 172, 173.

8-Ways and perils of travel.

Ways, 13, 14, 34; roads, 26, 44, 163, 166; outlaws and thieves, 34,
118, 127, 189-193.

9-Mode of warfare.

Storming of a castle, 263, 281, 290, 299–310; weapons, 6, 16, 51,
119, 144, 175, 183; armor, 91, 169, 456; heraldic bearings, 91, 93,
230, 280.

10 Amusements.

Tournament, 44, 73; archery, 145; feasting, 36, 42, 152.
11-Social customs, 44, 152.

12-How slaves obtained freedom, 117, 317.

13-Saxon funeral customs, 320, 321, 434-441.

14-Grace cup, 56, 61.

IV.-LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND INSTITUTIONS.

15-Condition of the language.

Conversation between Gurth and Wamba, 8-19; a mixed language,
19; language of superior class, of chivalry, etc., is French, 4, 22;
Saxons will use only the Saxon language, 39, 50, 104; French will
use only French, 50; John pretends not to understand Saxon, 104.
16-Literature.

French troubadour and trouvère poetry, 177; Anglo-Saxon ballads,

177, 179.

17-Religion.

Intolerance of all classes, 47, 48, 61, 64, 65, 69, 76, 84, 190, 262;
degeneracy of monastic class, 13, 18, 36, 37, 56, 77; corruption,
366-383; learning in the Church, 18, 169, 233; wealth of the
Church, 356, 359; charity of the Church, 64, 65; heretics among